Semiorganic Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal Research Articles

Investigating the structural and mechanical behavioral properties of semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal: L-arginine tetrafluoroborate

A semi-organic nonlinear optical material L-Arginine tetrafluoroborate (LAFB) was synthesized as single crystal using Slow Evaporation Technique. Various properties of this material were analyzed to make it suitable for NLO applications. The structural behavior of the material was determined by single crystal XRD and found that the crystal has orthorhombic structure and was synthesized with P212121 space group. The High-Resolution X-Ray Diffraction (HRXRD) study was conducted to determine the change in the lattice parameters resulting from strain, defects or by other means in LAFB material. The diffraction curve analysis show that the grown crystal consisted of interstitial type point defect. The Shock Damage Threshold (SDT) measures the stability of the compound against shock, the analysis exhibits that under Mach number 2.2 up to 10th shock no significant cracks were observed in the crystal but damage area of the crystal was increased. The mechanical behavior of the sample against highly intense laser was analyzed through Laser Damage Threshold (LDT). The calculated value of LDT was to be 0.75[Formula: see text]GW/cm2 for 1 pulse per second whereas it decreased to 0.57[Formula: see text]GW/cm2 for 10 pulse per second. To explore the mechanical properties of the material, Nano indentation was carried out, by which the values of H[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MPa and E[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]GPa were obtained.

Crystal growth and vibrational spectroscopic studies on the novel NLO active 2-amino-4-methylpyridinium fluoroborate single crystal by experimental and computational technique

A semi-organic non-linear optical (NLO) single crystal of 2-amino-4-methylpyridinum fluoroborate(2AFB) to be synthesized and characterized via single crystal X-ray diffraction technique (SXRD), UV–Vis, FTIR and FT-Raman spectra. The quantum chemical calculations were carried out using density functional method (DFT) with B3LYP/6–31+G(D) basis set. The intermolecular interaction and stability of the title molecule have been obtained by NBO analysis. The molecular electrostatic potential and frontier molecular orbital analysis give a visual representation of charge distribution of the title molecule. The N-H…F interaction within 2AFB molecule was investigated via AIM and RDG analysis. The optical quality and energy band gap of 2AFB single crystal were found out using UV–visible spectral analysis. The emission spectra of the grown 2AFB single crystal has been examined by fluorescence spectral analysis. 2D fingerprint plot confirms the H…F and H…H interactions that exhibit the most significant contribution in crystal packing. The outcome of SXRD, UV-visible, HOMO-LUMO, NLO and Z-scan values were compared with earlier reported compounds and amongst which the analysed compound 2AFB shows good NLO activity. The NLO activity of the title molecule was confirmed theoretically and experimentally by DFT method and Z-scan technique.

Investigation on the growth aspects and properties of rubidium hydrogen succinate hydrate single crystal for NLO applications.

A novel semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal of rubidium hydrogen succinate hydrate (RbHSH) was grown at room temperature using the slow evaporation solution growth technique (SEST) with water as a solvent for nonlinear optical applications. The grown crystal is a triclinic system with a centrosymmetric space group of P1̄ and the compound is stabilized by intramolecular O-H-O and C-H-O bonding. FTIR spectral studies were used to determine the various functional groups present in the material. The optical transmission spectra of the grown crystal demonstrated that a transparency of 89%, with a low cut off wavelength of 240 nm and an energy band gap of 5.21 eV, which is beneficial to developing advanced photonic and optoelectronic devices in the solar blind UV area. The grown crystal is thermally stable upto 174 °C. The electrical properties of RbHSH crystal exhibit low dielectric loss and a low dielectric constant at high frequencies tends to have good optical characteristics. Mechanical analysis demonstrated that the grown crystal shows the normal indentation size effect (ISE) and falls into the hard material category with n = 1.4. Photoconductivity measurements revealed negative photoconductivity. Photoluminescence studies showed that RbHSH emits blue light with a wavelength of 484 nm. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to analyze intermolecular interactions in the RbHSH crystal. The grown RbHSH crystal piezoelectric charge coefficient have been calculated (d33 = 13 pC N-1) and it is suitable for piezoelectric device applications. Under continuous-wave laser excitation, the third order nonlinear refractive index (n2), absorption coefficient (β), and susceptibility (χ(3)) of the RbHSH crystal were found to be 1.6639 × 10-12 (cm2 W-1), 1.1739 × 10-5 (cm W-1) and 4.86331 × 10-9 esu, respectively.

Growth and characterization of L - Methionine Barium Bromide (LMBB) semi-organic crystal for optical limiting applications

The semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal was grown from an aqueous solution by a slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at room temperature. The characterization of the crystal was made using single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis and it was found to be L-Methionine Barium Bromide (LMBB) crystallized in a monoclinic system with space group C2/c and the cell parameter values are a= 10.74Å, b= 7.39Å, c= 8.69Å, α = γ = 90°, β = 113.53°. The UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the crystal has good optical transparency and a lower cut-off wavelength was found to be 246 nm and also evaluated linear optical properties such as extinction coefficient and reflectance. The luminescence behavior of LMBB has been analyzed by fluorescence (FL) spectral study. The presence of functional groups in the LMBB is confirmed by FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational patterns. The hardness (Hv), Meyer’s index (n), elastic stiffness constant (C11), yield strength (σy), knoop hardness (Hk), fracture toughness (Kc), and brittleness index (Bi) were analyzed using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric behavior as a function of frequency was examined. The laser-induced damage threshold value was found to be higher than that of KDP. The surface morphology of the as-grown crystal was determined using the SEM technique. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis was used to determine the chemical composition of the LMBB crystal. The nonlinearity coefficient (β) is measured as 1.7 × 10−11 m/W using the open aperture Z-scan technique (Nd: YAG, 532 nm, 9 ns), which results from an effective two-photon absorption phenomenon. The resulting optical limiting behavior has a fluence threshold of 8.26 × 1012 W/m2 making the LMBB a potential candidate for optical limiting devices.

Elucidation of optical, thermal, morphological and antimicrobial efficacy of L-tryptophan hydrochloride single crystals

An efficient semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal of L-tryptophan hydrochloride (LTHC) of molecular formula C11H13N2O2Cl has been synthesized and its elemental composition was confirmed by EDS analysis. The crystallographic system and lattice parameters were found by single crystal XRD analysis which indicates the synthesized crystal corresponds to monoclinic system of space group P21 and its crystalline nature was identified by powder XRD analysis. The typical characteristic vibrational modes of the grown LTHC crystal were identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The grown crystal’s optical properties were analyzed by UV-Vis-NIR and Photoluminescence analyses. The wavelength dependent optical constants were also measured, and its refractive index at 532 nm was found to be 1.67. The grown crystal’s mechanical stability was determined with the help of Vicker’s hardness tester, which revealed that LTHC has soft material behaviour. TG-DTA-DSC tests were used to examine the thermal behaviour such as decomposition phenomena, phase transition, and melting point of the grown crystal, which revealed that it has high thermal stability up to 205 degrees. The dielectric behaviour, a.c. conductivity of LTHC crystal was studied by dielectric studies and its nonlinear efficiency was analyzed by Kurtz-Perry technique. The crystalline morphology of LTHC was examined by TEM and SEM analyses. Its optical damage property was analyzed by laser damage threshold analysis. The antimicrobial property of LTHC was also scrutinized against bacterial as well as fungal strains by Agar disk diffusion method. Finally, all these findings recommended that LTHC crystals could be useful in biomedical and nonlinear optics applications.

Growth and characterization of a semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal: sarcosine barium chloride

Growth and characterization of a semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal: sarcosine barium chloride

Crystal growth, structural, optical, thermal, dielectric, mechanical and NLO studies of L-tyrosine zinc carbonate single crystals

L-Tyrosine Zinc Carbonate (LTZC) a semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal has been grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are found out by single crystals X- ray diffraction technique. The modes of vibrations of different functional groups present were identified by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The UV–Visible optical absorption spectrum shows that the crystal has high transmission with lowest UV cutoff wavelength of 230 nm. The calculated band gap of LTZC crystal was found to be 5.13 eV. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss for various frequencies and temperatures were performed on LTZC crystal and the results were discussed in detail. The frequency dependence of ac conductivity for different temperatures was studied. The photoconductivity studies confirm that the crystal LTZC has negative photo conducting nature. The mechanical and thermal properties of the grown crystals have been studied. Surface morphological changes are observed in the grown LTZC crystal. The Non-linear optical second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of LTZC was determined using Q-switched Nd: YAG laser. The second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of LTZC is 2.12 times that of KDP.

Comments on the paper “Growth, structural, optical and thermal studies of semi-organic nonlinear optical potassium hydrogen oxalate single crystal”

The authors of the title paper (Appl Phys A 126:394, 2020) report to have grown a new nonlinear optical potassium hydrogen oxalate (KHO) single crystal, which exhibits second harmonic generation response. In this comment, it is shown that these claims are erroneous since KHO is a well-known solid which crystallizes in the centrosymmetric P21/c space group.

Structural, optical, mechanical, and electrical measurements on single crystals of L-Alanine sodium sulphate

Optically High quality transparent semi-organic nonlinear optical bulk single crystal of L-Alanine Sodium Sulphate (LASS) has been grown from the aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystal structure and lattice parameters were determined by both Powder and Single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The various functional groups present in the grown crystals were analysed by FTIR technique.UV–visible transmittance spectrum was recorded by the study the optical transparency of grown crystal. The grown crystals were subjected to thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) used to find the thermal stability of the crystal. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LASS crystal was determined by using Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The mechanical property of the grown crystals has been studied using Vicker’s microhardness tester. Dielectric studies are also carried out for the grown samples of different temperatures.

Synthesis and characterization of L-threonine lithium chloride (LTLC): A new semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal for laser applications

A novel new nonlinear optical material of semi organic L-Threonine Lithium chloride (LTLC) was synthesized and crystal-clear single crystal was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at the ambient temperature. The grown transparent single crystal was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), optical absorption spectrum, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transforms Raman spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that LTLC is an orthorhombic crystal structure with the non-centrosymmetric of P212121 space group. The absorption range was evaluated from UV–vis-NIR and the optical band gap was calculated by Tauc’s plot and Photoluminescent spectra were obtained to investigate the optical properties. The dielectric response was studied under various temperatures. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency was studied by Kurtz Perry method.

Second and third order nonlinear optical, mechanical, surface characteristics of bis(thiourea) manganese chloride (BTMC) grown by slow cooling technique used for frequency conversion applications

A semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystal of bis(thiourea) manganese chloride (BTMC) is grown successfully by slow cooling technique using water as solvent at temperature 45 °C. The optically good quality crystal of BTMC was grown with dimension up to 8 × 8 × 2 mm3 in a period of 2–3 weeks. The grown crystal crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system which was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The various functional groups of BTMC were identified through FT-IR spectroscopic analysis. The lower cut-off wavelength of 280 nm was revealed from optical transmittance spectrum of UV. The mechanical behavior of BTMC crystal was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness study and also the various mechanical parameters were determined. Vickers micro hardness test revealed, the titular crystal belongs to harder material category. The SHG efficiency is estimated from Kurtz-Perry powder method and it found to be 0.33 times than the reference material. The dielectric behavior, photo conducting nature and surface properties have been analyzed for grown BTMC crystal. The presence of synthesized elements was confirmed by EDAX study. The third order nonlinear optical susceptibility chi^{left(3 right)} of the material is measured using Z-scan technique and it is found to be 5.1202 × 10−14 esu.

Investigation of non linear optical tyrosine cadmium chloride single crystals grown by solution growth technique

A Novel semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal of tyrosine cadmium chloride (TCC) has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The lattice parameters and crystal system were determined from the single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystalline nature of the grown crystal TCC is confirmed by using powder X-ray diffraction technique. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) confirms the various functional groups present in the grown crystal. The optical absorbance of electromagnetic radiation was studied through UV–Vis spectrum. The thermal behavior of the grown crystal has been investigated by DTA and TGA analysis. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss have been studied as a function of frequency for various temperatures and the result was discussed in detail. The frequency dependence of ac conductivity for different temperatures was studied. The photoconductivity studies confirm that the TCC crystal has negative photo conducting nature. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers micro hardness. Surface morphology of TCC was studied using Scanning Electron Microscope. Nonlinear optical characteristics of TCC have been studied using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of TCC is 5.14 times more than that of KDP and it is the highest value in the amino acid family so far reported.

Growth and characterization of semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) guanidinium trichloroacetate (GTCA) single crystal

The semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal of guanidinium trichloroacetate (GTCA) was grown by slow evaporation solution technique. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal XRD studies to confirm the lattice parameters. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out to identify the functional groups of the grown crystal. The UV–vis NIR spectrum was carried out and the calculated band gap energy was found to be 4.72eV. The thermal behavior of the grown crystal was analyzed by thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). This shows that there are no weight losses upto 160°C. The photoconductivity study reveals that the grown crystal has negative photoconductive nature. Vickers microhardness analysis was carried out to identify the mechanical stability of the grown crystal. Chemical etching study was carried out using water etchant and the etch pit density (EPD) was calculated. The electronic polarizability was calculated from the solid state dielectric related parameters such as valence electron, plasma energy, Penn gap and Fermi energy for the GTCA using the empirical relation. These estimated values were utilized to report the electronic polarizability. It well matches to the value calculated from Clausius-Mossotti relation and optical band gap energy. The Kurtz-Perry powder technique was used to analyze second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the grown crystal.

Preparation and characterization of a bis thiourea sodium iodide (BTSI)

A semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal of bis thiourea sodium iodide (BTSI) has been successfully grown from aqueous solution using the slow evaporation solvent technique (SEST) at room temperature. Obtained crystals using the SEST method were characterized by using different characterization techniques. Structural studies of the grown crystals have been carried out by single-crystal XRD to confirm the crystal system and functional groups by FT-IR spectroscopy. Single-crystal XRD reveals orthorhombic structure of semi-organic BTSI single crystals and its unit cell parameters. Metal complex coordination of the single crystal is studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. The optical absorption study revealed excellent optical transparency of BTSI crystal in the entire visible region with a sharp lower cutoff wavelength 298 nm. The energy band gap of BTSI is found to be 4.16 eV. Thermal stability and thermal decomposition of BTSI single crystals were investigated by TGA–DTA and DSC analysis. The surface appearance of BTSI crystals by scanning electron microscopy reveals the formation of layer growth pattern. The structural perfection and growth features of the grown crystal were analyzed by wet chemical etching studies. The above studies reveal the effect of incorporation of sodium iodide into the lattice of thiourea crystals. The as-grown BTSI single crystals can be used as a potential candidate for NLO material as well as in electronic and optoelectronic devices.

Crystal growth and characterizations of an efficient semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystal: 2-amino 5-nitropyridinium chloride (2A5NPCl) by assembled temperature reduction apparatus (ATR) method

An efficient semiorganic non-linear optical (NLO) single crystal of 2-amino 5-nitropyridinium chloride (2A5NPCl) was grown by assembled temperature reduction apparatus. 2-amino 5-nitropyridinium chloride (2A5NPCl) belongs to monoclinic system with P21 space group. The functional groups of grown crystal were elucidated and indentified the compounds present in it. Optical properties of a monoclinic crystal were calculated. Lower cut off wavelength of the grown crystal was found to be 350.27 nm. Energy gap of semiconductor crystal was calculated and it is 3.16 eV. Low reflectance and extinction coefficient indicated that the grown crystal is more suitable for device applications. The mechanical strength of a 2-amino 5-nitropyridinium chloride (2A5NPCl) single crystal was measured and hardness test indicates that 2-amino 5-nitropyridinium chloride (2A5NPCl) single crystal is a soft material. Stiffness of the grown crystal elucidated that binding forces between ions are quite strong. Yield strength of the grown crystal were calculated and indicated that high mechanical strength. SHG of grown crystal shown that it is suitable for short wavelength generation and device fabrications. Thermal analysis was also studied and revealed that the grown crystal is stable up to 188 °C.

Determination of Nucleation Kinetics and Crystal Perfection, Optical, Piezoelectric Properties of Semi-organic NLO Single Crystal-Sodium Acid Phthalate Hemihydrate

Semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystals of sodium acid phthalate hemihydrate were grown using slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study shows grown crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system with space group B2ab. Nucleation kinetics and nucleation parameters such as critical radius, interfacial tension, and critical free energy change are evaluated using the experimental data. The solubility and the nucleation of the crystal at different temperatures have been analysed. Sodium acid phthalate hemihydrate has a positive temperature coefficient of solubility. The metastable zone width and induction period have been experimentally determined for the optimized crystal growth conditions. UV–Vis–NIR study showed the title compound has high transparency in UV–Vis–NIR region. The nonlinear optical property was measured using Kurtz Perry powder technique and SHG efficiency was 1.1 times that of KDP. The photoconductivity analysis shows that sodium acid phthalate hemihydrate has positive photoconductivity nature. The chemical etching analysis was executed to assess the quality of the crystal. The piezoelectric coefficient d33 is higher than that of several other semi-organic single crystals. The SHG efficiency of the grown crystal is higher than that of several other semi-organic crystals.

Growth and charatcterisation of mercuric chloride doped urea single crystals

Semiorganic non-linear optical single crystals of urea mercuric chloride were grown from aqueous solution using slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were subjected to different characterisations Viz., XRD, FTIR, UV, TGA and powder SHG. XRD study reveals that the crystal belongs to triclinic system with the space group P1. The vibrational frequencies of various functional groups have been derived from FTIR spectrum. Thermal stability of the grown crystal was investigated by TG-DTA studies and it is observed that the title compound is thermally stable up to 170 °C. Optical absorption study has been carried out and a good transparency in the entire visible region is observed with the lower cut-off wavelength of 245 nm. Kurtz powder method was employed to explore the non-linear optical characteristics of the grown crystal.

Mechanical, thermal, linear and nonlinear optical properties of barium L-tartrate single crystal

A potential semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystal of barium L-tartrate (BaTr) was grown by slow evaporation technique. Single and powder x-ray diffraction study was carried out for the grown crystal. The hardness of the material was carried out by a Vickers micro hardness tester. Thermal behavior of the crystal was studied by TG-DTA thermal analyzer. Optical and electrical conductivity of the crystal was measured by photo conductivity and dielectric studies. NLO property of the crystal is confirmed by Kurt–Perry powder technique. Laser damage threshold (LDT) value of the grown crystal has been carried out using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser beam.

A Study on the Growth and Characterization of a SemiOrganic Non-Linear Optical Glycine Sodium Chloride Single Crystal

A Study on the Growth and Characterization of a SemiOrganic Non-Linear Optical Glycine Sodium Chloride Single Crystal

Growth of divalent Mn2+ metal ion-doped potassium acid phthalate (KAP) single crystals and its structural, spectroscopic, optical and mechanical properties for SHG device applications

Divalent Mn2+ ion-doped potassium acid phthalate (KAP), a semi-organic non-linear optical (NLO) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at ambient temperature. Good optical quality single crystals of size 5 × 6 × 5 mm3 were grown in a period of 1 week. The pure and Mn2+ ion-doped KAP crystals were characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis to study the crystal structure. Single-crystal XRD analysis confirmed that the doped KAP crystallises in orthorhombic system with the space group Pca21. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) has confirmed the formation of the dopant in the KAP crystal. The functional groups of the grown crystals were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR). UV–Vis NIR spectrum was recorded to study the optical transparency of the grown doped KAP crystals. The mechanical strength of the crystal is estimated by Vickers microhardness test. The stiffness constant and work hardening co-efficient were also calculated. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency for device application was confirmed by NLO studies.