Sensitive Applications Research Articles

Direct-Write Printed Slippery Surface for Assembling a High-Quality Graphene Structure and Its Application in Flexible Electric Actuators.

Graphene is a two-dimensional honeycomb-like nanomaterial generated by carbon atoms in sp2 hybridized orbitals to form a hexagonal lattice structure with excellent electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. The solution process method has been widely used to realize large-area patterned graphene structures for high-performance devices. In the method, graphene usually needs to be dispersed in solution, and the π-π bonding gravitational interactions between graphene sheets would lead to uncontrollable structures in solution and difficulty in obtaining high performance. In this work, a patterned graphene oxide (GO) structure with controllable thickness and layer spacing was realized by a direct-write printed slippery surface, which was used as a slippery limited template. After reducing GO into reduced graphene oxide (rGO), a flexible electric pattern with a conductivity of up to 6.425 × 103 S/m was realized. Furthermore, the patterned rGO structure was transferred on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which could generate less than a 5% change in resistance after 10,000 consecutive bends, and an anisotropic expansion based on rGO and PDMS materials under electro-thermal coupling. The patterned rGO structures could meet the performance requirements of highly sensitive and complex deformation applications as flexible electric actuators. This study provides great research significance and application value for patterning high-quality graphene structures and realizing high-performance flexible electronic devices.

Toward a culturally sensitive application of Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy: A qualitative study of therapists' experience using EFT in Spanish-speaking countries/cultures.

The purpose of the current study was to identify specific ways Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT; S. Johnson) could be adapted to better meet the needs of clients in Spanish-speaking countries throughout Europe and the Americas. The results were drawn from responses to a qualitative questionnaire regarding the experiences of learning and applying EFT; 103 therapists in 12 different countries where Spanish is spoken responded to the survey. Overall, the results suggest that the therapists surveyed consider EFT to be a "good fit" for many Spanish-speaking clients because of its focus on emotion, attachment theory, close interpersonal relationships, and model-specific interventions that match cultural values. Participants suggested a few culture-specific modifications regarding how to access and process emotion with men in therapy, translation of key EFT concepts and phrases into Spanish, and navigating the intersection of two cultural values (respeto and personalismo). Fewer modifications were suggested by therapists as they discussed application of the model than while learning it.

Power Systems and Power Electronics using the DEMATEL Method

Energy and research on energy systems places a focus on all facets of electrical energy, as well as innovation in energy production and delivery, alternative resources, and efficient devices. Systems and equipment for converting, providing, and utilising energy as a kind of electricity are the subject of research initiatives. Power electronics are now a more integral part of power systems, enhancing quality and efficiency and fostering the gradual materialization of intelligent, efficient energy. Many different types of power electronics exist in power systems. The architectural study of changing electrical transformed from one medium to another is known as power electronics. Fields such as electronics reprocess or recover more than 80percent of the entire of the electricity produced at a world average rate of 3.4 billion kilowatts per hour each year. Power electronics converters, sometimes referred to as power converters or switching converters, are used to process or convert electrical energy. Electricity comes in two flavours: AC power and DC power. The distribution system is divided into AC distribution systems and DC distribution systems based on the type of power it uses. Power system analysis is an essential part of electrical power system design. Calculations and simulations are performed to verify that the electrical system, including the system components, is properly specified to perform as planned, withstand the expected stress, and be protected from failures. Advantages of Power Electronics: High power density electricity. Improved efficiency up to 99% in energy conversion. Because to its efficiency and dependability, switching power supply are also being used in medical devices with acoustically sensitive applications. Power system reliability, in general, relates to problems like service interruption and power outages. This is frequently described as a goal to try relying on codes specifically relevant to the consumer. SAIFI, SAIDI, and CAIDI are common dependability index values for US applications. DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) They are divided into analysis using the Nonmetal mineral product industry, General equipment manufacturing, Mining and washing of coal, Textile industry, Food manufacturing industry It is the interaction between the factors Visualized and assesses dependent relationships Through the structural model Also deals with identifying important. Power Electronics in Power Systems, Power Electronics in Transportation Systems, Energy Conservation, Heating & Lighting Control and Renewable Energy Integration Power Systems and Power Electronics in Power Electronics in Power Systems is got the first rank whereas is the Energy Conservation is having the Lowest rank. Power Systems and Power Electronics in Power Electronics in Power Systems is got the first rank whereas is the Energy Conservation is having the Lowest rank.

Privacy preserving image registration

Image registration is a key task in medical imaging applications, allowing to represent medical images in a common spatial reference frame. Current approaches to image registration are generally based on the assumption that the content of the images is usually accessible in clear form, from which the spatial transformation is subsequently estimated. This common assumption may not be met in practical applications, since the sensitive nature of medical images may ultimately require their analysis under privacy constraints, preventing to openly share the image content. In this work, we formulate the problem of image registration under a privacy preserving regime, where images are assumed to be confidential and cannot be disclosed in clear. We derive our privacy preserving image registration framework by extending classical registration paradigms to account for advanced cryptographic tools, such as secure multi-party computation and homomorphic encryption, that enable the execution of operations without leaking the underlying data. To overcome the problem of performance and scalability of cryptographic tools in high dimensions, we propose several techniques to optimize the image registration operations by using gradient approximations, and by revisiting the use of homomorphic encryption trough packing, to allow the efficient encryption and multiplication of large matrices. We focus on registration methods of increasing complexity, including rigid, affine, and non-linear registration based on cubic splines or diffeomorphisms parameterized by time-varying velocity fields. In all these settings, we demonstrate how the registration problem can be naturally adapted for accounting to privacy-preserving operations, and illustrate the effectiveness of PPIR on a variety of registration tasks.

Rapid detection of tomato spotted wilt virus by real-time RT-LAMP and in-field application

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is considered one of the most threatening viruses worldwide for different economically important agricultural crops. In this scenario, it is important to perform an early detection by laboratory tests to prevent TSWV spread. A rapid and sensitive TSWV detection protocol based on real time reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was developed in this work, also using cost-effective and simplified sample preparation procedure, to assess the suitability of the RT-LAMP assay in field conditions on tomato and pepper samples. A set of six primers was designed within the nucleotide sequence region coding for the nucleocapsid protein (N) of segment S, targeting a 220-nucleotide sequence. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and in-field application of the real-time RT-LAMP assay were evaluated. The developed real-time RT-LAMP assay proved to be one thousand and one hundred times more sensitive than end-point RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR methods, respectively, detecting a total of 9.191 × 101 genome copies as minimum target, and no cross-reactivity were detected with other viruses belonging to Tospoviridae and Bromoviridae families used as outgroup. In addition, the in-field application of the assay using the rapid sample preparation gave adequate and reliable results within 60 minutes, with an acceptable reaction delay when compared to canonical RNA extraction. The in-field analyses showed an increase of TSWV-positive samples (37%) detection compared with end-point RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR (32% and 29%, respectively), particularly on asymptomatic samples, confirming that the real-time RT-LAMP assay can be implemented as a routine test both in-field and laboratory conditions as a rapid and sensitive technique for TSWV detection.

Surfactants for stabilization of dermal emulsions and their skin compatibility under UVA irradiation: Diacyl phospholipids and polysorbate 80 result in high viability rates of primary human skin cells

Phospholipids are versatile formulation compounds with high biocompatibility. However, no data on their effect on skin in combination with UVA radiation exist. Thus, it was the aim of this work to (i) develop o/w nanoemulsions (NEs) differing in surfactant type and to investigate their physicochemical stability at different storage temperatures, (ii) establish a standardized protocol for in vitro phototoxicity testing using primary human skin cells and (iii) investigate the phototoxicity of amphoteric phospholipids (S45, S75, E80, S100, LPC80), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) and polysorbate 80 (PS80). Satisfying systems were developed with all surfactants except S100 due to low zeta potential (-21.4 mV ± 4.69). SLES and PS80-type NEs showed the highest stability after eight weeks; temperature-dependent variations in storage stability were most noticeable for phospholipid surfactants. For phospholipid-based NEs, higher phosphatidylcholine content led to unstable formulations. Phototoxicity assays with primary skin fibroblasts confirmed the lack of UVA-related phototoxicity but revealed cytotoxic effects of LPC80 and SLES, resulting in cell viability as low as 2.7 % ±0.78 and 1.9 % ±1.57 compared to the control. Our findings suggest that surfactants S45, S75 and PS80 are the most promising candidates for skin-friendly emulsifiers in sensitive applications involving exposure to UV light.

Sensitivity calculation for Monte Carlo particle simulations of neutrals in the plasma edge

AbstractAlgorithmic differentiation (AD) is a promising tool to accurately and efficiently compute sensitivities of several code outputs w.r.t. the code input parameters for the complex Monte Carlo code EIRENE. We illustrate the procedure by assessing the sensitivity of the total atom content w.r.t. the atomic and molecular cross‐sections and rate coefficients. AD does not suffer from decorrelation between primal and perturbed particle trajectories, which easily happens for finite difference (FD) sensitivity calculations. Consequently, the resulting statistical errors on AD sensitivities are up to five orders of magnitude smaller than the statistical errors on FD sensitivities for a JET low‐recycling background plasma. Although this statistical error reduction is promising for the application of the AD sensitivities in a future optimization or uncertainty quantification framework, we show that the AD sensitivities can blow up for a minority of long‐lived particles, especially occurring in detachment. Finally, we conclude that the Monte Carlo simulation and estimator type possibly need to be adapted to improve the accuracy of the sensitivities.

Evaluation of contrast sensitivity in visually impaired individuals using K-CS test. A novel smartphone-based contrast sensitivity test-Design and validation.

To describe the development and investigate the accuracy of a novel smartphone-based Contrast Sensitivity (CS) application, the K-CS test. A total of 67 visually impaired and 50 normal participants were examined monocularly using the novel digital K-CS test and the Pelli-Robson (PR) chart. The K-CS test examines letter contrast sensitivity in logarithmic units, using eight levels of contrast from logCS = ~0,1 to logCS = ~2,1 at two spatial frequencies of 1.5 and 3 cycles per degree (cpd). The K-CS test was compared to the gold standard, PR test and intra-session test repeatability was also examined. The K-CS test in normally sighted was found to agree well with the PR, providing comparable mean scores in logCS (±SD) (K-CS = 1.908 ± 0.06 versus PR = 1.93 ± 0.05) at 1.5 cpd and mean (± SD) logCS at 3 cpd (K-CS = 1.83 ± 0.13 versus PR = 1.86 ± 0.07). The mean best corrected visual acuity of visually impaired participants was 0.67 LogMAR (SD = 0.21) and the K-CS was also found to agree well with the Pelli-Robson in this group, with an equivalent mean (±SD) logCS at 1.5 cpd: (K-CS = 1.19 ± 0.27, PR = 1.15 ± 0.31), 3 cpd: K-CS = 1.01 ± 0.33, PR = 0.94 ± 0.34. Regarding the intra-session test repeatability, both the K-CS test and the PR test showed good repeatability in terms of the 95% limits of agreement (LoA): K-CS = ±0.112 at 1.5 cpd and ±0.133 at 3 cpd, PR = ±0.143 at 1.5 cpd and ±0.183 in 3 cpd in visually impaired individuals. The K-CS test provides a quick assessment of the CS both in normally sighted and visually impaired individuals. The K-CS could serve as an alternative tool to assess contrast sensitivity function using a smartphone and provides results that agree well with the commonly used PR test.

Cross-Borehole ERT Monitoring System for CO2 Geological Storage: Laboratory Development and Validation

Cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography (CHERT) technology has been implemented in field-scale CCS/CCUS (carbon capture and storage/carbon capture, utilization and storage) projects. It is highly desirable to investigate how to optimize the design of the ERT electrode arrays and corresponding working schemes for both laboratory experiments and field applications. A CHERT system was developed for laboratory experiments of CO2 geological storage applications. An optimization method was established for optimizing the structure of electrode arrays and corresponding working schemes. The developed CHERT system was calibrated systematically to determine the measurement range and accuracy of electrical impedance. Laboratory experiments were designed and implemented to validate the performance of the developed CHERT system. It has been illustrated that: (1) It is an essential step to optimize the structure of electrode arrays and corresponding working schemes of CHERT according to the real application background. The optimization method based on finite-element modelling provides an effective means for designing a field-scale CHERT system. (2) The quality of the images inverted from the CHERT data is highly dependent on the working schemes and specific modes, which is closely related to the size of the data sets used for the inversion. The AM-BN scheme is recommended due to the better uniformity of the resultant sensitivity field and application to larger borehole spacing. (3) Based on the calibration, the measurement range of the developed CHERT system can be determined as 100 Ω to 4.5 kΩ with an error limit of 1.5%. The maximum relative errors of the impedance magnitude and phase angle are 5.0% and 7.0%, respectively. Based on the test results the location of the CO2-bearing objects can be identified accurately. The shapes of the tested objects present distortion to some extent, but this can be alleviated by selecting working modes with a larger size of data set.

Coupled Inductor-Based Current-Fed Ultra-High Step-Up DC-DC Converter Featuring Low Input Current Ripple

A DC-DC converter with ultra-high voltage gain is presented in this article. The current-fed structure of the proposed converter provides outstanding performance for sensitive source applications due to its continuous input current with minimal ripple. Using two double-winding coupled inductors in the suggested structure provides more degree of freedom arising from the turn ratios. Simultaneous operation of the two switches causes a simple operation and a simple control system in addition to the need for a single switch gate pulse. Operation of the converter in continuous and discontinuous conduction modes is analyzed as well as design considerations of the active and passive components. The converter is compared with some recent introduced converters, and a 200 W laboratory prototype of the converter is implemented, and experimental results confirming the converter performance are given.

A Highly Integrated Lab-on-a-CMOS Platform for Real-Time Monitoring of E. Coli Growth Kinetics.

Existing miniaturized and cost-effective solutions for bacterial growth monitoring usually require offline incubators with constant temperature to culture the bio-samples prior to measurement. Such a separated sample preparation and detection scheme requires extensive human intervention, risks contamination, and suffers from poor temporal resolution. To achieve integrated sample preparation and real-time bacterial growth monitoring, this article presents a lab-on-a-CMOS platform incorporates an optical sensor array, temperature sensor array, micro-heaters, and readout circuits. Escherichia coli's (E. coli) optimum growth temperature of 37 °C is achieved through a heat regulation system consisting of two micro-heaters and an on-chip temperature sensor array. A photodiode array with an in-pixel capacitive trans-impedance amplifier to reduce inter-pixel cross-coupling is designed to extract the optical information during bacterial growth. To balance the footprint, power consumption, and quantization speed, a 10 b column successive-approximation register (SAR)/single-slope (SS) dual-mode analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is designed to digitize the temperature and optical signals. Fabricated in a standard 0.18 um CMOS process, the proposed platform can regulate the sample temperature to 37 +/- 0.2/0.3 °C within 32 mins. Enabled by an on-chip heat regulation system and photodetectors, the prototype demonstrates a real-time monitoring of bacterial growth kinetics and antibiotic responses. Minute-level temporal resolution is achieved as this proposed platform is free of extensive and time-consuming human intervention. The proposed platform can be viably used in contamination sensitive applications such as antibiotic tests, stem cell cultures, and organ-on-chips.

Simultaneous measurement of orthogonal terahertz fields via an emission multiplexing scheme.

We propose a polarization sensitive terahertz time-domain spectrometer that can record orthogonally polarized terahertz fields simultaneously, using fibre-coupled photoconductive antennas and a scheme that modulated the emitter's polarization. The s and p channels of the multi-pixel terahertz emitter were modulated at different frequencies, thereby allowing orthogonal waveforms to be demultiplexed from the recorded signal in post-processing. The performance of the multi-pixel emitter used in this multiplexing scheme was comparable to that of a commercial single-polarization H-dipole antenna. The approach allowed two orthogonally polarized terahertz pulses to be recorded with good signal to noise (>1000:1) within half a second. We verified the capability of the spectrometer by characterizing a birefringent crystal and by imaging a polarization-sensitive metamaterial. This work has significant potential to improve the speed of terahertz polarization sensitive applications, such as ellipsometry and imaging.

Ultra-hybrid sensor based on magnetic and fluorescent biomaterial for the sensitive/selective detection of toxic Ag+ and Hg2+ ions in real samples

The development of high-performance, eco-friendly and magnetic sensors prepared from natural products have recently attracted a lot of attention for the selective detection of metal ions in aqueous environments and the simultaneous detection of metals in the same environment. In this study, a fluorescent and magnetic sensor (MSp-P[5]-EN-B) was prepared by the immobilization of Bodipy and pillar [5]arene on the sporopollenin surface modified by Fe3O4 for the selective detection of Ag+ and Hg2+ ions separately and together in the aqueous solution. The characterization of the fluorescent and magnetic sensor, MSp-P[5]-EN-B, was supported by techniques such as SEM, FT-IR, and XRD. The fluorescence data of MSp-P[5]-EN-B sensor was examined with various concentrations in the range 1–100 μM that in here, an “on-off” fluorescence process for Ag+, and Hg2+ and the detection limits are 0.019 μM and 0.33 μM, respectively. As a result, the designed magnetic MSp-P[5]-EN-B sensor showed strong potential in terms of its accurate, sensitive, and practical application in the separate and simultaneous detection of Ag+ and Hg2+ ions in aqueous media.

SSFVEP as a potential electrophysiological examination for evaluating visual function of fundus diseases with vitreous hemorrhages: a clinical study

To investigate the sensitivity and potential application of steady-state flash visual evoked potentials (SSFVEP) in assessing the visual function of fundus diseases with vitreous hemorrhage. 18 patients diagnosed with monocular vitreous hemorrhages in the fundus were examined the flash visual evoked potentials (FVEP) and SSFVEP in both eyes. The difference in the P2-wave amplitude of FVEP and the average amplitude of SSFVEP waveform between the diseased eyes and those without vitreous hemorrhage were statistically compared. There was no significant difference in the waveform of FVEP between both eyes. The amplitude of P2-wave from FVEP of the diseased eye was slightly lower than that without vitreous hemorrhage. However, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.111). The waveform of SSFVEP in the eye without vitreous hemorrhage showed a towering shape, while that of the diseased eye was flat. The average amplitude of SSFVEP in the diseased eye was statistically lower than that without vitreous hemorrhage (P = 0.036). The difference ratio of SSFVEP amplitude between both eyes was significantly greater than that of FVEP amplitude (P = 0.028). In some fundus diseases with vitreous hemorrhage, SSFVEP had a higher sensitivity than FVEP, providing a novel potential application for visual function assessment.

Intelligent Computation Offloading Based on Digital Twin-Enabled 6G Industrial IoT

Digital twin (DT) technology, which can provide larger and more accurate amounts of data, combined with the additional computility brought by virtual environments, can support more complex connected industrial applications. Simultaneously, the development and maturity of 6G technology has driven the development of industrial manufacturing and greatly improved the operational efficiency of the industrial internet of things (IIoT). Nevertheless, massive data, heterogeneous IoT device attributes, and the deterministic and bounded latency for delay sensitive applications are major barriers to improving the quality of services (QoS) in the IIoT. In this article, we first construct a new DT-enabled network architecture and computation offloading delay model in the IIoT. Then, the computation offloading problem is formulated with the goal of minimizing the overall task completion delay and achieving resource allocation. Since the formulation is a joint optimization problem, we use deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to solve the original problem, which can be described by a Markov decision process (MDP). Numerical results show that our proposed scheme is able to improve the task success rate and reduce the task processing end-to-end delay compared to the benchmark schemes.

A Novel Approach Toward Algorithm Architecture Co-Optimization for the Application of Adaptive Noise Cancellation for Wireless Communication

As FPGA has been in trend for a few decades in prototyping simple to complex DSP systems, some issues are still highlighted in FPGA-based implementations. One issue is the limited resources mounted onboard. Optimization has always remained a choice of developers, either hardware or software-based. Algorithm architecture co-optimization is a domain that incorporates some changes in existing algorithms besides bringing some ways to produce compact architecture. One of the methods in architecture optimization is to use short-word length-based DSP systems that use a sigma-delta modulation (SDM) approach to reduce the actual data word length from multi-bit to single-bit. SDM in the design causes the system to become compact and efficient. This paper produces algorithm architecture co-optimization for the application of adaptive noise cancellers for wireless communication. The algorithm taken is SDM-based Steepest-Descent, and its implementation is compared with the new proposed SDM-based correlation-less design. Both approaches are simulated in MATLAB, and their functional verification is carried out along with comparing some statistical parameters, including SNR, MSE, and PE. Besides, both the designs are translated on Vertex-7 FPGA to verify the less resources consumed by the proposed method. The MATLAB and FPGA-based results indicate that the proposed design may be the best choice for less sensitive applications, like voice or video.

Komodo Mlipir Algorithm-based optimal route determination mechanism for improving Quality of Service in Vehicular ad hoc network

In Vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), Quality of Service (QoS)- aware protocols helps in handling the necessitated demand of delay sensitive applications for facilitating intelligent transportation. The fundamental challenge of VANETs lies in the process of establishing vehicle to infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle communication that are prone to link failure. Bio-inspired algorithms are identified to provide reliable solutions for securing the links of VANETs. In this paper, Komodo Mlipir Algorithm-based Optimal Route Determination Mechanism (KMAORDM) is proposed for achieving best optimal route that guarantees enhanced QoS. This QoS aware routing protocol utilizes the exceptional potentiality of Komodo Mlipir Algorithm attributed in terms of exploration and exploitation for the objective of evaluating and memorizing the impactful factors that helps in exchanging the necessitated messages to its neighbours. It adopts Mlipir as a best mode of modelling the behaviours of vehicular nodes during the process of data routing in VANETs. It uses a cache strategy which discovered reliable traversed routing paths such that the pre-cached route is used for data transmission. This cache strategy paves the way for preventing the route identification and maintenance process with minimized routing overhead. It also identifies the fittest vehicular node from its one hop distance as the successive forwarder in the absence of pre-cached route for addressing link failure during reliable packet transmission. The simulation results of this proposed KMAORDM approach with different vehicular nodes confirmed minimized communication overhead of 19.32 %, reduced network latency of 18.64 %, maximized throughput of 18.54 % better than benchmarked approaches.

Study the Optical Properties of Noble Metal (Au, Ag, and Cu) Thin Film Biosensors Based on Surface Plasmon Resonance Performance by a Simulation Program

In this work, we studied the effect noble metal thicknesses, namely gold (Au), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristics for sensitive optical sensor and biosensor applications. SPR spectra for Au, Ag and Cu were widely studied in the Fresnel equation to calculate the total reflection, the wavelength ([Formula: see text] range from 500 nm to 700 nm with the angle of incidence ([Formula: see text] ranging from 0∘ to 90∘ and thickness of the film ([Formula: see text] reaching from 30 nm to 70 nm. Analysis simulation (in MATLAB) has been made for SPR of three metals placed on the N_LASF9 glass prism and the sensing medium is the air. The properties of the angle of resonance [Formula: see text] have been calculated from plotted reflectance via incident angle [Formula: see text]. The results give efficient detection in a change of reflection ([Formula: see text] and full half width maximum FWHM. The minimum reflection was obtained (0.003 a.u.) at wavelength 700 nm and thickness [Formula: see text]= 50 nm for gold Au at [Formula: see text] = 0.0. The best FWHM was recorded at the wavelength (500 nm) at thickness (70 nm) for silver at [Formula: see text] = 0.0, which was equal (0.1 nm).

MMF-SMF-MMF optic surface plasmon resonance sensor based on hexagonal plate-like [formula omitted] structure

The manuscript introduces a fiber-optic MSM SPR sensor employing a hexagonal plate-like structure of Co(OH)2/TiO2/Au for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing. This article aims to improve it through optimization of material composition and structure. The MSM structure SPR sensors were fabricated on the surface of single-mode fiber optic using chemical precipitation and physical vapor deposition, where Co(OH)2 and TiO2 served as sensitive materials. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sensor exhibited significantly higher sensitivity and broader application potential than the gold film control group and the gold film/TiO2 control group. Specifically, the gold film control group had a sensitivity of 1778.44 nm/RIU, while the sensitivity of the TiO2/Au control group was 2230.9 nm/RIU. In contrast, the Co(OH)2/TiO2/Au structure SPR sensor had a sensitivity of 3106.5 nm/RIU, which is far superior to the two control groups. Moreover, the results of repeated measurements indicated that the resonant wavelength error was only within 2 nm. These findings suggest that the Co(OH)2/TiO2/Au structure SPR sensor has promising stability and repeatability, making it suitable for applications in various fields, including chemical sensing and biological sensing.

Exploring Explainability in Arabic Language Models: An Empirical Analysis of Techniques

Transformer-based language models have advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP), achieving state-of-the-art results across various tasks. However, their complex architectures often obscure the decision-making processes, making transparency a critical challenge, especially in sensitive applications. The emerging field of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) seeks to address this by enhancing model transparency. Nonetheless, the primary focus of XAI has largely been on high-resource languages, neglecting low-resource ones such as Arabic. In this paper, we first show the importance of studying XAI in the Arabic language. We then detail our methodology, which involves adapting AraBERT and AraGPT models to specific tasks including Arabic sentiment analysis and semantic question similarity. Then, we conduct an empirical study to evaluate various XAI methods, specifically gradient-based and perturbation-based approaches. These methods are assessed using two key metrics: faithfulness and plausibility. Our findings suggest that while gradient-based methods are more faithful, perturbation-based methods align better with human judgment.