Sense Of Guilt Research Articles

Women’s and men’s happiness in the context of eternal values

The authors draw attention to the issue of gender differences in the features of the subjective experience of happiness and unhappiness. The article describes the results of a study conducted with clients of psychologists who report problems related to the experience of destructive interpersonal relationships and consider themselves deeply unhappy in life. The purpose of the study is to reveal the gender specificity of the frustration of the subjects’ life needs underlying the deep experience of unhappiness in their lives. A peculiarity of the approach used by the authors is the consideration of issues of psychological nature in the context of philosophical and religious understanding of eternal values, such as happiness and love for one’s neighbor. A special focus of the authors’ attention is the problems related to the philosophical and religious basis of consideration of the feminine as Sophia the Wisdom of God with the complex of her rejection, the dominant sense of guilt, and the desire to return to the Father. Such methodological symbiosis is facilitated by interdisciplinarity as one of the main principles of the authors’ interaction with the materials of this work. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) aimed at the amplification of subjects’ unconscious intentions is used as a diagnostic instrument. The conducted psychological study allows to reveal and describe some of the causes for the manifestation and experience of happiness and unhappiness in the lives of modern men and women and show specific differences between their subjective experiences of happiness and unhappiness in their lives. Unlike previous studies of this kind, the deployed philosophical and religious studies approach provides an opportunity to take a new look at the outlined issues considering them from the point of the philosophical context of values.

Portrayal and Attributes of Serial kKllers and Some of the Most Notorious Ones

Serial killers have always been in the centre of interest for the reason why they murder umpteen victims without self-control, remorse or a sense of guilt. They stalk stealthily and have the capacity to continue their massacre for ages via diverse countries and states. In this study, I intend to widen my previous study on serial killers with more cases and more background information about the roots of their amok from both the psychological aspect and from the aspect of the damage to the frontal lobe, the role of the hypothalamus, the limbic system, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex as well as the size of the amygdala which enhance the aggressive behaviour and contribute to uncontrolled sadism. I highlight the vital impact of childhood traumas, humiliation, neglect and the principal elements of family history. I comprise some of the most notorious psychopaths and cluster the common traits of these perpetrators. The role of superiority, maintaining power, manipulation, disability in physical characteristics, profit-making, sensation-seeking, deficiencies in empathy, pathological need to control others and attention-seeking are crucial factors as well. According to psychologists, having a grandiose sense of their own self-worth, narcissistic attitude, and addictive personalities may all contribute to murders.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EXPERIENCING AND COPINGWITH A SENSEOF GUILT IN INTERPERSONAL AND INTERGROUP RELATION

The article deals with the results of the study aimed at evaluation of both genders representatives’ sense of guilt that arises at different levels of communication. Gender peculiarities of experiencing and coping with the sense of guilt in interpersonal and intergroup relationships were detected on the basis of three surveys of Ukrainian students (582, 63, and 34 persons). It is shown that majority of differences between women and men are consistent with existing stereotypes in the mass consciousness. Women are more clearly oriented on guilt that occur in the narrow circle of communication and more often emphasize its emotional and communicative content. Instead, men are more interested in superpersonal contexts and prefer instrumental positions. At the same time, the differences were recorded that contradict gender stereotypes. In assessments of students’ guilt women more frequently pay attention to effectiveness/inefficiency, while men emphasize the importance of such negative moral trait as dishonesty. In the sphere of broad social contacts women relatively more actively accuse the government authorities and insist on the need to increase effectiveness of all Ukrainians.

The Doctrine of Double Effect

The aim of the article is to present some of the differences and similari- ties in various versions of the double effect principle (DDE or PDE). The following formulations will be analyzed: that of Thomas Aquinas and two contemporary ap- proaches, namely those of Mangan and Boyle. It will be shown that the presented modern versions vary significantly and the distinction between their intended and only predicted effects is far from clear. As a result, the different contemporary for- mulations of DDE lead to contradictory conclusions, with some justifying what the others condemn. Moreover, it will be demonstrated that, unlike Aquinas, contem- porary authors mostly concentrate on unintentionality condition while neglecting the proportionality requirement. So, unlike Aquinas, they only take into account a narrow scope of cases, where the evil effect occurs with certainty, which leads to a complicated and intricate hypothetical intention test like Donagan’s. It will be shown that, besides its theoretical indistinctness, DDE lead to serious pragmatic risks. It can be quite easily misused as a kind of psychological mechanism to protect self-esteem from a sense of guilt since wrong-doing is treated as merely a predicted unintended effect.

Psychoanalysis versus adoption: analytic parenthood and parental countertransference.

As we know, Sándor Ferenczi compared the analytic and adoptive relationships as the psychoanalyst exercises a parental role to some extent. The author notes that a commonality between the adoptive relationship and the analytic one is that if the parental couple is burdened with painful counter-transferential experiences and feelings that have not been worked through, these can pose a danger for the strength of the newly developing parental relationship. In the analytic situation the analyst’s position implies the risk of conflict with the parental internal objects resulting from the primary introjections, especially if the original environment was abusive or severely neglectful. Similarly, the adoptive family is often burdened with revengeful and competitive aggressiveness of their own introjected parental objects, having as a main task to keep unified the pre-adoptive autobiographical memories that were dissociated and interrupted. In such cases it is very important to give the adoptive parents help so as to cope with their difficult “countertransference,” supporting them to reduce their sense of guilt and unsuitability to nurse their children, especially if the adoptive parents feel guilty because of their own infertility. In this paper the author describes two cases concerning both situations, emphasising the clinical risks and the evolutionary potentialities.

ПОЭТИКА ЦИКЛА НОВОГОДНИХ СТИХОВ М. В. ИСАКОВСКОГО (СРАВНИТЕЛЬНО-ТИПОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ)

Six New Year (eonic) poems by M. V. Isakovsky, written between 1942 and 1972, are examined in the article as a non-author's cycle with its own ‘plot’. It captured such philosophical phenomena as death, guilt, suffering, chance, etc., which revealed themselves in a sacred moment of time — the New Year. The three “battlefield” toasts reflected Isakovsky's sense of guilt before himself and the people; the desire to cast a spell on hostile forces and thus bring victory closer. The humorous post-war toast of 1948 demonstrated the return of life in the USSR to a peaceful track, which was signified by the restoration of state and family holidays, dinner parties. The official ‘newspaper’ toast “for 1958” expresses the idea of “new happiness” that emphasizes the motive of peaceful labor exploits of the Soviet people, while the poems “for 1973” can be classified as confessional. Isakovsky's New Year poems are also analyzed in the context of two traditions — Russian aeonic poetry and ritual toasts. Connections with poems by V. A. Zhukovsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, M. I. Tsvetaeva, A. T. Tvardovsky are traced. New Year poetic toast, on the one hand, became one of the many genres that contributed to the unity of the Russian people in the face of mortal danger during the war; on the other hand, it preserved a number of archaic topoi (the experience of the New Year’s transition as a sacred time; ritual magic formulas that invoke Death, Time and Fate; the biblical archetype of the chosen people, etc.).

O Conceito de Má consciência na Filosofia de Nietzsche versus o Conceito de Superego na Metapsicologia de Freud

This paper aims to compare the reasoning that led to the coining of two close concepts: Bad Consciousness, as described in Friedrich Nietzsche's On the Genealogy of Morality; and Sigmund Freud's Superego, taking into account his work Civilization and Its Discontents (Culture). One of the elements of approximation between the two authors is the following reasoning: on account of an instance outside himself, man would develop an inner tendency toward self-restraint and self-flagellation. This tendency would be a sickening property, which Nietzsche and Freud repel. In Nietzsche, this self-censorship is the bad conscience: a sense of guilt that comes upon men because they want to exert their strength. Instinctual, animalistic, human pleasure, once gagged by the laws of the community, by responsibility, ends up in bad conscience. In Freud, the subject must, by virtue of the benefit of community life, moderate his ambitions for the enjoyment of pleasure. That is, a restraint that was initially external and social, is internalized and becomes part of the mind structure of the subject in question.

The Effect of Mothers’ Anxiety, Psychological Control, and Attention to Academic Achievement on Korean Early Childhood Children’s Helplessness

Psychological control refers to intrusive parental behaviors that affect child development. This study examines two subfactors of psychological-control parenting: autonomy-control and affection-control. While autonomy-control involves parental behaviors that ignore the thoughts and opinions of children, affection-control defines behaviors that show conditional affection by withdrawing affection or causing children to experience a sense of guilt. Direct and indirect effects of mothers’ anxiety, psychological control, and attention to academic achievement on children’s helplessness with the mediating effects of academic self-efficacy were examined. Participants included 201 children who completed a puzzle task and a puppet interview to measure responses for helplessness and academic self-efficacy, respectively. Affection-control of mothers had positive associations with children’s helplessness. While autonomy-control parenting reduced children’s academic self-efficacy scores, mothers’ attention to achievement increased academic self-efficacy. Results suggest that parents may be able to lower children’s helplessness by improving children’s academic self-efficacy through autonomy-supportive parenting. The most important developmental tasks in early childhood are to teach children to act out of their own will, to believe in themselves, and to forge meaningful relationships with others rather than focusing on academic achievement.

A critical glance into the metacinematic gestures of The Act of Killing

ABSTRACT This paper investigates a productionist metafilm that exposes a singular organisational method: Joshua Oppenheimer’s The Act of Killing. Productionist metafilms are reflexive works which display the processual dimension of filmmaking to the extent that the frontstage of production tends to coincide with the backstage. These films empower participants and exalt their incisive role, commonly subordinated to the decision-making power wielded by film directors. Their estranging character is mainly due to the presence of metacinematic gestures: film segments which exhibit cinema as a medium. This film analysis is approached through a dissection of the notion of gesture in productionist metafilms as imbued with impersonal markers of enunciation. The Act of Killing performs gestures which trigger forms of psychoanalytical self-examination in its participants while unpacking socio-cultural and organisational issues related to the Indonesian society and the nature of the filmmaking process. Through performances of role-playing and role-reversal, the film awakes the perpetrators’ suppressed sense of guilt and the consequences of impunity. Finally, it outstrips the narratives of denial and increases self-awareness of their complex psychological and socio-cultural condition.

Self-reconstruction through the Sense of Guilt: A Study of Select Masterpieces in the American Fiction

Abstract:Reconstruction is considered as a comprehensive transformation of one’s attitude with respect to one’s ego; one’s action; the object of guilt and the temporal-existential experience. The process of reconstruction stems from the need for improvement of the self. Any human being gets exposed to the feelings of sadness, despair, envy, shame, embarrassment and many other emotions that could leave him psychologically disabled. Anyway, guilt is a part of self-conscious emotions that the individual involves for the sake of self-evaluation. It is developed when the person feels that he doesn’t live up to the standard behaviours that are appropriate, good or correct. The feelings of guilt spur the process of reparation that reduces the consequences of negative actions. Feelings of guilt are produced as emotions of social control; they are different from one place to another depending on the culture, norms, social context and structure. This paper aims to study the feelings of guilt and their influence on self-reconstruction in three prominent, famous fictional works which are Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), Khalid Hosseni’s The Kite Runner (2003) and Nathenial Hawthorn’s The Scarlet Letter (1850). It is going to inspect how the feelings of guilt foster the development of a stable trend towards order and improvement.

Confession Under Indian Evidence Act, 1872- a Critique

“A confession, if freely and voluntarily made, is evidence of the most satisfactory character.” -Eyre C. B. Confession plays a pivotal role in the pursuit of a criminal trial, the foundation of which rests on truth and accuracy. It is an acknowledgement of guilt by the accused. The truthfulness of the confession runs in favor of the accused, as the logical fallout dictates that it flows from the strongest sense of guilt, thus, must be given the highest credit. Hence, confession plays a decisive role in the determination of the trail. A confession could take many forms viz., judicial confession, retracted, and an extra-judicial confession. Thus, it is indispensable for the courts to examine the admissibility of such confession to rule out the possibility of smeary evidence being presented in the court of law. This essay attempts to analyse the evidentiary value of the confession made by the accused. under the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. The conundrum about the extent of the statements made before the police that can be operated against the accused to determine the conclusiveness of confession made by the accused has been addressed withal.

The perverse and the psychotic superego

ABSTRACT In this contribution I will sustain that, given its origin, meaning and function, the superego is readily susceptible to the pathological distortions observed in clinical psychoanalytic work. After all, while we as psychoanalysts are unacquainted with the “normal” superego, we are accustomed to seeing patients with either an abnormal sense of guilt or a seeming absence of guilt. However, a distinction must first be drawn between the primitive superego and its pathological counterpart. Whereas some clinical situations involve a superego whose primitive aspects feature prominently in the foreground, in other cases one encounters psychopathological structures that do not stem from the primitive superego, even if they share the latter's seductive, dominant or intimidatory aspects.

Strangers in Togetherville – Women, Physics and Popular Culture

Abstract By drawing on Jean Baudrillard’s cultural theory this paper aims to show how contemporary popular culture tells the stories of scientifically talented women of the past. In the course of my argument, I refer to books and films set in the past and focus on the women-and-science motif. Firstly, the stories of individual female scientists living long ago are analysed (Mileva Einstein, Joan Clarke), then, the collective female protagonists – wives of scientists living together in “togethervilles” (Los Alamos, Atomic City), and women scientists pictured in speculative fiction – are discussed. The cliches used in these texts – lonely forgotten geniuses, female worthies taken advantage of, ostracised women accused of not being feminine enough and devoted wives who help their men and their countries in World Wars I and II or the Cold War – reflect ideologies that Western culture used to believe in. Conversely, the two original presentations of past female scientists that I found both come from speculative fiction concerned with science and heavily influenced by the ideologies of science: science and pacifism, science and a sense of guilt, and science as a weapon in the quest for democracy and freedom.

Сантяго Сиера – минималист с чувство за вина. Тялото на работника в изкуството на Сиера като обект, разкриващ социалните и икономическите неравенства

Santiago Sierra describes himself as a „minimalist with a sense of guilt“ This text examines the performance art of Santiago Sierra and the discoveries he makes about the socio-economic problems of various groups of people within his artistic practice.

Religious Convictions and Moral Motivation

Adherence to certain religious beliefs is often cited as both an efficient deterrent to immoral behavior and as an effective trigger of morally praiseworthy actions. I assume the truth of the externalist theory of motivation, emphasizing emotions as the most important non-cognitive elements that causally contribute to behavioral choices. While religious convictions may foster an array of complex emotions in a believer, three emotive states are singled out for a closer analysis: fear, guilt and gratitude. The results of recent empirical studies are examined to evaluate the relative motivational efficiency of all three emotions, as well as the likely negative psychological side-effects of these affective states, such as aggression and depression. While an action motivated by fear of punishment can be seen as a merely prudential strategy, the reparatory incentive of a guilty subject and a desire to reciprocate of the one blessed by undeserved favors are more plausible candidates for the class of genuine moral reactions. The available evidence, however, does not warrant a conclusion that a sense of guilt before God or as a sense of gratefulness to wards God, may produce a statistically significant increase in the frequency of prosocial actions aimed at other humans.

Cancer family caregivers’ quality of life and the meaning of leisure

In this study, the authors examined cancer family caregivers' life experience and the meaning of leisure, focusing on their difficulties and the role of leisure. We found four main themes related to cancer family caregivers' life and leisure experiences: stressors, adapting, the need of leisure, and leisure experiences. Our results showed that the caregivers experienced high levels of psychological and physical stress and conflicts while caring for cancer patients, resulting in a poor quality of life. They believed that leisure activity is necessary and can improve their quality of life; however, they felt a sense of guilt while engaging in personal activities.

Projecting masculinities or breaking sociolinguistic norms? The role of women’s representation in students’ profane language use

This paper explores how students from University of Ghana’s Commonwealth Hall (the only all-male hall of residence) project diverse masculine identities through how they represent women in their use of profanity and other uncouth linguistic forms. Data were collected from recorded profane songs, observations from various case studies of the use of insults and profane expressions and interviews with users of these expressions. The data generally present a picture of sexual and verbal abuse as ‘ideal’ ways of showing male dominance and power over women. These abuses are valued by the students, even though they are not expected practices in Ghanaian society. The paper concludes that although some students claim they use this language ‘just for fun’, disguising it as harmless only makes it easy to explore obsessions without a sense of guilt. If not properly checked, such obsessions may find expression in how women are treated.

How do therapeutic spaces contribute to repairing human relationships after the MV Sewol shipwreck?

ABSTRACT This study examines how efforts to establish stable human relationships centered on therapeutic spaces helped a local community cope or adjust after the MV Sewol shipwreck. In the wake of this disaster, various human relationships in the affected community were shattered. The Korean government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) set up seven therapeutic spaces to help people restore these relationships. This paper focuses mainly on NGOs’ therapeutic spaces, which share significant common characteristics. First, each therapeutic space encourages care recipients to divert their attention away from their sense of guilt regarding deaths resulting from the disaster and restore the individual's relationship with themselves through nonverbal activities. Second, the spaces try to recover individuals’ relationships with others through therapeutic encounters and interventions that embody unconditional devotion, sincerity, and understanding for both direct and indirect victims of the shipwreck. Third, these spaces establish a therapeutic network, thereby sharing recipient information and coordinating the integration of each resident. Fourth, these shared spaces created and reinforced a moral framework of reciprocity, dedication, and humanity in the community, thereby enhancing social awareness and empathy. In other words, these spaces forged a healing culture that made Koreans more sensitive to social issues and helped people move in a positive direction.

DAMPAK KELUARGA BROKEN HOME TERHADAP PSIKOLOGIS ANAK

Broken home can also be interpreted as a family condition that is not harmonious and does not work like a harmonious, peaceful, and prosperous family because of frequent riots and disputes that lead to disputes and end in divorce. Actually children who are broken home are not only children who come from divorced parents, but also children who come from families that are not intact or not harmonious. There are many factors behind the broken home, including fights or parental fights, divorce, parent's busy life. The impact of broken home on the child's psychological, among others: Children begin to suffer from high anxiety and fear. Children feel clamped in the middle, because they have to choose between mother or father, Children often have a sense of guilt and If both parents are fighting, it allows children can hate one of their parents. Some psychologists state that the most important help a divorced parent can give is to try to reassure and convince children that they are innocent. Ensure that they do not need to feel responsible for the divorce of their parents. Another thing that needs to be done by parents who are going to divorce is to help children adjust to keep running routine activities at home. Do not force children to side with one of the parties who are bickering, and do not occasionally involve them in the divorce process. Another thing that can help children is to find other adults such as aunts or uncles, who can temporarily fill their emptiness after being left by their father or mother. That is to say, so that children feel they are getting a support that strengthens them in finding a substitute figure for a mother father who is no longer present as when there is no divorce.

Why is it so hard to leave you? Psychodynamic reflections and experiences in a listening centre with battered women

At the end of a participatory experience in a Women's Listening Centre with battered women, the author reflects - through the description of "perverse relationships", pathological addictions and various types of violence - on the reasons that often imprison the woman in her relationship with her partner. Then, through the story of a case, she tells how the path out of violence and pathological dependence can happen. The article concludes with some personal reflections on what is most significant in working with women victims of violence. The author underlines the importance that the therapy is based on sensitivity and "non-judgement". Psychotherapy should therefore create a "relational home", which never reinforces the victim's sense of guilt, but favours good "anticipatory identifications".