Sense Of Obligation Research Articles

Risks versus Responsibilities: Critical Care Nurses Experiences’ during Their Work with Suspected or Diagnosed COVID – 19 Patients

Background: Critical care nurses are exposed to serious risk and even death while administering care for patients with COVID-19 as they are exposed to aerosol generating procedures and longer periods of patient contact. According to the American Nursing Association (ANA), “Risk exceeding limits of duty is not ethically obligatory; it is a moral option and nurses should carefully balance between their professional job responsibilities and risks.” Despite fact that nurses have a professional obligation to care for critically ill patients with diagnosed or suspected COVID - 19, many nurses experience conflicts and stressors such as fear and anxiety about risk of being infected and transmitting the infection to their family members and other contacts. Exploring experiences that nurses’ face during their battle with crisis will support them and help in developing protocols and plans to improve their preparedness (ANA, 2015a b Al Thobaity et al., 2020). Therefore, this study aimed to explore critical care nurses’ experiences during their work with diagnosed or suspected COVID – 19 patients. Methods: a descriptive –a cross-sectional design was used to conduct the current study. Sample: a convenient sample of 80 critical care nurses who worked in critical care units at Main University Hospital and agreed to participate in the study were recruited. The tool was developed by researcher based on reviewing of both quantitative and qualitative studies published during 2019 and 2020 to bring critical care nurses’ experiences together. Nurses’ experiences were identified, analyzed, tabulated, and categorized into six main themes. Results: analysis of lived experiences faced critical care nurses during their working with suspected or COVID – 19 patients revealed that for first theme, the statements I am afraid of becoming infected and infecting others) and “There is a shortage of staff” were reported as agree and strongly agree by about all of the nurses. Regarding second theme, a sense of obligation toward their profession and saving patients’ lives were agreed by majority of nurses. Moreover, near of three – a quarter of nurses claimed continuous availability of an adequate amount of personal protective equipment” however, majority of the nurses had confidence in government. They agreed that the government has strong prevention and control measures and that epidemic will be controlled very soon” (theme 3). As regard theme (4), majority of nurses was appreciated the physical and psychological support received from colleagues, families, and donations provided by companies, however, they claimed hospital, Original Article Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 2020 EJHC Vol.11 No.4 445 syndicate, and media due to inadequate support and motivation. Concerning coping strategies to alleviate moral distress (Theme 5), result revealed that the majority of nurses were used positive coping strategies such as attending webinars to enhance their knowledge about COVID – 19 & followed safety guidelines. Finally, all nurses perceived that crisis makes them stronger and nothing will beat them (Theme 6). Conclusions: risks versus responsibilities were highlighted in this study. The nurses were experienced risks that potentiated a feeling of a conflict. A conflict was raised between nurses’ obligation to protect their family members (especially their children) from transmission infection and their obligations towards job responsibilities (saving of patients’ lives). Shortage in nursing staff, medical supplies, especially personnel protective equipment, inadequate support provided by administrative nursing bodies, and sometimes, media were also claimed by majority of nurses. However, they appreciated support provided by their colleagues and families and they were having confidence regarding infection control strategies used by infection control units and ability of government to control crisis very soon.

Enden på en ny begyndelse: Arv i nyere dansk film og tv-drama

Inheritance is about cold cash and warm emotions. On a macroeconomic level inherited wealth is a source of inequality, but on a personal level it is a gift between relatives that can involve gratitude, but also a sense of obligation and duty continuity, but also conflicts. These perspectives often clash in public discussions about inheritance law and taxation. This article discusses the implicit notions about inheritance and their relationship to positions in the public debate in three Danish filmic works: Per Fly’s Inheritance (2003), first season of the TV-series The Heirs (2014) and Christian Sønderby Jepsen’s The Will (2011).

Money awareness among Kalinga children: An exploratory study

Objectives: The study aimed at ascertaining the awareness of money and determine whether the respondents can recognize currency coins and bills. It also seeks to identify the source of money education among children based on age and sex and identify the their buying preference with and without inducements. Finally to analyze the significant difference on the preference with and without inducements when grouped according to their profile variables. Methods/Statistical analysis : The respondents of the study are the 94 children enrolled at the Kalinga Special Education Center during the School Year 2018-2019 whose age ranges 6-7 years old. The study utilized the descriptive-comparative research design. In analyzing the data obtained statistical tools like frequency, percentage and t-test were used. The study utilized the descriptive-comparative research design. Findings: The study revealed that children recognize bills more accurately as compared to coins, and most of the children who are allowed to make purchase from the supermarket of their own choice pick nonfood item which signifies that they are unable to appreciate the value of money as also seen in their preference of the more expensive pencil over the cheaper one, provided that it is the same pencil shown in the initial experiment. Recommendation: It is recommended that educators, families and the communities teach young people the early recognition and institute a sense of obligation in money spending through Trainings on Financial Literacy and Capabilities.

Enhancing Miner’s Commitment through Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence of the Mining Sector

Several studies have assessed the different dimensions of corporate social responsibility (CSR), literatures have been emerging in studying the impact of CSR in different sectors. Few are looking at its effect inside the organization, such as its effects on the workers. Therefore this research aims to investigate the dimensions of CSR within the mining sector and its effect on the organizational commitment. The proposed model was tested on a sample of 415 employees within the mining sector of the Democratic Republic of CONGO. Statics techniques and tools were used in this research such as a linear regression model in determining the linear relationship between the dimensions of CSR and the commitment, regression path analysis using Lisrel to show the strength of the relationship. The findings revealed that 3 dimensions of CSR (economic, legal and environmental) were significant predictors of organizational commitment. Management within the mining sector of DRC, ought to recognize the fact that workers who perceive good social responsibility of their organizations, develop emotional attachment and sense of obligation to their organization and are most likely to be committed to the organization, workers had neutral perceptions about the Philanthropic activities of the mining firms and this dimension was insignificant. Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, Mining Sector, Employees, Organizational Commitment. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-20-13 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

What Is Gratitude? Ingratitude Provides the Answer

Current scholarship on “gratitude” has largely ignored its opposite – ingratitude. As a result, gratitude is no longer distinguishable from constructs such as appreciation and happiness. This was not the case over previous centuries – ingratitude was viewed as something monstrous, a failure to reciprocate would loosen the bonds holding society together. The opposite, gratitude, was seen as a virtue. Reciprocity has come under attack because “obligation” has been understood in only one of two possible senses. The first relates to contracts and justice – one has a heteronomous obligation to pay off a debt or fulfill a contract. The second is a sense of obligation that comes from within, autonomously – the desire to help those that have helped us. Here, we argue, is where gratitude and ingratitude are situated. This view has two important consequences; one relates to the measurement of gratitude and the other to raising youth to be grateful people.

Globally elite: four domains of becoming globally-oriented within elite schools

ABSTRACT Drawing on a multi-sited global ethnography of elite schools across the world, this article explores how elite schools prepare students for an increasingly interconnected world characterised by difference and competition through global citizenship education. In this exploration, I identify the four domains that give meaning to global citizenship education within elite contexts: cultural, relational, emotional, and material. These domains reveal the ways in which these schools are responding to the challenges of globalisation by providing students opportunities to develop awareness and knowledge of differences, to establish and maintain relationships across differences, to gain a sense of obligation towards others, and to accumulate valuable forms of human and cultural capital. Through globally-oriented practices, students are being prepared to be flexibly mobile, to imagine themselves as leaders within a globalised world and to thrive in the hypercompetitive and unpredictable global knowledge economy. These practices play an important part of elite schools’ larger strategy of making and remaking elites.

Understanding Guests’ Intention to Visit Green Hotels

The purpose of this study was to expand existing knowledge of hotel consumers’ green behaviors by merging value-belief-norm theory and the theory of planned behavior into one theoretical framework to understand comprehensively consumers’ decision-making processes with respect to their intentions to visit a green hotel. Data collected from 757 respondents were analyzed. The results indicate that our integrated framework demonstrates a favorable level of prediction power for guests’ behavior, which verified the superiority of the suggested framework. Furthermore, its findings from fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis indicate that: (a) attitude toward green hotels, perceived behavioral control, sense of obligation, and corporate image are key drivers of guests’ intentions to visit green hotels; (b) three distinct configurations of guests’ intention drivers are likely to result in a high degree of intentions among customers to visit green hotels. The three solutions all contain the conditions of high attitude, corporate image, biospheric value, and green activities, which means that these conditions are vital components of a high intention among customers to visit green hotels. This study contributes to the growing literature on sustainability in marketing and practice by providing useful insights about the determinants of guests’ behavior to use green hotels in the Egyptian hospitality context. It is one of the first empirical studies examining factors affecting guests’ behavior to use green hotels in the Egyptian hospitality context.

'Trying to bring attention to your body when you're not sure where it is': An interpretative phenomenological analysis of drivers and barriers to mindfulness for people with spinal cord injury.

Work is beginning to explore the impact of mindfulness in managing the physical and psychological health of people with spinal cord injury (SCI). However, no previous work has sought to understand what drives people with such conditions to try mindfulness, and what barriers are experienced in accessing mindfulness. An exploratory, qualitative, interview design, utilizing interpretative phenomenological analysis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 people with SCI who had experience of mindfulness since sustaining their injury. Verbatim transcripts were analysed using IPA to understand the lived experience of mindfulness post-SCI. Analysis suggested that managing physical and mental health, and viewing mindfulness as proactive and protective were key drivers for exploring mindfulness. However, multiple barriers to accessing opportunities and developing capability impeded engagement. These included the focus on areas of the body that participants had reduced sensation in, physical environments that could not be navigated in a wheelchair, social stigma surrounding the use of mindfulness, and a sense of obligation and risk of failure implied by perceived requirements for engagement. The results demonstrate the need for specific interventions to accommodate the reduced sensory and physical function experienced by people with neurological conditions and to enhance sense of control and autonomy. In addition, recommendations include minimizing the stigma surrounding mindfulness, and the potentially demotivating impact of the perception of 'failing' to engage.

The New Veterans

ABSTRACT A soldier who suffers a debilitating casualty on the battlefield is a wounded warrior. Awaiting that individual is a complex safety net, composed of public and private assistance. Should this same sense of obligation exist for private contractors working on a battlefield? The seemingly obvious answer is no. Contractors are temporary employees who profit from war. The purpose of this article is to challenge the assumptions that implicitly inform this issue and ultimately lead to a series of false choices. The type of service and the conditions in which it is rendered should govern the degree of public obligation. Putting on a uniform may matter more because of the greater underlying obligation that person is willing to make, but donning the uniform is not the sole trigger for societal obligation. Western nations have a level of unmet obligation to the contractors who have provided services on their battlefields.

Exploring motivations and barriers for long-distance trips of adult women Vermonters

Available data on long-distance travel, both quantitative and qualitative, are limited, including measures of relative accessibility to intercity destinations and its role in overall well-being. Moreover, existing travel data only include realized travel, not unmet need. Twenty-four original semi-structured interviews were conducted with women aged 25 years or older in Vermont USA to better understand the motivations and barriers of long-distance travel that cannot be fully explored in quantitative surveys. The relationship between travel, well-being, and social networks is also considered. Those interviewed indicated long-distance travel played a significant role in their lives by facilitating visits to friends and family, leisure, breaks from routine, and fulfilling personal obligations. As expected, long-distance travel was limited by cost as well as both household and work obligations. Physical limitations were noted as a barrier but the number of people raising fears about travel, being away from home, and travel logistics was unexpected. The interviews also revealed intercity travel as a symbol of social status which in turn created negative impacts for some. Latent demand for long-distance travel was common and larger than expected among the interviewees. Finally, results pointed to overlap between work and personal travel as well as a sense of obligation. While long-distance travel is often considered discretionary, this study suggests intercity non-discretionary personal trips as well as unmet demand merit future attention in both surveys and qualitative research.

Systemic Work of Carers of Community Dwelling Older People with Complex Care Needs: A Qualitative Study of Carers' Experiences

Informal carers provide the majority of direct care to older Australians and play an essential role in assisting older people with complex care needs to remain living in their own homes. With greater emphasis on the community as a more appropriate site for responding to and managing the needs of older people, carers are increasingly faced with systemic responsibilities, including coordination of fragmented services and providers across multifaceted health and aged care systems and negotiation of treatment and supports. Consequently, this work may be perceived by carers as burdensome. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the lived experiences of carers of community-dwelling older adults in undertaking the systemic work of caring. Specifically, the aim was to explore their experiences of managing and coordinating treatment and supports across multiple services and systems. The concept of Burden of Treatment was used to understand the work of navigating, negotiating and managing care of the older person, how carers made sense of this, and what personal resources they drew on. A descriptive phenomenological approach was taken to guide the research. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 carers of community-dwelling older adults with complex care needs. Giorgi’s phenomenological data analysis methods (1997) was utilised for the data analysis. Two main themes were derived from the analysis, each comprising three sub-themes. The first theme, Becoming part of the caring system, comprised: (a) Entering the caring system, (b) A sense of obligation and duty, and (c) Work at the nexus of present and future. The second major theme, Mastering the caring system, comprised: (a) Making connections, (b) Activating the management plan, and (c) Voicing and advocating needs in the caring system. Participants felt a sense of expectation and responsibility from others, including family and health and aged care providers to take on the caring work. Many perceived they had no alternative but to respond to systemic demands when seeking to manage the needs of the older person and described the challenge of this work as managing multiple and complex organisational and administrative processes across different systems while locating, accessing and coordinating services for the older person. The findings showed an experience of being adrift and having to piece together disjointed pathways. Participants also described the work of trying to make systems more responsive to the older person for a better outcome. Furthermore, the findings illustrated the varied skills required to master the systemic work, including administrative, communication, advocacy, problem-solving and negotiation abilities. Some carers drew on personal resources, robustness and abilities while others often felt overwhelmed and unsure of how to proceed. The findings indicate that through addressing the systemic work placed on carers, the burden placed on them can be alleviated. From a system perspective, streamlining and reducing duplication of assessments, improving information access, improving communication and targeting partnerships between differing organisations can reduce system complexity which in turn will reduce the demands made on carers. Consideration of models of system navigation, care co-ordination, and case management would support those who struggle to independently master the system. The findings also suggest that there is scope for health care professionals and service providers to better identify carer requirements and assess carer capacity to manage the work. Without investment to assist carers to do the increasingly complex work, there is a risk of disparity between those that are equipped to access services and supports and those that will that continue to flounder and forego appropriate care for the older person and support for themselves.

Guanxi 2.0: the exchange of likes in social networking sites

ABSTRACT Few studies have examined how non-verbal functions are implicated in online communication and in non-Western contexts. Addressing these lacunae, this article analyzes interviews with Hong Kong youth to interrogate how likes are exchanged in online interactions within the context of guanxi. This article discovers that likes are reimagined as a digital gift of renqing representing targeted attention from specific giver-identities that generates circuits of likes exchanged between participants for tie-maintenance and tie-formation. For weak ties, lower frequency of reciprocity and sense of obligation were reported, whereas strong ties engendered reports of higher frequency of reciprocity and sense of obligation. However, across all dyadic guanxi ties, participants felt a constant renqing debt demanding repayment. As such, participants felt the need for some baseline frequency of like exchange and offended when alters neglected reciprocity altogether, yet continued giving likes for fear of damaging their reputation and relationship. Thus, mianzi is reconceptualized as embedded in interpersonal evaluations of one’s reputation based on how well they maintain relationships and bound up in the social interactive tendency to exchange renqing over time. These webs of meaning and exchange encircle the objective of maintaining relationships by invigorating their emotional content. Here, the non-verbality of likes deepened their ability to replicate the raw, emotive charge of renqing: stripped of the burdensome complexities of verbal communication, likes convey a simple, one-dimensional, powerful sentiment of agreement that, in participants’ experiences, is useful to generating future exchanges of likes and improving online relationships enough to create relationships offline as well.

Colonial Privileges in a Settler Society: Disparities of Cultural Capital in a University Setting

Drawing on forty one-on-one interviews with third year students from The University of Auckland, this study contrasts the experiences of students from working- and upper-class backgrounds. In particular, the study demonstrates how working-class students, most of whom come from Indigenous Māori and Pacific ethnic backgrounds, are forced to navigate obstacles infused with interpersonal and institutional racism. These students also report a stigmatising awareness of their lack of privilege and sense of obligation to give back to their ethnic communities. In contrast students from upper-class backgrounds, though hard-working, discuss a litany of opportunities extending their academic and occupational privilege. These capital-building opportunities are tightly connected to consistent family support in the form of gifted money, flexible work options, and networks that enhance professional experience. Working with kaupapa Māori and Bourdeausian conceptual frameworks, the study highlights privileged students’ ability to access and extend their objectified cultural capital, as less economically privileged students work their way through colonial blockades and classed pitfalls. Given the clear disparities expressed by study participants, the research suggests universities radically reframe how resources are allocated to students from diverse backgrounds.

Tomasello on "we" and the sense of obligation.

Tomasello explores four interrelated phenomena: (1) joint intentional collaboration; (2) joint commitment; (3) "self-regulative pressure from 'we'"; and (4) the sense of interpersonal obligation. He argues that the version of (1) that involves (2) is the "source" of (3) and so the source of (4). I note an issue that arises once we distinguish two versions of (3).

The role of affect in feelings of obligation.

Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans' sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

Obligations without cooperation.

Our sense of obligation is evident outside of joint collaborative activities. Most notably, children and adults recognize that parents are obligated to care for and love their children. This is presumably not because we think parents view their children as worthy cooperative partners, but because special obligations and duties are inherent in certain relational dynamics, namely the parent-child relationship.

The sense of obligation is culturally modulated.

Tomasello argues in the target article that, in generalizing the concrete obligations originating from interdependent collaboration to one's entire cultural group, humans become "ultra-cooperators." But are all human populations cooperative in similar ways? Based on cross-cultural studies and my own fieldwork in Polynesia, I argue that cooperation varies along several dimensions, and that the underlying sense of obligation is culturally modulated.

A hard choice for Tomasello.

Michael Tomasello explains the human sense of obligation by the role it plays in negotiating practices of acting jointly and the commitments they underwrite. He draws in his work on two models of joint action, one from Michael Bratman, the other from Margaret Gilbert. But Bratman's makes the explanation too difficult to succeed, and Gilbert's makes it too easy.

Повседневная жизнь населения во второй половине 1940-х – 1950-е гг. (по воспоминаниям жителей Карелии)

The realities of daily life in Karelia in post-war years, people’s perceptions of certain events in history, reflections on challenging life circumstances, interpersonal relationships during the period of transition from war to peace based on recollections by residents of Karelia and documents from the Republic of Karelia National Archives are demonstrated. Special focus is on the housing and food issues, the various ways people of the republic employed to adapt to the social and living conditions. The challenges of being a child in post-war time, the role of the school in upbringing are highlighted. Leisure-time arrangements for children and adults, the position occupied by sociocultural factors in the value system of people are shown. Relationships between people, where key aspects were the sense of obligation and mutual aid, are considered. It is argued that remodeling of post-war daily realities relying on recollections of residents of the republic widens the opportunities for reproducing the details of both the material dimension of life and people’s emotions and sentiments.

GPs who volunteer to be first responders for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A qualitative study

Background Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a major cause of premature mortality. Survival is possible when timely cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation are available in the community. GPs are well placed to provide early OHCA care and significantly increased rates of survival are achieved when GPs participate in resuscitation. A novel project alerts volunteer GP first responders to nearby OHCAs in Ireland. Objectives To explore the reasons why GPs volunteer to be OHCA first responders and their experience of participation. Methods A qualitative study involving in-depth, semi-structured interviews followed by thematic analysis was undertaken in 2017/18. Fourteen GPs from differing geographical areas in Ireland, who volunteered as OHCA first-responders were recruited to participate by purposive methods. Results GP participation in OHCA voluntary first response was understood as a function of GPs relationship to the community, their ability to manage competing demands in their personal and professional lives and also specific participatory gains. GPs expressed both altruistic motivations and a sense of obligation. GPs described a complex, multifaceted role in providing OHCA first response; they derived an inherent sense of satisfaction in delivering potentially life-saving interventions but also in the provision of holistic, compassionate end-of-life care for patients and their families. Participation was not without psychosocial risk for GPs. Conclusion GPs volunteer to provide early OHCA emergency care because of their relationship to the community. Care provided is complex and includes both resuscitation and end-of-life care.