Semiorganic Nonlinear Optical Crystal Research Articles

Synthesis, growth and characterization of l-tyrosine hydrochloride a semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal

A semiorganic crystal of l-tyrosine hydrochloride, having dimensions up to (7mm×5mm×3mm) has been grown by slow evaporation technique. The grown crystal was characterized by CHNS, UV–visible study and DSC analysis. The lower cut off wavelength of grown crystal is below 300nm and has a wide transparency window, which is suitable for second harmonic generation. Photoluminescence study was also carried out. DSC analysis confirms that the crystal is stable up to 240°C. The dielectric measurement of the crystal was studied as function of temperatures with three different frequencies. Photoconductivity of the sample revealed its positive photoconductivity nature. The second harmonic generation efficiency of crystal was tested by modified Kurtz–Perry powder technique.

Synthesis growth and characterization of l-valine nickel (II) chloride

A new semi organic nonlinear optical crystal, l-valine nickel chloride has been synthesized and good optical quality single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique. The growth conditions of the crystals are studied and the grown crystals are confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction studies. The grown crystal was characterized by using powdered XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis–NIR, EDAX, and TG–DTA. The crystalline nature and its various planes of reflections were observed by the powder XRD. The presence of various functional groups was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopic technique. The UV–Vis–NIR spectrum indicates that the crystal has very good absorption in the entire visible and near IR region spectrum suggesting the suitability of the material for NLO applications. The decomposition temperatures and mass loss have been estimated from the thermogravimetric analysis.

The Effect of Phosphate Mixing on Structural, Spectroscopic, Mechanical and Optical Properties of Zinc tris Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) Single Crystals

Zinc tris Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) is a semi organic non-linear optical crystal. The ZTS and phosphate mixed (in different mol %) ZTS crystals have been grown from aqueous solution using the slow evaporation method. Single crystal XRD were carried out for ZTS and phosphate mixed ZTS crystals to determine cell parameters. FTIR analysis identified modes of vibrations of different molecular groups and confirms the presence of phosphate ion. The UV-Vis-NIR spectrum shows that the material has wide optical transparency in the entire visible region. The second harmonic generation (SHG) was confirmed by Kurtz powder method. It is found that 10 mol % of phosphate mixed ZTS crystal has better SHG efficiency than pure ZTS crystal. The Vicker microhardness test was carried out on the grown crystals and Vicker’s Hardness Number was found increase with increase in phosphate mixing.

Synthesis, growth, structural, spectroscopic and optical studies of a semiorganic NLO crystal: Zinc guanidinium phosphate

The semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal, zinc guanidinium phosphate (ZGuP) has been grown through synthesis between zinc sulphate, guanidine carbonate and orthophosphoric acid from its aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. Solubility of the synthesized material has been determined for various temperatures using water as solvent. The grown crystal has been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystal structure. Investigation has been carried out to assign the vibrational frequencies of the grown crystals by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. 1H and 13C FT-NMR have been recorded to elucidate the molecular structure. The optical absorption study confirms the suitability of the crystal for device applications. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of ZGuP is found to be 1.825 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP). Thermal behavior of the grown crystals has been studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester.

Growth, spectroscopic, dielectric and nonlinear optical studies of semi organic nonlinear optical crystal – l-Alanine lithium chloride

A new and efficient semi organic nonlinear optical crystal (NLO) from the amino acid family l-alanine lithium chloride (LAL) has been grown by slow evaporation technique from aqueous solution. The functional groups were identified from NMR spectral studies. Mass spectral analysis shows the molecular ion mass. Dielectric studies has been done for the grown crystal and relative SHG efficiency is measured by Kurtz and Perry method and found to about 0.43 times that of standard potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals. The compound crystallized in non-centrosymmetric space group Pna21. The results have been discussed in detail.

Synthesis, growth and characterization of a semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal: L-Valine cadmium bromide

A semiorganic nonlinear optical material L-valine cadmium bromide was synthesized and single crystal grown from an aqueous solution by the method of slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The grown crystal was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction and FT IR studies. The LVCB crystallizes in monoclinic system with cell parameters a=10.144(2)Å, b=5.54(1)Å, c=12.07(2)Å, β=109.115(2)° with space group P21. Thermal behavior and stability of crystal were studied using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The suitability of this material for NLO application was studied by optical absorption studies and second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency measurement by Kurtz–Perry powder method.

Synthesis, growth and characterization of a novel semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal: l-Asparagine cadmium chloride monohydrate

The semiorganic single crystal of l-asparagine cadmium chloride monohydrate was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The presence of various functional groups has been identified by using FT IR spectral analysis ranging between 4000 and 400cm−1. Chemical composition of the synthesized material was confirmed by elemental analysis. The crystalline nature of new crystal was confirmed by powder XRD pattern. The UV–vis–NIR spectroscopic study revealed that the grown crystal has good optical transmittance. The dielectric constant has been carried out over a frequency range from 100Hz to 1MHz. The mechanical strength was studied using Vicker's microhardness tester.

Synthesis, optical and dielectric studies on novel semi organic nonlinear optical crystal by solution growth technique

Bisthiourea lead acetate Pb[SC(NH 2) 2] 2(CH 3COO) 2), a novel semi organic non linear optical crystal having dimensions 17 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm were grown using slow evaporation technique. The lattice parameters for the grown crystals were determined using single crystal XRD. The presence of functional groups for the grown crystals was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The optical absorption studies show that the material has wide optical transparency in the entire visible region. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss has been studied as a function of frequency for various temperatures and the results were discussed in detail. The second harmonic generation was confirmed by Kurtz powder method and it is found to be 5 times than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystal.

Synthesis, growth and characterization of l-valine cadmium chloride monohydrate—A novel semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal

Single crystals of l-valine cadmium chloride monohydrate (LVCC), a novel semiorganic nonlinear optical material were synthesized and grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern and FT IR spectrum analysis confirmed the formation of the new crystal. LVCC has good optical transmission in the entire visible region, which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear crystal. The thermal studies reveal that the material has good thermal stability. The LVCC crystal was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The optical second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of LVCC was determined using Kurtz powder technique.

Synthesis, growth, spectral, thermal and photoluminescence properties of a new semiorganic NLO crystal—Thiosemicarbazide lithium chloride [TSLC

Thiosemicarbazide lithium chloride [TSLC] a new semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal has been synthesized. Single crystals by TSLC have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. Chemical composition of the synthesized material was confirmed by elemental analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the grown crystal has been studied. Functional groups present in the materials were identified by FT IR spectral analysis ranging between 4000 and 450 cm −1. The optical transmission was studied through UV–vis spectrophotometer. Thermal analysis is carried out on the crystal and inferred to be stable at 176 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of the TSLC crystal was confirmed using Nd:YAG laser and also fluorescence spectral analysis is carried out for the TSLC crystal.

Crystal growth, structure and characterizations of a new semiorganic nonlinear optical material—β-Alanine zinc chloride

The title compound, β-alanine zinc chloride—a new semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal was grown by slow evaporation technique. Single crystals of β-alanine zinc chloride have been subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the crystal structure. The powder X-ray diffractogram of the crystal has also been recorded. The amount of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in the crystals was also estimated. Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman spectral measurements have been carried out on the grown crystals in order to identify the functional groups. The presence of hydrogen and carbon in the β-alanine zinc chloride was confirmed by using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analyses. The percentage of zinc in the crystal was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Optical behavior such as ultraviolet–vis–near infrared transmittance spectrum and second harmonic generation has been investigated. The mechanical strength and thermal behavior of the grown crystal have been analyzed.

Conventional slow evaporation and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy (SR) method grown diglycine zinc chloride (DGZC) single crystal and its comparative study

Diglycine zinc chloride, a semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal was grown by conventional slow evaporation and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method. By employing this unidirectional method, diglycine zinc chloride single crystals of diameters 10, 30 and length up to 60 mm were grown. The growth conditions have been optimized. A maximum growth rate of 1.5 mm per day was realized. A comparative damage threshold analysis made on the diglycine zinc chloride crystals by conventional and unidirectional method shows that the crystal grown by Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method has higher damage threshold. The conventional and Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method grown diglycine zinc chloride crystals were also characterized by chemical etching, UV–vis analysis, dielectric constant, dielectric loss, Vicker’s microhardness analysis and the results were compared. The present study indicates that the crystal quality of Sankaranarayanan–Ramasamy method grown diglycine zinc chloride is good compared to conventional slow evaporation method grown crystal.

Synthesis, growth and characterization of strontium bis (hydrogen l-malate) hexahydrate bulk single crystal: A promising semi-organic nonlinear optical material

A potentially useful semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal of strontium bis (hydrogen l-malate) hexahydrate (SrLM) has been synthesized. Optically good quality bulk single crystal of SrLM was successfully grown by slow cooling technique and Sankaranarayanan—Ramasamy (SR) method. Transparent, colourless crystal of size 24 mm×5 mm×6 mm with well defined morphology was grown by slow cooling method and 〈010〉-oriented unidirectional bulk single crystal of size 50 mm length and 10 mm diameter was grown by the SR method. The unit cell parameters and the morphology of SrLM single crystals were determined by single crystal XRD. The grown crystals were subjected to various characterization studies such as FTIR analysis, UV-visible spectrum, dielectric measurement, DTA, powder SHG test and microhardness studies.

Growth and characterization of pure and doped L-Lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate ( L-LMHCl) nonlinear optical single crystals

Semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystals of pure, Ni 2+ and Cd 2+ doped L-Lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate ( L-LMHCl) were grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveal that the pure and doped L-LMHCl crystals belong to monoclinic system with the space group P2 1. The presence of functional groups present in the pure and doped crystals was determined qualitatively by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Optical absorption studies reveal very low absorption for the doped crystal than that of the pure crystal. Dielectric studies have been carried out for the grown crystals and the results were discussed in detail.

Bulk crystal growth and characterization of non-linear optical bisthiourea zinc chloride single crystal by unidirectional growth method

The unidirectional crystal growth method has been employed for the bulk growth of semi-organic non-linear optical bisthiourea zinc chloride single crystal along a-axis with high solute-crystal conversion efficiency. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm the orthorhombic structure. Optical studies reveal very high transmission of the crystal along the growth axis. Dielectric study shows that the dielectric constant decreases with increase in frequency. Microhardness measurements along the growth axis enunciate the favorable hardness behavior.

Synthesis, growth and characterization of Bis S-benzylisothiouronium tetrachlorido zincate (II) a semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal

A new semiorganic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal, Bis S-benzylisothiouronium tetrachloridozincate (II) (SBTTZ), has been synthesized and good optical quality needle shaped single crystals of the title material were grown by solvent evaporation solution growth method at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the crystallinity of the material. Single X-ray diffraction study was carried out to establish the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal. The UV–Vis–NIR spectrum indicates that the crystal has very good transmittance in the entire visible and near IR regions of the spectrum suggesting the suitability of the material for NLO applications. The presence of various functional groups was confirmed by FT IR spectroscopic technique. The 1H NMR spectrum confirms the molecular structure. The thermal and mechanical stabilities have been confirmed by TG/DTA analyses and Vickers microhardness study respectively. The SHG in the grown crystal was identified by modified Kurtz–Perry method using Nd:YAG laser as the source.

Thermal, mechanical, electrical, linear and nonlinear optical properties of a nonlinear optical l-ornithine monohydrochloride single crystal

Optically transparent semiorganic nonlinear optical bulk single crystal of l -ornithine monohydrochloride (LOMHCL) of dimension 11×3×2 mm 3 has been grown from its aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction to confirm the crystal structure. Investigation has been carried out to assign the vibrational frequencies of the grown crystals by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique. Thermal behavior of the grown crystals was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of LOMHCL was determined by Kurtz and Perry powder technique. The optical absorption study confirms the suitability of the crystal for device applications. The mechanical properties of the grown crystals have been studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Dielectric and photoconductivity studies are also carried out for the grown samples.

SYNTHESIS, GROWTH, STRUCTURAL, SPECTROSCOPIC, OPTICAL, THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STUDIES OF A SEMI-ORGANIC NONLINEAR OPTICAL CRYSTAL: L-GLUTAMIC ACID HYDROCHLORIDE

The semi-organic nonlinear optical single crystal of L-glutamic acid hydrochloride was grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at room temperature. The cell parameters of the grown crystal were estimated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of various functional groups was identified from Fourier transform infrared analysis. The transmission spectrum of this crystal show that the lower cut-off wavelength lies at 248 nm. Thermal analysis was performed to study the thermal stability of the grown crystal. The Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test shows that the crystal is a potential candidate for optical second harmonic generation. Mechanical properties of the grown crystal were determined and Vickers' hardness number was calculated.

Growth and characterization of new semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal L-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalaninium perchlorate (LPPAPC)

The new semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal, L-Phenylalanine L-Phenylalaninium perchlorate (LPPAPC) has been grown through synthesis between L-Phenylalanine and perchloric acid. The bulk crystals of dimension 5.5 × 0.4 × 0.3 cm 3 were obtained by submerged seed solution method. The new compound was characterized by UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopic technique. In addition to that the solid-state structure of the crystal has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. LPPAPC was thermally stable up to 272 °C as determined by TG/DTA studies. Also, the second harmonic generation (SHG) of the LPPAPC crystal was observed using Nd: YAG laser with a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm.

Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of novel semiorganic nonlinear optical crystal: Dichlorobis( l-proline)zinc(II)

Single crystals of the semiorganic material, dichlorobis( l-proline)zinc(II) (DCBPZ), were grown from aqueous solution. The grown crystals were tested by single crystal X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive spectrometry, FT-IR, UV–vis and TG–DTA. The structural prefection of the grown crystals has been analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. The dielectric and mechanical behavior of the specimen was also studied. The SHG efficiency of DCBPZ is three times greater than that of KDP. Measuring transmittance of DCBPZ permitted the calculation of the refractive index n, the extinction coefficient K and both the real ɛ r and imaginary ɛ i components of the dielectric constant as functions of photon energy. The optical band gap of DCBPZ is 4.8 eV.