Seminiferous Research Articles

6597 An Unusual Case of Klinefelter Syndrome with Both Primary and Superimposed Secondary Hypogonadism

Abstract Disclosure: A. Krueger: None. E. Pelley: None. Introduction: Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47, XXY) is a sex-chromosome disorder that is a common cause of infertility and hypogonadism in men. Clinical phenotype includes tall stature, delayed or incomplete puberty, small testes (<4ml), gynecomastia, and oligo or azoospermia. The extra X chromosome leads to fibrosis and hyalinization of seminiferous tubules resulting in impaired sperm production. Leydig cells also function abnormally and fail to stimulate with LH. Common biochemical evaluation results in low serum testosterone, elevated FSH and LH concentrations, and azoospermia. Case Report: 37-year-old male presented with long standing history of low libido and a perception that he had never fully progressed through puberty. Physical exam was notable for a height of 6’ 4”, obesity, fine pubic and axillary hair, and testes <4mL bilaterally. Initial biochemical work up revealed low serum total testosterone 43 (ref 300-1080 ng/dL), low free testosterone 8.1 (ref 47-244 pg/mL), inappropriately normal LH 10.8 (ref 0.6-12.1 mlU/mL), and elevated FSH 28.3 (ref 1.0-12.0 mlU/mL). Patient was referred to Endocrinology. Labs were repeated with consistent results in addition to chromosome analysis which confirmed diagnosis of Klinefelter syndrome with (47, XXY) karyotype. Due to inappropriately normal LH and mixed picture of primary and superimposed secondary hypogonadism, an MRI of the pituitary was obtained and revealed an 8mm x7mm x 14mm pituitary macroadenoma. Evaluation for pituitary hypersecretion and other deficiencies was unremarkable. Conclusion: Data from the Danish National registry shows that only 25% of Klinefelter patients are correctly diagnosed. Klinefelter syndrome should be considered in the differential for the evaluation of hypogonadism and infertility. Diagnosis can be made by karyotyping. The degree of impaired spermatogenesis and testosterone production in Klinefelter syndrome can be variable. Biochemical evaluation should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical context. Patients with known causes of primary hypogonadism who demonstrate an inappropriate gonadotropin response require evaluation for causes of secondary hypogonadism. In this case, the inappropriately normal LH was the sole clue leading to the identification of his pituitary macroadenoma. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Higher Sensitivity of Rat Testes to Nano Nickel than Micro Nickel Particles: A Toxicological Evaluation.

Present investigations were undertaken to record the vulnerability of testis to nickel oxide nano and microparticles in Wistar rat with special reference to their preferred bioaccumulation, consequent generation of reactive species, reciprocal influence on testosterone synthesis, DNA damage in spermatids and histopathological changes. Suitable numbers of rats were gavaged NiONPs or NiOMPs (5mg/kg b.w.each) for 15 and 30days. Testes en bloc were removed and processed for the estimation of selected parameters. Results showed that rat testes could accumulate nickel in an exposure time dependent manner. Generation of malondialdehyde, a denominator of ROS, increased significantly in the testes of NiONPs treated rats. Moreover, serum testosterone values also increased in NiONPs treated rats. Higher DNA damage in sperms was also recorded. Nano and microparticles of nickel, both could induce specific dose and time dependent lesions in the testis of rat. Histopathological results revealed degeneration of germinal epithelium and spermatocytes; hypertrophy of seminiferous tubules and necrosis. SEM results also indicated specific morphological changes in cellular components of tubules. This study suggests that testis is also vulnerable to the adverse effects of NiONPs alike liver and kidney. Both micro and nanoparticles of nickel elicited differential effects in a dose and exposure time dependent manner. However, NiONPs induced greater overall toxicity than NiOMPs. The results are expected to be helpful in determining the human reproductive health risks, associated with environmental/ occupational exposure to nanoparticles of nickel.

PWWP3A deficiency accelerates testicular senescence in aged mice.

The PWWP domain-containing proteins are involved in chromatin-associated biological processes, including transcriptional regulation and DNA repair, and most of them are significant for gametogenesis and early embryonic development in mammals. PWWP3A, one of the PWWP domain proteins, is a reader of H3K36me2/H3K36me3 and a response factor to DNA damage. However, the physiological role of PWWP3A in spermatogenesis and fertility remains unclear. The goal of this study was to explore the function and mechanism of PWWP3A in the process of spermatogenesis. We generated V5-Pwwp3a KI mice and PWWP3A polyclonal antibody to observe the localization of PWWP3A in vivo. Meanwhile, Pwwp3a KO mice was used to explore the function in spermatogenesis. We reported that PWWP3A is a predominant expression in the testis of mice. During spermatogenesis, PWWP3A exhibits the temporal expression from early-pachytene to the round spermatids. The results of spermatocyte spreading and immunostaining showed that PWWP3A aggregated on the XY body, which then diffused as the XY chromosome separated at late-diplotene. Although the depletion of PWWP3A had no obvious reproductive defects in young male mice, there were observed morphological abnormalities in sperm heads. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated the interaction of PWWP3A with DNA repair proteins SMC5/6; however, PWWP3A deficiency did not result in any meiotic defects. Notably, the testes of aged male Pwwp3a KO mice displayed pronounced degeneration, and were characterized by the presence of vacuolated seminiferous tubules. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed an upregulation in the expression of genes which may be involving in immunoregulatory and inflammatory response pathways in aged Pwwp3a KO mice with testicular degeneration. Our study showed that PWWP3A was highly enriched in the mouse testis, and the Pwwp3a KO mice were fertile. However, the aged Pwwp3a KO male mice displayed testicular atrophy that may be due to changes in the immune micro-environment or abnormal repair of DNA damage.

Establishment and Characterization of Testis Organoids with Proliferation and Differentiation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells into Spermatocytes and Spermatids.

Organoids play pivotal roles in uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying organogenesis, intercellular communication, and high-throughput drug screening. Testicular organoids are essential for exploring the genetic and epigenetic regulation of spermatogenesis in vivo and the treatment of male infertility. However, the formation of testicular organoids with full spermatogenesis has not yet been achieved. In this study, neonatal mouse testicular cells were isolated by two-step enzymatic digestion, and they were combined with Matrigel and transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice. Histological examination (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry revealed that cell grafts assembled to form seminiferous tubules that contained spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and Sertoli cells, as illustrated by the co-expression of PLZF (a hallmark for SSCs) and SOX9 (a marker for Sertoli cells) as well as the co-expression of UCHL1 (a hallmark for SSCs) and SOX9, after 8 weeks of transplantation. At 10 weeks of transplantation, SSCs could proliferate and differentiate into spermatocytes as evidenced by the expression of PCNA, Ki67, c-Kit, SYCP3, γ-HA2X, and MLH1. Notably, testicular organoids were seen, and spermatids were observed within the lumen of testicular organoids after 16 weeks of transplantation, as shown by the presence of TNP1 and ACROSIN (hallmarks for spermatids). Collectively, these results implicate that we successfully established testicular organoids with spermatogenesis in vivo. This study thus provides an excellent platform for unveiling the mechanisms underlying mammalian spermatogenesis, and it might offer valuable male gametes for treating male infertility.

Histomorphological Changes in Testis of Rats with Prolonged Exposure to Allethrin-Based Mosquito Coil Smoke.

To explore the potential adverse effects of prolonged inhalation of mosquito coil smoke on the testicular histomorphology and serum testosterone levels in rats. An experimental study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from January to December 2020. This study was carried out on 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into control Group A (n = 10) and experimental Group B (n = 10). Rats in Group B were exposed to mosquito coil smoke (allethrin-based) for 4 hours / day for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of exposure, serum testosterone levels and testicular morphology (seminiferous tubule diameter, germinal epithelium height, and testicular capsule thickness) were compared between the groups. Rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke showed significantly reduced serum testosterone levels (p <0.001) along with testicular histological disruption in terms of significantly dilated seminiferous tubules (p <0.001), reduced germinal epithelial height (p <0.001), and thickened testicular capsule (p <0.001), as compared to the control group. Prolonged inhalation of allethrin-based mosquito coil smoke reduced serum testosterone levels and caused testicular histological disruption in the exposed group of rats. Allethrin, Germinal epithelium, Mosquito coil, Seminiferous tubules, Testicular capsule, Testosterone, Testis.

Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Reversal of Unobstructed Azoospermia in Rats.

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is an important cause of male infertility. This study is being proposed to assess the efficacy of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the reversal of busulfan-induced NOA in rats. Twenty adult 3-month-old male rats were divided into two groups: a control group and a study group. In the study group, bone marrow was aspirated to culture MSCs. NOA was created by stopping endogenous spermatogenesis in all the animals by injecting two doses of busulfan 10 mg/kg body weight with a 3week interval. Four weeks after the last dose of busulfan, two animals were euthanized and the testes were studied histologically to confirm complete azoospermia. In the study group, five million MSCs in 1 mL normal saline were injected into seminiferous tubules; and in the control group, 1 mL of normal saline was injected. After 4weeks of MSC injection, all the rats were euthanized and epididymis tails and testes were harvested and sent for measurement of serological indices, including luminal, cellular, and total diameters, luminal, cellular, and cross-sectional areas, number of tubules per unit area of testis, numerical density of the tubules, and spermatogenesis index, pre- and post-MSC transplantation. The effect of busulfan on the testicular tissue was universally devastating. In the control group, there was variable length and width of markedly necrotic seminiferous tubules, whereas in the group treated with autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs there was variable height of germinal epithelium in seminiferous tubules, with active spermatogenesis, showing spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and sperm. MSC injection in the testis has the potential to reverse the testicular function of spermatogenesis after cytotoxic therapy. Human trials should be undertaken to confirm our findings and bring the results into clinical practice.

Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis of the Triploid Black Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon

Triploidy (3n) induction of Penaeus monodon was performed separately by Australian and Thai groups of researchers 14 years ago, incidentally at the same period. The Australian group employed the chemical induction method, while the Thai group the cold shock one, and both groups obtained 3n P. monodon in their attempts. The success has led to several studies on the physiology of the 3n P. monodon, including growth, survival and reproductive functions. Both groups reported sterility of the 3n shrimp. The Australian group reported defected oogenesis and spermatogenesis of the 3n shrimp examined at subadult stage. Since the evaluation of the reproductive functions should be performed at the adult stage of the animals, we, therefore, performed in-depth studies on oogenesis and spermatogenesis of adult 3n P. monodon induced by cold shock. The studies include gross observation of the ovary, light (LM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy and image analysis of sex cells. The ovary of the 3n P. monodon females could not develop to full-maturation and their gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly lower than that of the 2n shrimp. Oogenesis of the 3n females proceeded from oogonia to cortical rod oocytes, but with significantly lower percentage than that of the 2n shrimp. The GSI of the 3n males was significantly lower than that of the 2n shrimp. Their spermatogenesis, however, proceeded normally from spermatogonia to spermatozoa, but with low density of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubule and vas deferens, and none in the terminal ampoule. The average nuclear area of the 3n spermatozoa was significantly lower than that of the 2n shrimp as well. Altogether, these results suggest that 3n P. monodon induced by cold shock had defect in both oogenesis and spermatogenesis, probably more in quantity than in quality. HIGHLIGHTS Oogenesis and spermatogenesis of the triploid black tiger shrimp, monodon, induced by cold shock were studied. The study found abnormalities in the spermatogenesis, but not oogenesis, of the triploid P. monodon induced by cold shock. It may be concluded that triploidy condition of P. monodon induced by cold shock affects meiotic, but not mitotic activity of the sex cells. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Study of Histological Changes of Testis in Rats of Different Ages When Exposed to Frequency 10GHZ Within The X-Band Microwave

This study investigates the impact of 10 GHz microwave exposure, within the X-band range, on rat testicular tissue and sperm development across different age groups. Laboratory rats were divided into a control group of six, which was not exposed to microwaves, and a treatment group of 18, further split into three age-based subgroups (8–12 weeks, 12–16 weeks, and 16–20 weeks), each containing six rats exposed to 10 GHz microwaves for 2.5 hours daily over five weeks. The findings revealed no histological changes in the control group. However, in the treated groups, significant alterations were observed: the youngest group showed a lack of sperm formation and loss of spermatocytes; the middle group displayed malformed sperm and reduced numbers; and the oldest group experienced a decrease in sperm count and minor shape alterations. Additionally, after five weeks, all treated groups exhibited damage to the testicular interstitial tissue, including ruptures and space formation between seminiferous tubules. This study suggests potential risks of microwave exposure on reproductive health and lays the groundwork for future research in this area.

Identification of Candidate Genes Related to Hybrid Sterility by Genomic Structural Variation and Transcriptome Analyses in Cattle-yak

Hybrids between closely related but genetically incompatible species are often inviable or sterile. Cattle-yak, an interspecific hybrid of yak and cattle, exhibits male-specific sterility, which limits the fixation of its desired traits and prevents genetic improvement in yak through crossbreeding. Transcriptome profiles of testicular tissues have been generated in cattle, yak, and cattle-yak; however, the genetic variations underlying differential gene expression associated with hybrid sterility have yet to be elucidated. We detected differences in the cellular composition and gene expression of testes from yak and cattle-yak at 3 mo of age, 10 mo of age and adulthood. Histological analysis revealed that the most advanced germ cells were gonocytes (prospermatogonia) at 3 mo and spermatocytes at 10 mo. Complete spermatogenesis occurred in the seminiferous tubules of adult yak, whereas only spermatogonia and a limited number of spermatocytes were detected in the testis of adult cattle-yak. Transcriptome analysis revealed 180, 6310, and 6112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in yak and cattle-yak at each stage, respectively. Next, we examined the spermatogenic cell types in the backcross generation (BC1) and detected the appearance of round spermatids, indicating the partial recovery of spermatogenesis in these animals. Compared with those in cattle-yak, 272 DEGs were identified in the testes of BC1 animals. Notably, we discovered that the expression of X chromosome-linked (X-linked) genes was upregulated in the testis of cattle-yak compared with yak, suggesting a possible abnormality in the process of meiotic sex chromosome inactivation (MSCI) in hybrid animals. We next screened DEGs harboring structural variations (SVs) and identified a list of SV genes associated with spermatogonial development, meiotic recombination, and double-strand break (DSB) repair. Furthermore, we found that the SV genes ESCO2 (establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 2) and BRDT (bromodomain testis associated) may be involved in meiotic arrest of cattle-yak spermatocytes. Overall, our research provides a valuable database for identifying structural variant loci that contribute to hybrid sterility.

Clinical Trials of Intratesticular Administration of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Encapsulated Alpha-Mangostin: Safety and Efficacy on Feline Reproductive Health

Surgical castration is a primary method for controlling male fertility, but it is impractical for large-scale population control of stray animals. Developing nanoparticle-mediated sterilants that induce cell apoptosis rather than necrosis is a complex and promising area of research. This study aimed to investigate the impact of intratesticular administration of alpha-mangostin encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (AM-NLC) on testicular changes and any associated adverse effects over a 168-day observation period. Thirty-two healthy mature tomcats were enrolled. None of the cats treated with either AM-NLC (n=28) or blank NLC (n=4) exhibited noticeable complications related to pain or stress throughout the study, as assessed by clinical examination, blood profiles, and serum amyloid A levels. Histopathological analysis of AM-NLC treated cats revealed seminiferous epithelium degeneration, leading to defective tubules. Key findings included germ cell depletion, disorganized spermatogenic cells without spermatids in certain areas, apoptotic bodies, and intracytoplasmic vacuolization. The intertubular compartment showed no signs of inflammation, hyalinization, fibrosis, or necrosis. Despite widespread degeneration, some normal tubules were present in focal areas. The severity score of seminiferous tubule degeneration significantly increased from day 56 onwards (P<0.05), suggesting a gradual and progressive compromise of the seminiferous epithelium. In contrast, testes from the blank-NLC group exhibited normal spermatogenesis. Overall, there were no significant changes in the volume of dissected testes, serum testosterone levels, or apoptotic index in AM-NLC-treated cats (P>0.05). In conclusion, this study represents the first in vivo investigation of apoptotic-inducing agents as a novel nanomedicine-based antifertility compound for non-surgical castration in male animals. While the AM-NLC formulation proved safe for intratesticular administration, it failed to induce infertility in cats, as epididymal spermatozoa persisted throughout the study. Further research into alternative apoptosis-inducing nanomedicine sterilants remains both essential and challenging.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced spermatogenic dysfunction in mice by modulating the glycolytic pathway.

Radiotherapy, a common cancer treatment, leads to infertility in male cancer survivors, particularly young and middle-aged patients. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +), plays crucial roles in energy metabolism, DNA repair, and gene expression. The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of NMN against ionizing radiation (IR)-induced testicular injury and spermatogenic dysfunction in an adult male mouse model. To assess the effects of NMN, single whole-body γ-ray irradiation is used to induce testicular injury and spermatogenic dysfunction in adult male mice. NMN is orally administered at 500 mg/kg before and after IR exposure. The structural and cellular damage to the testes caused by 5 Gy γ-ray irradiation, as well as the protective effect of NMN on testicular spermatogenic dysfunction, are evaluated. The serum hormone testosterone, LH, and FSH levels, as well as testicular NAD +, lactate, and pyruvate levels, are detected. Furthermore, the expressions of the apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 and the rate-limiting enzymes HK2, PKM2, and LDHA, which are potentially associated with the mechanism of injury, are examined. The results demonstrate that 5 Gy γ-ray irradiation exposure causes a decrease in the serum testosterone, LH, and FSH levels in adult male mice, as well as in the testicular NAD +, lactate, and pyruvate levels, and causes damage to the testicular structure and cells. Morphometric analysis reveal a decrease in the testis mass, seminiferous tubule diameter, and height of the germinal epithelium. The sperm quantity, motility, and testicular volume are reduced in the 5 Gy group but are restored by NMN supplementation. NMN intervention downregulates the expressions of proapoptotic genes ( Bax and Caspase-3) and upregulates the expression of an antiapoptotic gene ( Bcl- 2). Sertoli cells marker genes ( WT-1, GATA-4, SOX9, and vimentin) and glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme-encoding genes ( HK2, PKM2, LDHA) are significantly upregulated. In summary, NMN has a positive regulatory effect on testicular spermatogenic dysfunction in male mice induced by ionizing radiation. This positive effect is likely achieved by promoting the proliferation of spermatogenic cells and activating glycolytic pathways. These findings suggest that NMN supplementation may be a potential protective strategy to prevent reproductive damage to male subjects from ionizing radiation.

Pumpkin seed oil lessens the colchicine-induced altered sex male hormone balance, testicular oxidative status, sperm abnormalities, and collagen deposition in male rats via Caspase3/Desmin/PCNA modulation

This study examined the efficiency of pumpkin seed oil (PSO) to rescue the colchicine (CHC)-induced adverse impacts on sperm characteristics, male sex hormones, testicular architecture, oxidative status, DNA content, collagen deposition, and immune expression of desmin and PCNA. Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 10 each): control (distilled water), CHC (0.6 mg/kg b.wt), PSO (4 mL/kg b.wt), and CHC + PSO. After 60 days of dosing, CHC significantly reduced sperm motility (19%), sperm concentration (38%), estradiol (52%), testosterone (37%), luteinizing hormone (54%), and follicle-stimulating hormone (29%) compared to the control. Yet, the testicular tissues of CHC-administered rats exhibited elevated abnormal sperms (156%), malondialdehyde (354%), lactate dehydrogenase (73%), Caspase-3 (66%), and 8-hydroxyguanosine (65%) but lower reduced glutathione (74%), catalase (73%), and superoxide dismutase (78%) compared to the control group. Moreover, CHC induced testicular degeneration, distorted seminiferous tubules, apoptotic cells, exfoliated spermatogenic cells, reduced DNA content, decreased PCNA and desmin immune-expression, and increased collagen deposition. PSO effectively reversed the CHC-induced alterations in sperm quality and testicular function and architecture, likely through its antioxidant, antifibrotic, anti-apoptotic, and DNA-protective properties. These results suggest that PSO may be a beneficial intervention for long-term CHC users and may protect against CHC-induced male reproductive toxicity.

Microanatomy of the Testes and Male Genital Ducts of Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider, 1801)

The Banded krait is a species of venomous snakes that ranks among the top 5 in Thailand, with a significance role as a predator for controlling other animals. Despite numerous studies on the ecology, the microanatomy of body systems has still not reported clearly. The present study was to investigate the microanatomy of the testes and male genital ducts of Banded krait that collected from Phatthalung Province, Thailand. The snakes were collected after anesthetized, and their testes and genital ducts were fixed in Bouin’s fixative. The reproductive organs were collected during July to October 2022, and were sectioned of 5-µm-thick pieces for staining with Harris’s hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E), periodic acid Schiff’s (PAS), alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5 and pH 1.0, bromophenol blue (BB) and Masson’s trichrome (MT). The testes contained the seminiferous tubules with 7 stages of germ cells: (I) type A spermatogonium, (II) type B spermatogonium, (III) primary spermatocyte, (IV) secondary spermatocyte, (V) round spermatid, (VI) elongated spermatid and (VII) spermatozoa. Besides, Sertoli and Leydig’s cells were appeared in the seminiferous tubules and the interstitial area, respectively. During the sampling period, the spermatozoa were observed in the seminiferous tubules and genital ducts. The extra-testicular rete testis, ductuli efferentes and ductus epididymis were embedded in the epididymal sheath. The epithelial cells of rete testis, ductus epididymis, as well as ductus deferens possessed microvilli, whereas those of the ductuli efferentes composed of cilia. The epithelial cells of all portions showed the positive staining with PAS and BB due to the presence of neutral glycoproteins and proteins, respectively, and the negative staining for AB pH 2.5 and pH 1.0 because of the absence of acidic glycoproteins. HIGHLIGHTS During the sampling period from July to October, the Banded Krait exhibited active spermatogenesis The rete testis could be divided into 2 portions: intra-rete testis and extra-rete testis The ductus epididymis was divided into 3 portions: proximal, middle and distal ductus epididymis All portions of the male genital ducts, the epithelium showed the secretion of neutral glycoproteins and proteins without sulfated and carboxylated glycoproteins GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Therapeutic Effect of Nano-Extract of Nigella Sativa Seeds on The Histological Structure of The Testis In Male Albino Rats Induced With Anemia

Background: The study explores the effect of nanoparticles derived from the aqueous extract of Nigella sativa seeds on the histological structure of the testis in male albino rats with tartrazine-induced anemia. Nanoparticles, ranging in size from 1 to 100 nanometers, possess unique physical and chemical properties that enhance their ability to interact and deliver drugs. Objective: This study focuses on the therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa seed extract nanoparticles in treating testicular histological changes in anemic rats. The testicle is an oval organ involved in sperm formation and hormone production. It contains seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells, which are responsible for sperm production and testosterone synthesis. Methods: The study included 36 male albino mice, aged between 8-12 weeks, and weighing 240-260 grams, from the Iraqi Center for Cancer Research and Medical Genetics. The animals were divided into six groups, each group having six animals. Results: The study showed that tartrazine at a concentration of 20 mg/kg: with Nigella sativa nanoparticles 50 mg/kg: an increase in weight. the body. While tartrazine at a concentration of 20 mg/kg with N.sativa nanoparticles at 75 mg/kg did not show significant differences compared with the control group. The results showed the Nigella sativa seed nanoparticles at a concentration of (50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg): showed an increase in body weight, while tartrazine at a concentration of 20 mg/kg: a decrease in body weight, and no significant changes were observed in testicle weight in all treatments compared with the control group. Non-significant changes in testicle weight compare with Control group. The study showed that treatment with tartrazine 20 mg/kg showed noticeable histological changes in the histological structure of the testicle. Tartrazine with N.sativa nanoparticles (50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg): No histological changes, indicating attenuation of tartrazine-induced damage. N.sativa nanoparticles (50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg): demonstrated normal composition of testicular tissue, indicating no harmful effects on testicular tissue. has protective effects. Conclusion:The study aimed to investigate the potential of using nanoparticles extracted from Nigella sativa seeds to protect against damage caused by tartrazine in male albino rats.with significant therapeutic implications for the use of natural antioxidants in biomedical applications.

Effect of Pregnyl (HCG) on Histological Structure of Testes in Albino Mice

Pregnyl is a placental hormone, produced mainly during the entire period of pregnancy, making it the vital sign for detecting pregnancy. The current study shed light on effect of Pregnyl on histological structure of testes in Albino mice. The study included 15 mice, and animals are divided into two groups. First group included five mice and second group included ten mice. They were placed in separate cages with continuous monitoring and cleaning throughout the study. First group was injected with Pregnyl at a concentration of 0.1 mg. /kg and the second group at a concentration of 0.2 mg/kg for a period of 30 days. After the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, dissected, and their testicles were removed for the purpose of histological study. The outcome of this study shows that the animals in the two empirical groups which treated by Pregnyl showed changes in thickness of seminiferous tubules of testis wall and their shrinkage, as their manifestation becomes wavy and offbeat. furthermore, atrophy was noted in a few of seminiferous tubules, and the sloughing and exhaustion of some germ cells and their accumulating in lumen of seminiferous tubules. Additionally, degeneration was observed in some Sertolic cells.

Pre-Clinical Study of Hydro-Ethanol (60:40) Extract of &lt;i&gt;Areca catechu&lt;/i&gt; (L.) on Testicular Androgenesis in Albino Rat: An Approach for Herbal Male Contraceptive Development

The present study was designed to determine the anti-testicular activity of hydro-ethanol seed extract of Areca catechu (10, 20 and 40 mg) in dose-dependent fashion in albino rats. Seminal vesicular fructose (SVF), oxidative stress sensors, gene expression, somatic weight, reproductive organo-somatic indices, spermiological, hormonal profile, and testicular histological examination for qualitative and quantitative investigations of spermatogenesis were observed. In compared to the placebo treated control (PTC), the exposure of the said doses showed a statistical significant downward deviation in the spermiological, hormonal, SVF profile, kinetics of testicular key androgenic dehydrogenase enzymes, and diameters of seminiferous tubules. Anti-oxidant enzyme kinetics were reduced significantly against PTC, and the quantity of malondialdehyde in male gonad and sperm precipitate was elevated in significant level (p&lt;0.05). Expression of apoptotic promoting gene in testis was increased (p&lt;0.05) and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression exhibited a significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in treated group comparison to the PTC. The alterations in the activities of phosphatases in hepatic tissue was not significant from the background of PTC suggesting that the plant has no systematic undesirable effect in physiological processes. The observation highlighted that 10 mg dose as the threshold dose for imposition of such anti- testicular activity leading to male contraception.

The possible effects of chronic administration of amiodarone hydrochloride on the seminiferous tubules of adult male albino rats: histological and biochemical study

ABSTRACT Amiodarone hydrochloride is an antiarrhythmic agent that is widely prescribed. However, it has serious side effects that approximately affect the whole body organs. In our study, we aimed to assess the possible effects of chronic administration of two different doses of amiodarone hydrochloride on the oxidative and inflammatory parameters as well as the histological morphology and ultrastructure of the seminiferous tubules of adult male albino rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups; Control group 1: each rat did not receive any drugs at all. Control group 2: each rat received 3 ml of 0.16% methylcellulose, orally and daily for 4 weeks. Low dose amiodarone group: each rat received 3 ml of 0.16% methylcellulose contained 3.6 mg amiodarone, orally and daily for 4 weeks. High dose amiodarone group: each rat received 3 ml of 0.16% methylcellulose contained 7.2 mg amiodarone, orally and daily for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected for measuring serum levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Testes specimens were examined to assess the morphological changes and the level of expression of caspase-3 apoptotic marker. The results indicated that; amiodarone hydrochloride could induce a dose-dependent toxicity, causing oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular degeneration, deposition of collagen and enhanced apoptosis in the seminiferous tubules.

Histological Study of Development Structure of Testis and Epididymis in Gazelle Gazelle Subgutturosa

Objective: The aim of this study for focused the light on the development structure of the testis of gazelle. Materials and Method: 10 healthy male gazelle were used to study the histology structure of testis (5 pre- Puberty and 5 post- Puberty). Results: The testis is surrounded by a thick, irregular connective tissue capsule. Each lobule of the testis is composed of seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue, and trabecular and interlobular septa divide the lobules apart. Neighboring the seminiferous tubules are Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells. From spermatogenic cells, spermatozoa are produced. The first spermatogonia are small, spherical cells with black, spherical nuclei that reside on the basement membrane. Spermatogonia were earliest stages of the spermatogenic cells. Larger cells with frequently distinct chromatin are called primary spermatocytes. Secondary spermatocytes are rare because of their quick second meiotic division and the haploid spermatids that follow. Spermatids are round, pale-nucleated cells that are grouped close to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Prostatogenic cells outnumber Sertoli cells in the body. Oval or triangular in shape, the nucleus has a light coloration. In the connective tissue separating adjacent tubules, Leydig cells are present. Lines the epididymis are pseudostratified epithelium. Extensions of the cytoplasm into the lumen are called stereocilia. In different proportions, there is circular smooth muscle, and a connective tissue lamina propria supports the epithelium. The rete testis is connected to the ductus epididymidis by the efferent ductules, which are convolutions of tubules. Numerous valved veins were visible in the tunica albuginea, which covered the initial ascending portion of the epididymal head. Cuboidal epithelium was lining extratesticular rete testis. Three different cell types; migrating, basal, and columnar had epithelial membranes lining the efferent ductules. Many columnar, non-ciliated cells with many cytoplasmic vacuoles and tiny granules lined the epithelium of the first segment of the efferent ductules. Conclusion: In post-puberty age, the structure of the gazelle's testis exhibited a pattern resembling that of other ruminants; the seminiferous tubules contain adult sperm and a broad lumen.

Zinc Sulfate and α-tocopherol Supplementation Enhance Reproductive Performance in Male Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus) With Lead Acetate Toxicity

Metal toxicity from lead affects reproductive organ function by activating reactive oxygen species processes. This study aims to see how α-tocopherol and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) affect gonads, liver, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, spermatogenesis (the amount of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids), and Leydig cells in male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) exposed to lead acetate Pb(CH3COO)2. The samples used were 25 male Wistar rats aged 4 months, separated into five groups. For 30 days, all treatment groups were exposed to Pb(CH3COO)2 at a level of 50-mg/kg body weight (BW). The T1 group was given a dosage of 100-mg/kg BW of α-tocopherol. The ZnSO4 was given to the T2 group at a dose of 0.54-mg/kg BW. Meanwhile, the T3 group was given a mixture of ZnSO4 at 0.54-mg/kg BW and α-tocopherol at 100-mg/kg BW orally. ELISA test was carried out to determine the level of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in a blood plasma sample of 100 μl / 1 mg. Histopathological observations made on the liver included counting damaged cells and seminiferous tubules that included counting the amount of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. Using SPSS 20 software, the collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan’s test with a 95% simultaneous confidence level. The highest average levels of FSH and LH in the T3 group were 3.6162 mIU/mL and 14.9658 mIU/mL. The finding showed that Pb(CH3COO)2 caused disruptions in the spermatogenesis and Leydig cell processes. Exogenous antioxidants in combination with ZnSO4 and α-tocopherol had significant effect on enhancing reproductive performance in animals exposed to Pb(CH3COO)2.

Revisiting cadmium-induced toxicity in the male reproductive system: an update.

Heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) are one of the main environmental pollutants, with no biological role in the human body. Cd has been well-documented to have disastrous effects on both plants and animals. It is known to accumulate in kidneys, lungs, liver, and testes and is thought to affect these organs' function over time, which is linked to a very long biological half-life and a very poor rate of elimination. According to recent researches, the testes are extremely vulnerable to cadmium. The disruption of the blood-testis barrier, seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells caused by cadmium leads to the loss of sperm through various mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, spermatogenic cell death, testicular swelling, dysfunction in androgen-producing cells, interference with gene regulation, disruption of ionic homeostasis, and damage to the vascular endothelium. Additionally, through epigenetic control, cadmium disrupts the function of germ cells and somatic cells, resulting in infertile or subfertile males. A full grasp of the mechanisms underlying testicular toxicity caused by Cd is very important to develop suitable strategies to ameliorate male fertility. Therefore, this review article outlines cadmium's impact on growth and functions of the testicles, reviews therapeutic approaches and protective mechanisms, considers recent research findings, and identifies future research directions.