Seminal Event Research Articles

“A Blessing on Our People”: Bibi Pak Daman, Sacred Geography, and the Construction of the Nationalized Sacred

AbstractThis article focuses on the hagiographies and debates related to Bibi Pak Daman, a small shrine in Lahore's Old City. Said to house the graves of six women from the Prophet Muhammad's household and subject to a range of theories regarding its origins, Bibi Pak Daman is critical space in validating Pakistan's religious character and centrality in broader map of Islam. The most widely disseminated claim maintains that the main mausoleum in Bibi Pak Daman is that of Bibi Ruqayyah bint Ali, daughter of ῾Ali ibn Abu Talib, the fourth of the “Rightly Guided” Caliphs and the first Shiite Imam. The implications of this presence allow devotees to link Bibi Pak Daman to seminal events in the formation of Islamic and Shiite history in particular, affirming that the lands that would become Pakistan were vital at Islam's inception, rather than a much later, peripheral recipient of Muhammad's message.Yet like no other site in Pakistan, Bibi Pak Daman exemplifies the tensions that exist between state sanctioned religious rhetoric and local and folk traditions, with the unease with the government's role as religious arbitrator, between nationalism and communal rivalry, and within a minority Shiite community often struggling to legitimate its beliefs in a nation with a rapidly‐narrowing space for public religious plurality.

A history of modern immunology: the path toward understanding

A History of Modern Immunology: A Path Toward Understanding describes, analyzes, and conceptualizes several seminal events and discoveries in immunology in the last third of the 20th century, the era when most questions about the biology of the immune system were raised and also found their answers. Written by an eyewitness to this history, the book gives insight into personal aspects of the important figures in the discipline, and its data driven emphasis on understanding will benefit both young and experienced scientists. This book provides a concise introduction to topics including immunological specificity, antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, major histocompatibility complex, antigen presentation, T cell biology, immunological tolerance, and autoimmune disease. This broad background of the discipline of immunology is a valuable companion for students of immunology, research and clinical immunologists, and research managers in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. * Contains the history of major breakthroughs in immunology featured with authenticity and insider details* Gives an insight into personal aspects of the players in the history of immunology * Enables the reader to recognize and select data of heuristic value which elucidate important facets of the immune system* Provides good examples and guidelines for the recognition and selection of what is important for the exploration of the immune system* Gives clear separation of descriptive and interpretive parts, allowing the reader to distinguish between facts and analysis provided by the author

Heritage, History, and Identity

Background/ContextPrior research indicates that students’ ethnic, religious, national, and racial identities often impact their interest in, emotional connection to, and knowledge about histories specific to those groups with which they identify.Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study(a) What meaning do students attach to events with which they have a heritage connection? (b) How do students’ identities impact their connection to, interest in, and understanding of events with which they have a heritage connection?Population/Participants/SubjectsThis study focuses on three groups of secondary students (Hmong, Chinese, and Jewish) that studied a seminal event (respectively, the Vietnam War, the Cultural Revolution, and the Holocaust) with which they may be considered to have a heritage connection. Therefore, the students could not have been involved in the event itself, but their parents, grandparents, other family members, or other members of an affinity group (racial, ethnic, national, or religious) to which they belong were involved.Research DesignThis qualitative study uses a multiple-case study design to interrogate the ways in which students (n=17) identify with heritage histories.Findings/ResultsFindings reveal that students who have heard about family members’ experiences during these events identify strongly with the events prior to learning about them in school. However, school knowledge was a powerful tool that enabled the students to create more lasting connections to the past.Conclusions/RecommendationsThis study revealed that students connect with and understand heritage histories in multiple ways. Students whose families share personal stories about their own experiences during a specific time seem to have strong connections to heritage histories. However, some of their peers may have a strong connection to their heritage without access to the narratives associated with that heritage, leading to feelings of embarrassment or confusion. Other students’ connections to heritage histories may be enhanced by the inclusion of the heritage history in the official knowledge of the classroom, which may also lead them to develop a stronger sense of identification with more multidimensional historical actors.

Why Britain Did Not Abandon the Balfour Declaration

The declaration issued in 1917 by Great Britain favoring a Jewish national home in Palestine was a seminal event in shaping the Arab-Israeli conflict. Known as the Balfour Declaration, it was written into the mandate that the League of Nations gave Britain to administer Palestine, thereby according it international imprimatur. In reporting to the League on implementation of the Balfour Declaration, Britain averred that Jewish migration to Palestine could be carried out consonant with the rights and status of the existing population of Palestine. In 1923, however, the British Government carried out an internal, and confidential assessment that concluded that continued Jewish migration to Palestine would lead to violence and chaos. For reasons of its own national interest, Britain continued to implement the Balfour Declaration and continued to tell the League that Jewish migration could be accommodated peacefully.

S9-6 Elemental sulfur reduction by eukaryotic cytoplasm consistent with an ancient sulfur symbiosis

An accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells postulates a methanogenic ancestor, although no evidence of methanogenesis exists in modern eukaryotic cells. Instead, sulfur reactions are ubiquitous. The seminal event in eukaryotic evolution might have been a sulfur-based symbiosis between a S°-reducing host and a sulfide-oxidizing bacterium. A vestige of those activities might remain in modern cells. To test this, Tetrahymena thermophila was examined as a representative eukaryotic cell. Aerobic cells consumed H 2 S at a rate of 140 nmol (g protein) −1 s −1 . Anoxic cells produced H 2 S at 1.1 nmol g −1 s −1 , but H 2 S production was suppressed by AOAA, an inhibitor of cysteine catabolism. When aerobic cells were fed H 2 S slowly so that all the H 2 S was oxidized, and then made anoxic, H 2 S was produced at up to 3.6 nmol g −1 s −1 , and not inhibited by AOAA. Evidently, H 2 S is oxidized to a compound that is available for H 2 S production. When aerobic incubation was continued after H 2 S addition had stopped, subsequent H 2 S production decreased with t 1/2 = 11 min. When S° was added to 7 mg cells at 85 pmol s −1 , H 2 S production was 4.4 nmol g −1 s −1 and not inhibited by AOAA. When cells were lysed and fractionated, there was NADH-stimulated S° reductase activity in the membrane fraction, distinguishing it from NADPH disulfide oxidoreductases and linking S° reduction to glycolysis. Thus, there is evidence of a sulfur cycle in which S° is reduced in the cytoplasm and H 2 S is oxidized in mitochondria.

In the Era of Scuttle, a Not So Special Relationship

As the United States, the empire “in denial,” to quote Harvard historian Niall Ferguson, continues to flounder in a Middle East convulsed by political awakenings and vicious counterrevolution, the region’s century-old Western imperial pretense persists. The Americans inherited the mantle from the British, who reluctantly gave it up some forty years ago. Anglo-Americanphilia notwithstanding, the imperial hand-off did not proceed without disagreement, rancor, and bitterness. As Simon Smith, Professor of International History at the University of Hull, meticulously recounts in Ending Empire in the Middle East, the UK–U.S. relationship proved anything but easy and agreeable. Smith delivers a convincing narrative that correctly eschews the notion of a “special relationship” in favor of one premised on Great Power rivalry, cooperation, and expediency in an era of decolonization and the Cold War. After reviewing the literature on the Anglo-American “special relationship” in the Introduction and underscoring the mythical and hyperbolic qualities of that partnership, Smith proceeds with a thorough chronological narrative spotlighting the years 1945–1973. First, he examines the U.S.–British relationship following World War II, a seminal event for both countries. As the Americans surged to the pinnacle of global politics following their impressive display of economic and military prowess, their enervated and overextended English-speaking brethren sought to retain their Great Power position and privileges. While both sides opposed Soviet expansionism in the Middle East and elsewhere, they quickly differed on a host of issues. Washington privileged Project Alpha, for example, whereas London preferred the Baghdad Pact. Smith notes (p. 40) that “British disappointment at US failure to provide wholehearted support to Britain’s position and policies in the Middle East in the decade following the end of the Second World War was matched by US consternation at British unilateralism and tendency to prioritize imperial interests over Cold War ones.” Despite the waxing American role in the region, Smith opines (p. 41) that “what is perhaps more remarkable is not merely the survival of the British presence, but also Britain’s willingness to adopt policies at variance with Washington and even to act unilaterally.” Even when the allies agreed on ends (i.e., “stability” via “economic improvement” and “political development”), they often parted on means. British assertiveness and refusal to kowtow thus ensured disagreement and made for a difficult partnership.

Reflections of a Latino in the Social Work Profession

This is a first-person account of seminal events that have helped shape the rich history and cultural heritage of the social work profession. In examining these events, the author has provided some personal history as a Mexican American growing up in South Texas that provides a historical and value context for his participation in these events. He also discusses his leadership experiences in serving on the national staff of NASW and volunteer leadership experiences in a number of professional organizations during critical times for the profession.

The Real History of Protestantism: Thomas Carlyle and the Spirit of Reformation

Carlyle regarded the Reformation as a seminal event in the history of modern Europe, the starting point of an ongoing stage in human development. Reformation Protestantism gave birth to a more general and pervasive spirit of ‘reformation’ that Carlyle identified with the moral destiny of all individuals and communities. These qualities were epitomized by heroic figures such as Luther and Cromwell but they were also embedded in cultures that responded productively to the ongoing challenge of reformation. Having traced the history of the ethos of reformation through English Puritanism and in the commitment to transformative action or ‘work’ that gave rise to Britains emergence as a leading industrial and imperial power, Carlyle brought this reinvention of the Reformation to bear in his critique of the counter-reforming tendencies in early Victorian society that he saw as posing a profound threat to it.

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE STATES BEFORE AND AFTER THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

ABSTRACTEven though, American Civil War is considered as a seminal event in history of United States, there are not many empirical studies examining economic conditions of Union and Confederate states. Even though, economic conflict is not considered to be a cause of Civil War, economic conditions after war were vastly different in Union and Confederate states. The purpose of this study is to analyze economic outcomes of individuals in Confederate states and Union states before and after American Civil War using census data for 1860 and 1880. Our goal is to analyze improvements in occupation income scores. Since slaves were freed, we also examine whether there was a reduction in farm households.Keywords: The American Civil War, Census, Confederate States, Occupational Income Score1. INTRODUCTIONThe American Civil War is an event of significant economic impact in American history. The war resulted in abolition of slavery in Southern states and preservation of Union. The issues relating to slavery, trade and tariffs and state's rights were causing divisions between Northern and Southern states before Civil War. The economic divisions with Northern states with growing manufacturing sector and small farms using free labor and Southern states with large farms using slave labor aggravated situation. When Northern states wanted to ban slavery in Western Territories that would become new states, Southern states feared that such a move would eventually result in abolition of slavery and loss of their valuable assets in form of slaves. The American Civil War began with secession of Southern states, South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina, in sequential order, from Union in 1860-61. The war ended in 1865 with death of more than 750,000 people (Hacker, 2011) and destruction of South's infrastructure. Even though there is a vast literature on economic impact of civil war, most studies focus at macroeconomic level. The purpose of this study is to examine impact at individual level using census data.2. LITERATURE REVIEWThe American Civil War has been examined in detail. Therefore, we will only discuss literature relevant to this study. According to Beard and Beard (1927), defeat of agricultural South resulted in rise of Hacker (1940) also comes to same conclusion. However, his thesis is that victory of Northern states provided industrialist-capitalist class clout to pass legislation that resulted in the triumph of American capitalism. (Goldin and Lewis, 1975). In short, both Charles and Mary Beard and Hacker conclude that even though Civil War caused extensive damages, it also generated net benefits because of subsequent high growth. However, Cochran (1961), Salsbury (1967; Engerman, 1966) challenge these views. Cochran, for example, finds that growth in value added from 1839 to 1859 are similar to those from 1869 to 1889. Engerman (1966) finds that commodity output growth between 1870 and 1900 was similar to that between 1840 and 1860. Engerman (1966) also finds no basis for claim that US economic activity took off after war based on Gallman (1966) GNP estimates. Therefore, we may conclude that Civil War was not a defining moment as Beards and Hacker have claimed.Even though, census data has been an extensive source for micro-level analysis, there are not many studies that analyze Civil War using census data. Hacker (2011) uses it to estimate number of Civil War dead. Jaworski (2009) uses linked sample of census data for 1850 and 1870 to examine wealth buildup and concludes that wealth accumulation was significant in Southern states in 1850's and sluggish in 1860's. …

American Civil War: the definitive encyclopedia and document collection

This expansive, multivolume reference work provides a broad, multidisciplinary examination of the Civil War period ranging from pre-Civil War developments and catalysts such as the Mexican-American War to the rebuilding of the war-torn nation during Reconstruction. The Civil War was undoubtedly the most important and seminal event in 19th-century American history. Students who understand the Civil War have a better grasp of the central dilemmas in the American historical narrative: states rights versus federalism, freedom versus slavery, the role of the military establishment, the extent of presidential powers, and individual rights versus collective rights. Many of these dilemmas continue to shape modern society and politics. This comprehensive work facilitates both detailed reading and quick referencing for readers from the high school level to senior scholars in the field. The exhaustive coverage of this encyclopedia includes all significant battles and skirmishes; important figures, both civilian and military; weapons; government relations with Native Americans; and a plethora of social, political, cultural, military, and economic developments. The entries also address the many events that led to the conflict, the international diplomacy of the war, the rise of the Republican Party and the growing crisis and stalemate in American politics, slavery and its impact on the nation as a whole, the secession crisis, the emergence of the total war concept, and the complex challenges of the aftermath of the conflict.

The importance of the cellular stress response in the pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 diabetes

Organisms have evolved to survive rigorous environments and are not prepared to thrive in a world of caloric excess and sedentary behavior. A realization that physical exercise (or lack of it) plays a pivotal role in both the pathogenesis and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2DM) has led to the provocative concept of therapeutic exercise mimetics. A decade ago, we attempted to simulate the beneficial effects of exercise by treating t2DM patients with 3 weeks of daily hyperthermia, induced by hot tub immersion. The short-term intervention had remarkable success, with a 1 % drop in HbA1, a trend toward weight loss, and improvement in diabetic neuropathic symptoms. An explanation for the beneficial effects of exercise and hyperthermia centers upon their ability to induce the cellular stress response (the heat shock response) and restore cellular homeostasis. Impaired stress response precedes major metabolic defects associated with t2DM and may be a near seminal event in the pathogenesis of the disease, tipping the balance from health into disease. Heat shock protein inducers share metabolic pathways associated with exercise with activation of AMPK, PGC1-a, and sirtuins. Diabetic therapies that induce the stress response, whether via heat, bioactive compounds, or genetic manipulation, improve or prevent all of the morbidities and comorbidities associated with the disease. The agents reduce insulin resistance, inflammatory cytokines, visceral adiposity, and body weight while increasing mitochondrial activity, normalizing membrane structure and lipid composition, and preserving organ function. Therapies restoring the stress response can re-tip the balance from disease into health and address the multifaceted defects associated with the disease.

It Is Hard to Get There without a Guide

In this series of essays, The Road Less Traveled, noted bioethicists share their stories and the personal experiences that prompted them to pursue the field. These memoirs are less professional chronologies and more descriptions of the seminal touchstone events and turning points that led—often unexpectedly—to their career path.

She Sought Volunteer Clinicians, and Hundreds Answered the Call

Psychiatrists are needed to donate their time and skills to help soldiers piece their lives back together upon returning to the United States from Iraq and Afghanistan.

DNA: Building Blocks of Nanotechnology

DNA : B uilding B locks of N anotechnology Alexander Powers B S J “A friend of mine suggests a very interesting possibility for relatively small machines. He says that, although it is a very wild idea, it would be interesting in surgery if you could swallow the surgeon. You put the mechanical surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes into the heart and ‘looks’ around...it find out which valve is faulty and takes a little knife and slices it.” Richard Feynman offered this prophetic vision at his famous 1959 Caltech lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” – a seminal event in the history of nanotechnology. In developing nanoscale machines, Feynman suggested scientists take a hint from biology. After all, proteins zip around cells on elaborate transport systems while DNA molecules encode vast quantities of information on a molecular scale. Feynman asked innovators to, “consider the possibility that we too can make an object that maneuvers at that level”(Feynman, 1960). Little did he know that biology would be the key to making his vision a tangible reality nearly 50 years later. The burgeoning field of DNA nanotechnology -- using nucleic acids as a building material in an nonbiological context -- has recently yielded some incredible breakthroughs ranging from programmable drug delivery capsules to enzyme “spiders” and chemical logic gates. DNA nanotechnology has the potential to finally realize the nano-surgeon. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) makes for an extremely effective building material at the nanoscale; afterall, nucleic acids are life’s information storage molecule of choice. Nearly everyone learns about uses four different kinds of nucleotides with different chemical structures: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. The sequence of these nucleotides describes the information available for “building” an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences. Two strands of DNA pair up according to certain rules dictated by the molecular geometry of each nucleotide. Thymine pairs with adenine and cytosine pairs with guanine. This base pairing specificity is the foundation of designing DNA nanostructures. The key to building small is encoding the assembly information into the molecules themselves rather than using external forces to arrange them. Early successes often relied on these outside forces like atomic force microscopy or scanning tunneling microscopy to build structures molecule by molecule - approaches which cannot be easily scaled up to create large, complex structures (Shankland, 2009). The main advantage of DNA as a building material is that it can spontaneously self assemble, the sequence of nucleotides can be precisely controlled and the 3D structure is well understand (in contrast to the complexity of proteins). DNA nanostructures fall into one of two categories: structural and dynamic. Static structures are fixed arrangements of DNA in specific shapes. A variety of strategies exist to do this, one of the most successful of which is DNA origami. Dynamic structures are formed similarly but are designed to move using techniques like strand displacement - this is essential for any sort of computational or mechanical functionality. “Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) make for an extremely effective building material at the nanoscale” DNA by the time they graduate middle school - and with good reason. Just as computers derive vast amounts of information from a simple code of 1’s and 0’s stored electronically, DNA encodes the vast complexity of life in simple chemicals. Deoxyribonucleic acids are composed of long strands of repeating subunits known as nucleotides. DNA In a 2006 Nature article, Paul Rothemund coined the fanciful term “DNA Origami” to describe his successful manipulation of DNA strands into a variety of shapes. He synthesized six different shapes including squares, triangles, and five-pointed stars consisted of flat lattices of DNA. His revolutionary technique utilized a single long “scaffold” strand of 6 • B erkeley S cientific J ournal • S ynthetics • S pring 2014 • V olume 18 • I ssue 2

A journey in science: medical scientist in translation.

Real innovations in medicine and science are historic and singular; the stories behind each occurrence are precious. At Molecular Medicine we have established the Anthony Cerami Award in Translational Medicine to document and preserve these histories. The monographs recount the seminal events as told in the voice of the original investigators who provided the crucial early insight. These essays capture the essence of discovery, chronicling the birth of ideas that created new fields of research; and launched trajectories that persisted and ultimately influenced how disease is prevented, diagnosed and treated. In this volume, the Cerami Award Monograph is by Göran K Hansson, MD, PhD, Karolinska Institute. A visionary in the field of cardiovascular research, this is the story of Dr. Hansson's scientific journey.

A journey in science: early lessons from the hemoglobin field.

Real innovations in medicine and science are historic and singular; the stories behind each occurrence are precious. At Molecular Medicine we have established the Anthony Cerami Award in Translational Medicine to document and preserve these histories. The monographs recount the seminal events as told in the voice of the original investigators who provided the crucial early insight. These essays capture the essence of discovery, chronicling the birth of ideas that created new fields of research; and launched trajectories that persisted and ultimately influenced how disease is prevented, diagnosed, and treated. In this volume, the Cerami Award Monograph is by David J Weatherall, Founder, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital. A visionary in the field of hemoglobin, this is the story of Professor Weatherall's scientific journey.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1-sirtuin 1 functional interplay regulates LPS-mediated high mobility group box 1 secretion.

Pathophysiological conditions that lead to the release of the prototypic damage-associated molecular pattern molecule high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) also result in activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1; now known as ADP-ribosyl transferase 1 [ARTD1]). Persistent activation of PARP1 promotes energy failure and cell death. The role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in HMGB1 release has been explored previously; however, PARP1 is a versatile enzyme and performs several other functions including cross-talk with another nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD(+)) dependent member of the Class III histone deacetylases (HDACs), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). Previously, it has been shown that the hyperacetylation of HMGB1 is a seminal event prior to its secretion, a process that also is dependent on HDACs. Therefore, in this study, we seek to determine if PARP1 inhibition alters LPS-mediated HMGB1 hyperacetylation and subsequent secretion due to its effect on SIRT1. We demonstrate in an in vitro model that LPS treatment leads to hyperacetylated HMGB1 with concomitant reduction in nuclear HDAC activity. Treatment with PARP1 inhibitors mitigates the LPS-mediated reduction in nuclear HDAC activity and decreases HMGB1 acetylation. By utilizing an NAD(+)-based mechanism, PARP1 inhibition increases the activity of SIRT1. Consequently, there is an increased nuclear retention and decreased extracellular secretion of HMGB1. We also demonstrate that PARP1 physically interacts with SIRT1. Further confirmation of this data was obtained in a murine model of sepsis, that is, administration of PJ-34, a specific PARP1 inhibitor, led to decreased serum HMGB1 concentrations in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) as compared with untreated mice. In conclusion, our study provides new insights in understanding the molecular mechanisms of HMGB1 secretion in sepsis.

On the Trail of Joan of Arc

The year 2012 marked the 600 th anniversary of the birthday of Joan of Arc (Fr., Jeanne d’Arc) (1412–1431). Tributes to this national heroine can be found all over France. There are literally countless statues, streets and restaurants named after her and many sites dedicated to her life. However, despite widespread social and mechanical reproduction and cultural naming in relation to the Maid of Orleans, there is no official network or integrated signage in France to promote cultural heritage tourism to the numerous Joan of Arc sites and festivals, even though her life and death, by any measure, were seminal events in the country’s history. Unfortunately, the pilgrim who wants to follow or intersect with Joan of Arc’s trail through France, for cultural, historical or religious reasons, must do so without much help. Using Actor Network Theory and Site Sacralization Theory as framing devices, this paper explores human actors and tangible and intangible non-human factors that may have contributed to the lack of a unified tourism product despite the existence of an adequate Joan of Arc tourismscape. Insights gleaned from this research include Joan’s conflicted status as both/either saint and/or patriot, the existence of no cooperation or linkage between Joan of Arc sites, and cautious French tourism development policies. Several possible scenarios are suggested as suitable means to help implement or foster the creation of an on-the-ground or virtual Joan of Arc trail or tour.

Prime mover [locomotives

The rebuilding of Richard Trevithick's Puffing Devil celebrated a seminal event in the history of transport. Trevithick's boiler was a move in the opposite direction to that of Watt, increasing the pressure on the topside of the piston.

Annotation Of Pseudogenous Gene Segments By Massively Parallel Sequencing Of Rearranged Lymphocyte Receptor Loci

The adaptive immune system generates a remarkable breadth of antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) and B cell receptor (BCRs) by combinatoric shuffling of gene segments, enabling the immune system to recognize a diverse and unpredictable set of antigens. To generate this enormous diversity, lymphocytes undergo somatic recombination of noncontiguous variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) region gene segments, which collectively encode the CDR3 region along with non-templated deletion or insertion of nucleotides at the V-D, and D-J junctions. Many of the V, D, and J gene segments at immune receptor loci are annotated as non-functional due to defects in primary sequence, motifs necessary for rearrangement, or chromosome position. However, full annotation of functional, pseudogene, or ORF, has proven elusive due to the random and unpredictable nature of non-templated deletions and insertions, the huge space of potential receptors, and the large V and J gene families.We amplified genomic DNA using a highly multiplexed PCR assay that targeted the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) and T cell receptor beta (TCRB) receptor locus. Deep DNA sequencing allowed us to characterize the TCRB and IGH immune repertoire from mature T and B cells in a large cohort of healthy adults. Random chance predicts that less than one-third of somatic rearrangements at the TCRB and IGH loci will lead to transcripts with key motifs in-frame and no premature stops (i.e. a productive antigen receptor). Selection during lymphocyte maturation ensures that all mature T and B cells carry at least one rearrangement coding for a productive receptor, with a second allele rearranging in some cells that can be out of frame or include a V, D or J pseudogene segment (i.e. non-productive receptor). We classified each V, D, and J gene segment as functional or pseudogene based on the proportion of in-frame rearrangements and on 3-nt periodicity in the length of the CDR3 hypervariable coding region.Based on these data we were able to conclusively annotate the functional status of each gene segment in the complex TCRB and IGH immune receptor loci. In TCRB, we found 2 presumed-functional gene segments that are clearly pseudogenes; in IgH we found 3 presumed-functional genes that are actually pseudogenes and 1 annotated pseudogene that is clearly functional. In both loci we identified numerous cases of gene segment functional/pseudogene status segregating among healthy subjects, indicating that genotype at the TCR and IGH loci may be a source of substantial differences in the naive antigen receptor repertoire between individuals. These results have helped us to more accurately characterize the genetic landscape underpinning somatic rearrangement of antigen receptors, a seminal event in the generation of robust antigen-specific immune responses. Disclosures:Emerson:Adaptive Biotechnologies: Employment, Equity Ownership. Sherwood:Adaptive Biotechnologies: Employment, Equity Ownership. Robins:Adaptive Biotechnologies: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Carlson:Adaptive Biotechnologies: Consultancy, Equity Ownership, Patents & Royalties. Rieder:Adaptive Biotechnologies: Employment, Equity Ownership.