A prospective study of thyroid function in 112 women of the second generation descendants, ancestors of whom were in the area of radiation effects of the Semipalatinsk test site 29 August 1949. In retrospect, thyroid disease was studied in progenitors (233 women exposed to radiation) and parents - the descendants of the first generation (247 women). The control group included women not exposed to radiation and radiation lived outside the track. Retrospective analysis phase included archival documents and conducted with historical controls. Prospective phase included a study of the type "case - control". The state of the thyroid gland and its hormone profile, gorrmony pituitary. It was found that women who were in the area of radiation exposure, thyroid disease is more common, in contrast to the control group (8,2 ± 0,2) and (2,1 ± 0,3) %; p = 0.046, they are characterized by the presence of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, postoperative (not excluded surgery for thyroid cancer), autoimmune thyroiditis, thyroid cancer. Among women, the first generation descendants of thyroid disease met by 68.3 % more than in the control group (p = 0.014), but as women of the second generation offspring. In women, the second-generation descendants greatly increased in the structure of the thyroid gland pathology share of autoimmune thyroiditis (11.6 %; p = 0.039), which was not observed in their parents and grandparents. Thus, the high incidence of thyroid disease is characterized by both women exposed to radiation, and their descendants in the first and second generation.