Semisynthetic Compounds Research Articles

Cyano Enone-Bearing Triterpenoid Soloxolone Methyl Inhibits Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro and Metastasis of Murine Melanoma In Vivo.

Introduction of α-cyano α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moiety into natural cyclic compounds markedly improves their bioactivities, including inhibitory potential against tumor growth and metastasis. Previously, we showed that cyano enone-bearing derivatives of 18βH-glycyrrhetinic (GA) and deoxycholic acids displayed marked cytotoxicity in different tumor cell lines. Moreover, GA derivative soloxolone methyl (SM) was found to induce ER stress and apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro and inhibit growth of carcinoma Krebs-2 in vivo. In this work, we studied the effects of these compounds used in non-toxic dosage on the processes associated with metastatic potential of tumor cells. Performed screening revealed SM as a hit compound, which inhibits motility of murine melanoma B16 and human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and significantly suppresses colony formation of A549 cells. Further study showed that SM effectively blocked transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of A549 cells: namely, inhibited TGF-β-stimulated motility and invasion of tumor cells as well as loss of their epithelial characteristics, such as, an acquisition of spindle-like phenotype, up- and down-regulation of mesenchymal (vimentin, fibronectin) and epithelial (E-cadherin, zona occludens-1 (ZO-1)) markers, respectively. Network pharmacology analysis with subsequent verification by molecular modeling revealed that matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2/-9 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1) can be considered as hypothetical primary targets of SM, mediating its marked anti-EMT activity. The inhibitory effect of SM on EMT revealed in vitro was further confirmed in a metastatic model of murine B16 melanoma: SM was found to effectively block metastatic dissemination of melanoma B16 cells in vivo, increase expression of E-cadherin and suppress expression of MMP-9 in lung metastatic foci. Altogether, our data provided valuable information for a better understanding of the antitumor activity of cyano enone-bearing semisynthetic compounds and revealed SM as a promising anti-metastatic drug candidate.

Quorum Sensing - A Stratagem for Conquering Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogens.

Quorum sensing is defined as a cell to cell communication between micro-organisms, which enables micro-organisms to behave as multicellular organisms. Quorum sensing enables many collaborative benefits such as synchronisation of virulence factors and biofilm formation. Both quorum sensing, as well as biofilm formation, encourage the development of drug resistance in micro-organisms. Biofilm formation and quorum sensing are causally linked to each other, playing a role in the pathogenesis of the micro-organisms. With the increasing drug resistance against the available antibiotics and antifungal medications, scientists are combining different options to develop new strategies. Such strategies rely on the inhibition of the communication and virulence factors rather than on killing or inhibiting the growth of the micro-organisms. This review encompasses the communication technique used by micro-organisms, how micro-organism resistance is linked to quorum sensing, and various chemical strategies to combat quorum sensing, thereby, drug resistance. Several compounds have been identified as quorum sensing inhibitors and are known to be effective in reducing resistance as they do not kill the pathogens but rather disrupt their communication. Natural compounds have been identified as anti-quorum sensing agents. However, natural compounds have several disadvantages. Therefore, the need for the development of synthetic or semi-synthetic compounds has arisen. This review argues that antiquorum sensing compounds are effective in disrupting quorum sensing and could, therefore be effective in reducing micro-organism drug resistance.

Synthetic and Semi-synthetic Drugs as a Promising Therapeutic Option for the Treatment of COVID-19.

The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that emerged from Wuhan, China, and has spread all around the world, affecting 216 countries or territories with 21,732,472 people infected and 770,866 deaths globally (as per WHO COVID-19 updates of August 18, 2020). Continuous efforts are being made to repurpose the existing drugs and develop vaccines for combating this infection. Despite, to date, no certified antiviral treatment or vaccine exists. Although, few candidates have displayed their efficacy in in vitro studies and are being repurposed for COVID- 19 treatment. This article summarizes synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds displaying potent activity in clinical uses or studies on COVID-19 and also focuses on the mode of action of drugs being repositioned against COVID-19.

A simple and efficient method for separation and purification of troxerutin on the SZ-3 resin

PurposeIn view of the current difficulty of separation of troxerutin, the purpose of the paper is to separate and purify semi-synthetic flavonoid compound troxerutin by macroporous adsorption resin (SZ-3).Design/methodology/approachComparing the adsorption performance and resolution of three different polar resins and choosing a resin to optimize the process parameters such as sample volume, eluent concentration and elution temperature to obtain high-purity troxerutin. After separating and enriching by resin column chromatography, detected the sample by LC-MS analysis.FindingsThis research found that the optimal conditions of the adsorption and desorption were sample volume S = 90 mg/g resin, methanol concentration C = 25%, T = 20 °C. the content of troxerutin increased significantly from 88% to more than 96%. Then confirmed the sample was troxerutin by LC-MS. In addition, the resin could be used for at least 10 cycles in the separation and purification experiments of troxerutin.Originality/valuePurification of troxerutin with new SZ-3 resin for the first time. Under the optimal conditions, the purity and recovery of troxerutin was 96.4% and 39%. In this study, the authors established a purification process of troxerutin successfully that was simple, economical, environment friendly, with high purity and high recovery rate to provide a reference program for changing the status of troxerutin separation difficulties.

Fragment Library of Natural Products and Compound Databases for Drug Discovery.

Natural products and semi-synthetic compounds continue to be a significant source of drug candidates for a broad range of diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is causing the current pandemic. Besides being attractive sources of bioactive compounds for further development or optimization, natural products are excellent substrates of unique substructures for fragment-based drug discovery. To this end, fragment libraries should be incorporated into automated drug design pipelines. However, public fragment libraries based on extensive collections of natural products are still limited. Herein, we report the generation and analysis of a fragment library of natural products derived from a database with more than 400,000 compounds. We also report fragment libraries of a large food chemical database and other compound datasets of interest in drug discovery, including compound libraries relevant for COVID-19 drug discovery. The fragment libraries were characterized in terms of content and diversity.

Oxidized Juncuenin B Analogues with Increased Antiproliferative Activity on Human Adherent Cell Lines: Semisynthesis and Biological Evaluation.

Phenanthrenes have become the subject of intensive research during the past decades because of their structural diversity and wide range of pharmacological activities. Earlier studies demonstrated that semisynthetic derivatization of these natural compounds could result in more active agents, and oxidative transformations are particularly promising in this regard. In our work, a natural phenanthrene, juncuenin B, was transformed by hypervalent iodine(III) reagents using a diversity-oriented approach. Eleven racemic semisynthetic compounds were produced, the majority containing an alkyl substituted p-quinol ring. Purification of the compounds was carried out by chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. Stereoisomers of the bioactive derivatives were separated by chiral-phase HPLC and the absolute configurations of the active compounds, 2,6-dioxo-1,8a-dimethoxy-1,7-dimethyl-8-vinyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes (1a–d), and 8a-ethoxy-1,7-dimethyl-6-oxo-8-vinyl-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene-2-ols (7a,b) were determined by ECD measurements and TDDFT-ECD calculations. The antiproliferative activities of the compounds were tested on different (MCF-7, T47D, HeLa, SiHa, C33A, A2780) human gynecological cancer cell lines. Compounds 1a–d, 4a, 6a, and 7a possessed higher activity than juncuenin B on several tumor cell lines. The structure–activity relationship studies suggested that the p-quinol (2,5-cyclohexadien-4-hydroxy-1-one) moiety has a considerable effect on the antiproliferative properties, and substantial differences could be identified in the activities of the stereoisomers.

Histopathological, cytotoxicological, and genotoxic effects of the semi-synthetic compound dillapiole n-butyl ether in Balb/C mice

ABSTRACT Dillapiole n-butyl ether is a substance derived from dillapiole, which exhibits potential insecticidal effects on Aedes aegypti, the principal vector of the Dengue fever, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses, as well as Aedes albopictus, a vector of Dengue fever. As these mosquitoes are resistant to synthetic insecticides, dillapiole n-butyl ether may represent a valuable, plant-based alternative for their control. Dillapiole n-butyl ether has insecticidal and genotoxic effects on A. aegypti and A. albopictus, as shown by the reduction in clutch size and egg viability, and increased mortality rates, as well as a high frequency of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. However, the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of this substance in mammals are still unknown. In Balb/C mice, structural changes were detected in hepatic, renal, and cardiac tissues, which were directly proportional to the concentration of the dose applied, in both genders. The induction of genotoxic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic effects was also observed at the highest concentrations (150 and 328 mg/kg). Further research will be necessary to better characterize the potential genotoxicity of this substance at lower concentrations, for the evaluation of the potential health risks related to its presence in environmental features, such as drinking water.

Enhancing the antimalarial activity of artesunate.

The global challenge to the treatment of malaria is mainly the occurrence of resistance of malaria parasites to conventionally used antimalarials. Artesunate, a semisynthetic artemisinin compound, and other artemisinin derivatives are currently used in combination with selected active antimalarial drugs in order to prevent or delay the emergence of resistance to artemisinin derivatives. Several methods, such as preparation of hybrid compounds, combination therapy, chemical modification and the use of synthetic materials to enhance solubility and delivery of artesunate, have been employed over the years to improve the antimalarial activity of artesunate. Each of these methods has advantages it bestows on the efficacy of artesunate. This review discussed the various methods employed in enhancing the antimalarial activity of artesunate and delaying the emergence of resistance of parasite to it.

Significance of Soil Fungi as an Inexaustible Source of Antibiotics

Fungi are a diverse group of microorganisms and soil provides perfect habitat for them to produce new antibiotics. Fungi form different interactions with soil microbiota in which they produce secondary metabolites that show multiple biological activities. Yield of antimicrobial substances can be enhanced by optimizing extrinsic and intrinsic parameters. Thus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhizopus spp. produce many antimicrobial substances. Different genes including cryptic or silent genes are involved for soil borne fungal antibiotics. These fungal antibiotics have many applications in different industries such as food, agriculture and pharmaceutical industries. Different methods are also used for the analysis of antibiotics production. Some pathogenic microorganisms adopt certain changes and show resistance to the currently available antibiotics and make them ineffective. Due to the occurrence of antibiotic resistance, the discovery of newly emerging antibiotics and semi-synthetic compounds is in high demand. The purpose of this study was to collect information about soil fungi and to highlight their importance to produce novel antibiotics.

The Diverse Search for Synthetic, Semisynthetic and Natural Product Antibiotics From the 1940s and Up to 1960 Exemplified by a Small Pharmaceutical Player.

The 1940s and 1950s witnessed a diverse search for not just natural product antibiotics but also for synthetic and semisynthetic compounds. This review revisits this epoch, using the research by a Danish pharmaceutical company, LEO Pharma, as an example. LEO adopted a strategy searching for synthetic antibiotics toward specific bacterial pathogens, in particular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, leading to the discovery of a new derivative of a known drug. Work on penicillin during and after WWII lead to the development of associated salts/esters and a search for new natural product antibiotics. This led initially to no new, marketable compounds, but concluded with the serendipitous discovery of fusidic acid, an antibiotic used to treat infections by Staphylococcus aureus, in 1960. The discovery process included contemporary approaches such as open innovation; targeting specific pathogens and/or specific organs in the patient; examining the effects of antimicrobial compounds on bacterial virulence as well as on antibiotic-resistant variants, and searching for antibiotic producers among microorganisms not previously well explored. These activities were promoted by the collaboration with a renowned Danish clinical microbiologist, K. A. Jensen, as well as company expertise in fermentation technologies, chemical synthesis and purification of bioactive compounds from organic materials.

007 (x2)-3-3: 14-3-3 Targeted Compounds as Double Agents

14-3-3 Proteins enact a range of cellular functions through protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with client proteins. Kaplan and colleagues recently demonstrated that a semisynthetic compound was able to selectively stabilize or disrupt specific interactions, depending on the binding partner. This finding presents an exciting possibility of designing other 14-3-3 compounds to regulate critical 14-3-3 interactions.

Fastidious Anatomization of Biota Procured Compounds on Cancer Drug Discovery.

Natural products are the rootstock for identifying new drugs since ancient times. In comparison with synthetic drugs, they have abounding beneficial effects in bestowing protection against many diseases, including cancer. Cancer has been observed as a major threat in recent decades, and its prevalence is expected to increase over the next decades. Also, current treatment methods in cancer therapy such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy cause severe adverse side effects among the cancer population. Therefore, it is exigent to find a remedy without any side effects. In recent years, research has focused on obtaining naturally derived products to encounter this complication. The current pace of investigations, such as gene identification and advancement in combinatorial chemistry, leads to the aberrant access to a wide range of new synthetic drugs. In fact, natural products act as templates in structure predictions and synthesis of new compounds with enhanced biological activities. Recent developments in genomics have established the importance of polymorphism, which implies that patients require different drugs for their treatment. This demands the discovery of a large number of drugs, but limited sources restrict the pharmaceutical industry to overcome these major obstacles. The use of natural products and their semisynthetic and synthetic analogues could alleviate these problems. However, the lack of standardization in terms of developing methods for evaluating the chemical composition, efficacy, isolation and international approval is still a major limitation in this field. In the past few years, several drug-approval authorities, including the FDA and WHO have allowed using these naturally derived compounds in humans. In this review, we described the use of some natural products from plant and marine sources in cancer treatment and shed some light on semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds derived from natural sources used in cancer therapy.

Basic Opioid Pharmacology - An Update.

Opioids are a group of analgesic agents commonly used in clinical practice. The three classical opioid receptors are MOP, DOP and KOP. The NOP (N/OFQ) receptor is considered to be a non-opioid branch of the opioid receptor family. Opioid receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors which cause cellular hyperpolarisation when bound to opioid agonists. Opioids may be classified according to their mode of synthesis into alkaloids, semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds. Opioid use disorder (OUD) is an emerging issue and important lessons can be learnt from the United States where opioid epidemic was declared as a national emergency in 2017.

Simvastatin decreases the silver resistance of E. faecalis through compromising the entrapping function of extracellular polymeric substances against silver.

Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a Gram-positive bacterium closely related to many refractory infections of human and shows the resistant ability against the antibacterial effects of silver. Simvastatin is a semisynthetic compound derived from lovastatin and a hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A(HMG-COA) reductase inhibitor showing certain inhibitive effects on bacteria. The main purpose of this study was to establish and characterize the Ag+/silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-resistant E. faecalis, and further evaluate the function of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the silver resistance and the effect of simvastatin on the silver-resistance of E. faecalis. The results showed that the established silver-resistant E. faecalis had strong resistance against both Ag+ and AgNPs and simvastatin could decrease the silver-resistance of both original and Ag+/AgNPs-resistant E. faecalis. The Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), High-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) and mapping images showed that the silver ions or particles aggregated and confined in the EPS on surface areas of the cell membrane when the silver-resistant E. faecalis were incubated with Ag+ or AgNPs. When the simvastatin was added, the silver element was not confined in the EPS and entered the bacteria. These findings may indicate that the silver resistance of E. faecalis was derived from the entrapping function of EPS, but simvastatin could compromise the function of EPS to decrease the silver resistant ability of E. faecalis.

MECHANISM ACTION AND RESISTANCE STYLE OF ANTIBIOTICS

Antibiotics are the natural, synthetic or semi synthetic compound .For decades it used as weapon in the battle against pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasite, etc.) that attach the life of agriculture and animal husbandry. For that, the antimicrobial agents used in therapeutic and prophylactic purpose. Unfortunately, the microbes have become resistant to different antibiotics by development of their mechanism action. The lists of infectious diseases were grown due to increase of resistance at an alarming rate and the then antibiotics are less effective. High morbidity and mortality ratio come from wrong diagnosis of pathogen that lead to wrong treated by antibiotics because appeared new strains called multidrug-resistant bacteria .The aim of this review is to explore the Mechanism action and resistance style of antibiotics
 Keywords: β-lactam, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Macrolide, Quinolones

Investigating the Antiparasitic Potential of the Marine Sesquiterpene Avarone, Its Reduced form Avarol, and the Novel Semisynthetic Thiazinoquinone Analogue Thiazoavarone.

The chemical analysis of the sponge Dysidea avara afforded the known sesquiterpene quinone avarone, along with its reduced form avarol. To further explore the role of the thiazinoquinone scaffold as an antiplasmodial, antileishmanial and antischistosomal agent, we converted the quinone avarone into the thiazinoquinone derivative thiazoavarone. The semisynthetic compound, as well as the natural metabolites avarone and avarol, were pharmacologically investigated in order to assess their antiparasitic properties against sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum, larval and adult developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni (eggs included), and also against promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica. Furthermore, in depth computational studies including density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed. A toxic semiquinone radical species which can be produced starting both from quinone- and hydroquinone-based compounds could mediate the anti-parasitic effects of the tested compounds.

Effects of pentosan polysulfate on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cyclin-dependent kinases expression in canine articular chondrocytes.

Pentosan polysulfate (PPS) is a semi-synthetic sulfated polysaccharide compound which has been shown the benefits on therapeutic treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) and has been proposed as a disease modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs). This study investigated the effects of PPS on cell proliferation, particularly in cell cycle modulation and phenotype promotion of canine articular chondrocytes (AC). Canine AC were treated with PPS (0–80 µg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hr. The effect of PPS on cell viability, cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution were analyzed by MTT assay, DNA quantification and flow cytometry. Chondrocyte phenotype was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) quantification. PPS significantly reduced AC proliferation through cell cycle modulation particularly by maintaining a significantly higher proportion of chondrocytes in the G1 phase and a significantly lower proportion in the S phase of the cell cycle in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. While the proportion of chondrocytes in G1 phase corresponded with the significant downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1 and 4. Furthermore, the study confirms that PPS promotes a chondrogenic phenotype of AC through significant upregulation of collagen type II (Col2A1) mRNA and GAG synthesis. The effect of PPS on the inhibition of chondrocyte proliferation while promoting a chondrocyte phenotype could be beneficial in the early stages of OA treatment, which transient increase in proliferative activity of chondrocytes with subsequent phenotypic shift and less productive in an essential component of extracellular matrix (ECM) is observed.

Genotoxic Effects of Semi-Synthetic Isodillapiole on Oviposition in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae).

INTRODUCTION: Semi-synthetic dillapiole compounds derived from Piper aduncum essential oil are used as alternative insecticides to control insecticide-resistant Aedes aegypti. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the genotoxic effects of semi-synthetic isodillapiole on the nuclei of neuroblasts (larvae) and oocytes (females) and the mean oviposition rates of the females over four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4) of Ae. aegypti.METHODS: Larvae were captured in the city of Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil, and exposed to isodillapiole in bioassays (20, 40, and 60 µg/mL) and a negative control (0.05% DMSO in tap water) for 4 h. The cerebral ganglia were extracted from the larvae and oocytes from the adult females to prepare slides for cytogenetic analysis. Breeding pairs were established and eggs counts were quantified taken after the bioassays. RESULTS: The analysis of 20,000 interphase nuclei of neuroblasts and oocytes indicated significant genotoxicity (micronuclei, budding, polynucleated cells, and other malformations) compared to that of the control. Metaphasic and anaphasic nuclei presented chromosomal breaks; however, no significant variation and damage was observed in the negative control. A significant reduction in mean oviposition rates was also recorded following exposure to isodillapiole over the four generations (G1, G2, G3, and G4). CONCLUSIONS: The toxic and genotoxic effects of isodillapiole on Ae. aegypti were caused by reduced oviposition in the females and nuclear abnormalities over the four generations of the trials. Further studies are required, rather than our in vitro assays, to verify the efficacy of exposure to this compound for controlling Ae. aegypti.

Antisalmonellal Activities of Extracts, Fractions, Compounds and Semi-synthetic Flavonoid Derivatives from <i>Tristemma hirtum</i> P. Beauv (Melastomataceae)

The development and spread of resistance to currently available antibiotics is a major drawback in the treatment of microbial infections. Salmonellosis for example remains among the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the antisalmonellal potential of extracts, fractions, isolated compounds and semi-synthetic flavonoids from <i>Tristemma hirtum</i> P. Beauv. Bioguided fractionation by column chromatography of the EtOAc and <i>n</i> -BuOH fractions led to the isolation of eleven compounds including two new esterified glucuronide flavonoids namely: luteolin-3′-<I>O</I>-<i>β</i>-<SUB>D</SUB>-glucuronopyranosylbutyl ester (1), a mixture of compound 1 and quercetin-3-<I>O</I>-<i>β</i>-<SUB>D</SUB>-glucuronopyranosylbutyl ester (2). Chemical transformation mainly based on the prenylation of 6-hydroxyapigenin-7-<I>O</I>-<i>β</i>-<SUB>D</SUB>-glucopyranoside (5) afforded four new semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives namely: 6, 4'-<I>O</I>-diprenylapigenin-7-<I>O</I>-<i>β</i>-<SUB>D</SUB>-glucopyranoside (5a), 8-<I>C</I>-prenyl-6, 4'-<I>O</I>-diprenylapigenin-7-<I>O</I>-<i>β</i>-<SUB>D</SUB>-glucopyranoside (5b), 8-<I>C</I>-prenyl-4'-<I>O</I>-prenylapigenin-7-<I>O</I>-<i>β</i>-<SUB>D</SUB>-glucopyranoside (5c), 4'-<I>O</I>-prenylapigenin-7-<I>O</I>-<i>β</i>-<SUB>D</SUB>-glucopyranoside (5d). The chemical structures of these compounds were assigned using NMR techniques, mass spectrometry and by comparison of their data with reported ones. The antisalmonellal activity was assessed by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using serial microdilution methods. The results showed that the MeOH extract and EtOAc fraction were active against all the bacteria tested with MICs ranging from 24 to 1536 µg/mL. Seven isolated compounds and three semi-synthetic compounds tested showed MIC values ranging from 16 to 256 µg/mL. Compounds 1, 3, 5a, 5c and 11 displayed the most potent antisalmonellal properties but were generally less potent than those of reference drugs. The activity of extracts and isolated compounds could be used as the starting point for the development of alternative phytodrugs against salmonellosis.

Plastic fuel Extraction from Various Waste Plastics

The rapid growth of the world population which leads to increase demand of plastic in many sectors such as construction, medical, engineering applications, automotive, aerospace and many food industries for packing purpose. These rapid populations of plastic create some serious issues to the environment and living beings. The plastics are non- degradable and emit poisonous gases during burning. In recent years, many researches being conducted to resolve the disposal issues of waste plastics and trying to convert it into useful products. The plastic is a material consists of any wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic compounds, which are long molecules built around chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms. The conversion of waste plastics to hydrocarbon (HC) fuel is an effective idea for disposing of waste plastics. It will be controlled plastic population and fulfill the needs of petroleum fuel in the future. As per the survey, the fossil fuels run out earlier in 2088 due to drastic growth of automobiles and high production cost. The waste plastic contains hydrocarbon with calorific value of 41- 47MJ and it is almost equal to the calorific value of fossil fuels. There are many methods being used to extract liquid HC fuel from waste plastics and it has been reviewed elaborately in this paper. It also reviews composition of various plastics like polyethylene terephthalate, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene polystyrene and analyse their properties. In addition, it includes the selection of plastic and catalyst for extraction process, research gap in the existing extraction methods and the effect temperature and process timing on oil yield.