Metaphorical Sense Research Articles

Loneliness experienced by children in psychological offices in psychotherapists’ accounts

The aim of this paper is to show the importance of psychological institutions in the life of the modern family in the context of loneliness experienced by children in the family. This institution not only constitutes real physical space but also, in a metaphorical sense, it reflects the functioning of the family and the relations between its particular members. In the course of analysis and interpretation of the research data, we have identified four categories of loneliness: physical loneliness, loneliness resulting from a child’s negation of reality, loneliness resulting from a child being ignored and loneliness resulting from a lack of support in experiencing emotions by a child.

The understanding of understanding: a philosophical reflection from a transcultural perspective

The basic question of this article is: “What is understanding?” The objective is to initiate a process and a state of self-reflexivity which might best be defined as an understanding of understanding. In this self-referential philosophical setting, it cannot be our aim to attempt to produce any (alleged) final answers, because cognitive self-referentiality, taken as a source principle of mind, is without beginning and end. However, it is feasible to explore possibilities of a continuously increasing convergence and insight regarding the objective. In addition, the basic question of an understanding of understanding is taken into consideration from a transcultural angle here. Direct samples of ancient Greek, later German as well as pre-modern Chinese philosophies are included in one systematic context here. The topic is developed in four basic steps. At first, a semantic and philosophical analysis of the English word “understanding” is developed in perspective of philosophical-anthropological thoughts by J. G. Herder, Aristotle, and the anthropo-cosmic foundations of the ancient Confucian classic Liji 禮記. In a second step, the meaning of “understanding” is analysed in the extended sense of a philosophical metaphor. Selective references are made to Kongzi 孔子, Martin Heidegger, Plato, and Zhuangzi 莊子. In a third step, the discussion of the semantics of the German philosophical terms “Verstehen” and “Verstand” is explored on the basis of the preceding reflections. In the fourth segment of this contribution, further references are made to the Daodejing 道德經 and to a model of the structure of consciousness and understanding in the context of Wang Yangming’s 王陽明 philosophy. From various angles of different times and places, the problem of an understanding of understanding points to the most basic layers of human existence, personal experience, human cultures, and civilisations.

Transcultural memory and literary translation: Mapping the Field (with a case study on Lydie Salvayre’s Pas pleurer and its Spanish translation)

The purpose of this article is to map the role of translation in literary and cultural memory studies and of memory dynamics in transcultural contexts. “Translation” is understood both as interlingual translation, that is the rephrasing of a literary text in another language, and in a broader and more metaphorical sense as transfer, transmission and relocation across different kinds of spatial and temporal borders. The first part gives an overview of the state of research, presents basic theoretical and conceptual reflections regarding the intersections of literary memory and translation, and proposes a general framework for analyses of literary texts and their translation that want to elucidate the role of translation for transcultural memory circulation. The second part is dedicated to a particular case study: the translational aspects of the literary memory of the Spanish Civil War, the anarchist revolution and exile in Lydie Salvayre’s novel Pas pleurer and the role of Javier Albiñana’s Spanish translation No llorar as a medium of transcultural memory.

Stiegler’s Rigour: Metaphors for a Critical Continental Philosophy of Technology

ABSTRACT This essay claims that Stiegler’s sense of metaphor gives his work an overlooked rigour. Part one argues that La Faute d’Epiméthée’s key claim (that technics is philosophy’s “unthought”) opens an excess of potential that threatens to overwhelm Stiegler’s work. Part two looks at two metaphors (the pharmakon and organ). Part three argues that a focus on Stiegler’s technique of metaphor mitigates suspicions that his work is trivial or jargonistic, and allows it to emerge as a counterbalance to a positivistic tendency in contemporary philosophy of technology. This tendency is the legacy of an “empirical turn” in philosophy of technology in the late 1990s; it is problematic, I argue, because it threatens to turn philosophical engagements with technologies into endorsements of Zeitgeist-seizing artifacts (smartphones or social media, for example), to the detriment of what Stiegler’s sense of metaphor allows him to address as the broader “pharmacological” and “organological” implications of technologies for society.

Wypowiedzi wartościujące jako istotny aspekt dyskursu wideoblogowego na przykładzie kanału „Stanowo” o tematyce kryminalnej

The subject of the paper is valuation statements present in videoblog discourse. The material is based on audiovisual recordings broadcast on the “Stanowo” channel. The aim of the analysis is to explore the way in which judgements are expressed that relate crime seen as a sensitive aspect of social life. It has been shown that the author rarely uses messages marked axiologically in her material. Her priority is to present facts accurately rather than to make judgements. Statements involving valuation of facts do appear in her statements, especially in those in which the author manifests her emotional involvement in the story. This leads to a conclusion that there is a close relationship between expressiveness and valuing, as revealed in the material studied. Irony, contrasting and comparisons are the most common linguistic tool used by the author to express value judgements. The use on names is a metaphorical sense also plays an important role. Three pillars of the stories presented are assessed: the event itself and its circumstances, the victim and the perpetrator. It has been shown that valuation of the facts discussed has two objectives: the presentation of personal positions, which facilitates the creation of a kind of sender-receiver relationship, and the release of tension generated by the absorption of information about violent events. In the conclusion it has been stated that the way reality is valued by a popular video blogger may cause her axiological perspective to be adopted especially by young, morally unformed viewers. Therefore, it should be regarded as positive that the author does not deviate from generally accepted patterns of assessing the behaviour of victims and perpetrators. On the other hand, the style of the presented valuation statements can be assessed negatively – the author uses colloquial style, however, this form of language is out of keeping with the solemnity of the events under discussion.

Major Prophets

Major Prophets Brian J. Meldrum, Christopher T. Begg, Fred W. Guyette, John M. Halligan, and Mathias Winckler Brian J. Meldrum Catholic University of America Christopher T. Begg Catholic University of America Fred W. Guyette Erskine College and Seminary John M. Halligan St. John Fisher College Mathias Winckler Universität Siegen 1439. [Women Prophets in the OT; Nigerian Christian Women] Adolphus Ekedimma Amaefule, "Women Prophets in the Old Testament: Implications for Christian Women in Contemporary Southeastern Nigeria," BTB 50 (3, 2020) 116-35. There is a close affinity between the traditional Igbo-African culture and its treatment of women and the traditional Jewish culture as attested in the OT and the status of women in that culture. My article examines the implications of the lives, ministries, actions, and inactions of women prophets in the OT for Christian women living in contemporary southeastern Nigeria, the homeland of the Igbo people. Despite the obvious differences in time and place between the OT women prophets and today's Igbo Christian women, I argue, among other things, that the life and ministry of the former challenge present-day Igbo Christian women to be much more courageous and self-confident, to raise their moral standards, to speak out all the more, to participate more actively in the political leadership of their region and the nation as a whole, and to be even more committed to the Word of God which summons them to be women of fewer words, but conversely of mighty deeds of prophetic witness in whatever situation they may find themselves. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 1440. [The OT Prophets according to Julius Wellhausen] Uwe Becker, "Die Propheten bei Wellhausen," Fortgeschriebenes Gotteswort, 199-211 [see #1707]. In J. Wellhausen's reconstruction of the evolution of ancient Israel's religion, the prophets of the 8th/7th cents. b.c. played a key historical role: under the outer influence of the Assyrian threat and their personal religious experience and convictions, these figures [End Page 524] prepared the way for the "Judaism" of the postexilic era as a religion of (written) law on the one hand and of ethical individualism on the other. With reference to more recent discussions of the prophets and their books, B. questions whether the 8th/7th cent. prophets, whom a number of contemporary scholars, including B. himself, see more as bearers of a message of assurance for their hearers rather of all-encompassing doom as envisaged by Wellhausen, did, historically speaking, play the role assigned them by Wellhausen. On the other hand, B. also acknowledges that in the literary presentation of these figures in their extant books they do indeed function in the manner Wellhausen ascribes to them as a matter of historical fact.—C.T.B. Google Scholar 1441. [Healing Terminology in the Prophets] Rodrigo Fanklin de Sousa, "Le vocabulaire de la guérison dans la littérature prophétique," RB 127 (3, 2020) 394-413. This article studies the use of vocabulary related to healing in the prophetic literature of the HB. In it, d. S. makes the case that words associated with healing are normally used with a metaphorical sense in this corpus, where it functions as a theological concept involving certain specific elements which are creatively reworked in each prophetic text using healing vocabulary. In the first part of my study, I offer an overview of the different words for healing throughout the HB. Thereafter, I focus on the specific use of this vocabulary as a metaphor in prophetic texts, likewise taking into account its usage elsewhere in the corpus of the HB. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 1442. [Divination; Prophecy; Magic] Martti Nissinen, "Why Prophecy Is (Not) Magic?" Fortgeschriebenes Gotteswort, 213-26 [see #1707]. N. introduces his discussion of his title topic with the following statement concerning it (p. 213): "Divination, magic, and prophecy are closely related concepts that nevertheless should not be confused with each other. The purpose of this short essay is to bring some clarity to the use of these three concepts as analytical tools by way of mapping their differences and interfaces. I will first...

Translation of Metaphors in George Orwell’s Animal Farm from English to Hindi: A Cognitive Semantic Perspective

Metaphors are prevalentacross languages and cultures, but not all metaphors are shared by any two languages. Therefore, it is interesting to see how a work of translation deals with metaphors through a cognitive semantic perspective. This paper investigates how metaphors used by George Orwell in Animal Farm have been translated into Hindi by Sooraj Prakash. The findings show Prakash using culture-specific metaphors in the target text (TT) to provide the metaphorical sense of the target culture and at the same time trying to preserve the metaphors of the source text (ST) wherever they fitted aptly.

Emotionalisierung des Sprechens durch Metaphorik, Beispiel: metaphorische Ausdrücke mit dem Wort „Ventil”

The present paper deals with the relationship between language, emotion and metaphor, theoretically and based on sets of examples. Firstly, I am going to discuss how emotions shape the language we use (based on the works of Fiehler 1990, Schwarz-Friesel 2007, Ortner 2014 and Ebert/Gruber/Meisnitzer/Rettinger (eds.) 2011) and what the role of metaphors in descriptions of emotions is (based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson 1980, Kövecses 1999). Secondly, using examples from the press I am going to show how the emotions of i.a. rage, irritation or frustration can be made verbal in a metaphorical sense. For this purpose, German metaphorical expressions with the noun Ventil ‘valve’ will be examined. I am using a descriptive-interpretive approach in my analysis.

“Pre-Buddhist” Conceptions of Vision and Visuality in China and Their Traces in Early Reflections on Painting

Abstract This paper attempts to delineate the relation of early Chinese views on vision and visuality to nascent reflections on painting arising in the Early Medieval period. Ever since that time, pictorial creativity has been associated with Buddhist ideas of spiritual perfection. Likewise, the Early Medieval concern for the visualization of spiritual journeys to exceptional humans (and superhumans) through imaginary landscapes seems to be of Buddhist origin. The first part of this paper gives a short sketch of the intellectual landscape in which theorizing on painting since the 5th century CE first arose. The main body of the study, consisting of parts two through five, close readings of pre-Buddhist texts on vision and imagination. From these exploratory investigations it emerges that the very terms that are key in early reflections on painting such as ‘spirit’ (shen 神), ‘perspicacity’ (ming 明), but also ‘imagination’ (xiang 想) and ‘symbol’ (xiang 象) are closely related to a specific conception of seeing and visuality which is manifest in these texts. A final part sketches the possible relevance of these observations in early and pre-imperial sources for the interpretation of Chinese theories on painting. It emerges that while the rising interest in imagination since the Eastern Jin period is indeed an innovation inspired by Buddhism, the extraordinary role of the notion of ‘spirit’ in reflections about painting is closely related to earlier autochthonous traditions. The appeal to specifically Buddhist notions such as the samādhi of free play in texts on pictorial production and contemplation appears to be of a secondary character. It seems to be mediated by the inclusion of the very word ‘spirit’ (shen) into Chinese renderings of technical Buddhist terms related to meditation, which resulted in the implicit association of this specialist vocabulary with inherited conceptions of spirit as a luminous force animating, inspiring and enlightening things, in both quite a literal and in a rather metaphorical sense.

Making Space

Making Space

It is no joke. Metaphorical language and sense of humor in schizophrenia.

The sense of humor has a positive influence on mental and social functioning of humans by supporting interpersonal competences and effective coping with difficult situations. The aim of this study was to present research conducted to this date and concerning processing of humoristic content by people with schizophrenia in relation to cognitive deficits associated with this illness and their neurobiological background. Understanding of humor and its effective use require many linguistic and extralingustic skills, including processing of signals from social environment, such as correct recognition of emotional messages, understanding of a context of a humoristic situation, or drawing correct conclusions on a mental status of other people. An efficient use of the metaphorical language allows experiencing amusement resulting from inaccuracies, different semantic interpretations, irony, and sarcasm. A tendency for excessive concretism reflected in problems with understanding nonliteral content and semantically complex language structures, as well as other cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia patients, frequently hinder the use of humoristic messages. Better understanding of mechanisms controlling the effective use of humor may help to develop therapeutic tools to improve the communication efficiency of schizophrenia patients, as well as positively influence their social functioning.

El movimiento como metáfora. Colocaciones con los verbos de movimiento venio e incido en latín

One of the best-known features of verb-noun collocations is that one of their constituents, the collocative, has a metaphorical sense adapted to the main element of the construction, the basis. However, there has been little attention to the relation between collocations and metaphors. Thus, the aim of this paper is double: on the one hand, to highlight the tight relationship between metaphor and collocations; and, on the other, to discuss some metaphors codded in collocations with the movement verbs venio and incido, from the analysis of a representative corpus. As we will see, collocations with these two verbs are connected to two orientational metaphors frequently used in a wide range of languages in the world: "states are containers and inceptions of events are endpoints of telic movements". Moreover, the verb incido has in many collocations a negative meaning because of the conceptualization of the “fall” in the Roman world, related to the "up is good, down is bad" metaphor.

Group minds as extended minds

Despite clear overlap between the study of extended minds and the study of group minds, these research programs have largely been carried out independently. Moreover, whereas proponents of the extended mind thesis straightforwardly advocate the view that there are, literally, extended mental states, proponents of the group mind thesis tend to be more circumspect. Even those who advocate for some version of the thesis that groups are the subjects of mental states often concede that this thesis is true only in some loose or metaphorical sense. I argue that this imbalance is a mistake. A literal interpretation of the group mind thesis is no less plausible than the extended mind thesis, because group minds are particularly defensible instances of extended minds. However, the extended mind thesis, and the view that group minds are extended minds, are defensible only following a revision of the extended mind thesis.

A new set of tools for Ethnobiologist in the COVID-19 Pandemic

This article will develop a series of ideas for ethnobiologists to consider in their professional field from now on. One of the things we have most learned about indigenous communities is the importance of being committed to maintaining the networks of life and the protection of diversity. Considering the warnings given by indigenous groups regarding past and future imbalances of Nature, what will happen to ethnobiological work in the future, and is what we do really necessary? What lines of action, conflict, alliances and controversies lie ahead of us. The so-called new normality urges us to make changes in our discipline, and therefore we should be able to count on a new box of tools. In a metaphorical sense, I will call these tools a set of premises that should never be lacking in the future; we must be alert to the signs of change, the omens and the previous experiences of local communities. These pandemic times have prioritized the voices of “experts”, who impose hegemonic scientific systems as if they were the only option. Indigenous peoples are neither heard nor valued, even though they are some of the worst affected by this pandemic, being subject to large-scale ethnocide at this moment. Our challenge as ethnobiologists should be to build bridges and be agents of change, so that multiculturality and interculturality can be made visible and promoted.

Dr. Faustus ve ‘‘Kunduracı ve İblis’’: Metinlerarası Bir Yaklaşım Örneği

Her edebi eser kendinden önce yazılmış eserlere atıfta bulunur veya belirgin izler taşır. Bu izler ve çağrışımların incelendiği edebiyat alanı olan ‘‘Metinlerarasılık’’, 1960 yıllarında Rus Biçimciler Mihail Bakhtin, Julia Kristeva, Roland Barthes ve Gerard Genette gibi ünlü kuramcılar tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Edebi eserlerde karşılaştığımız sarmal yapı ve öncel eserlerden izler, okuyucuların dikkatini çekmekte ve metinlere yeni metaforik (eğretilme) anlamlar kazandırır. Günümüzde dünya edebiyatlarında önemli yeri olan eserlerin birçoğu, daha önceki dönemlerde ele alınmış eserleri çağrıştırabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, metinlerarasılık kavramı çerçevesinde, öncül metinlerin yeni metinlere nasıl ilham kaynağı olduğunu göstermektir. Bu bağlamda, öncül metin olarak Christopher Marlowe’un The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus (1604) ve ana metin olarak Anton Chekhov’un ‘‘Kunduracı ve İblis’’ (‘‘The Shoemaker and the Devil’’) (1888) hikâyesi bir metinlerarasılık örneği olarak karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir.

Meaning, Metaphor, and Chaucer's “thikke knarre”

Abstract One of the best-known descriptions in the General Prologue is that of the Miller as a “thikke knarre.” Since the first glossary of Chaucer in Thomas Speght's 1598 Workes, knarre has been related to a Dutch word and literally defined as a stump or thick piece of wood, here with the metaphorical sense of “rugged fellow.” This sense would be unique to the word in the Middle English record, and in fact derivation from the Dutch word has difficulties with semantics, phonology, and lexicography as well as with rhetorical appropriateness. This article proposes a different derivation from a Norse word meaning “freighter,” and more broadly argues that a great deal of secondary evidence can sustain a conclusion that actually has very little primary support. Sometimes history, whether linguistic or social, repeats itself precisely because historians, perhaps in part due to the thinness of the record, cause it to do so.

Archives for the Anthropocene: Planetary Memory in Contemporary Global South Literature

Memory is typically understood as an essentially psychological process, tied to humans, their cognition, and their bodies. In a more metaphorical sense, memory is also conceived as a social and col...

Paramedic performance when managing patients experiencing mental health issues – Exploring paramedics’ Presentation of Self

IntroductionMental health is a growing global concern with a significant rise in patients calling emergency services to respond to their needs. Paramedics in the UK are increasingly being asked to respond to this increase in demand. AimThis study explores how paramedics perform in practice when managing patients experiencing mental health issues. MethodsQualitative observation over 240 h and interviews involving 21 paramedics and 20 patients with mental illness. ResultsUsing Goffman’s seminal text Presentation of Self to frame the analysis the findings of this study reveal that paramedics '“perform” on two stages: front stage and back stage. Their coping mechanisms, in the metaphorical sense, include props such as uniform and scripts filled with humour, stereotyping and nostalgia to aid in their management of this specialist patient group. ConclusionsParamedics feel frustrated and unsupported when dealing with patients experiencing mental health issues. This study identifies the coping mechanisms paramedics use to manage this patient group but questions the longevity of these mechanisms and therefore recommends additional support for paramedics with further supportive education around mental health.

The Eternal Return: The Heaviest of the Burdens


 
 
 “Putting it negatively, the myth of eternal return states that a life which disappears once and for all, which does not return, is like a shadow, without weight, dead in advance, and whether it was horrible, beautiful, or sublime, its horror, sublimity, and beauty mean nothing.”1 As Kundera, himself, puts it, the idea of living once and never returning to it suggests the utmost lightness under which one’s existence hinders rather than strengthen.
 The Unbearable Lightness of Being calls on us in the hope of a rediscovery of the experience of homecoming, not only in a geographical sense as we see in Oedipus the King, but more importantly in the psychological, spiritual, and epistemological sense of the term. The struggle between fate and freedom of choice, feeling of guilt and the resolution to its confrontation are among the mutual themes in these two literary masterpieces. Although there are a number of one to one connections between certain characters in the two literary works mentioned, the noteworthy is the individual journey they take to return home (in its metaphorical sense), which at the same time speaks of a collective journey of the homecoming of the human being.
 
 

CZŁOWIEK I NATURA. KILKA UWAG O POKOJU SAREN LECHA MAJEWSKIEGO (1997)

DOI: 10.19251/rtnp/2020.12(5) The subject of the text is the analysis of the relationship: human - nature, understood both in the literal and metaphorical sense, and their representation on the example of the film Deer Room. Autobiographical opera (dir. Lech Majewski, 1997).The main purpose of the discussion is to identify synergies: human with nature, in semiotic or cultural aspects.