Semi-structured Form Research Articles

Common Hippopotamus, Hippopotamus Amphibian (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Kouoptamo Subdivision-Cameroon

The Kouoptamo subdivision is one of the localities of the Noun Division that adjoins the Noun River. It served as a study area because of the presence of hippopotamus. This study carried out from January to July 2017, aimed to contribute to the sustainable management of wildlife by improving the observation of hippopotamuses (Hippopotamus amphibius) along the Noun River in the Kouoptamo subdivision. The data were obtained by administering a semi-structured survey form to fishermen, farmers, and local authorities. The results show that the average number of hippopotamuses observed along the River Noun in Kouoptamo is 10. On average, Mefuh records a very abundant potential with 13 individuals. This is followed by Buea and Mangouhnoun (7), Upstream of the dam (5), Makoumahou (4), and Downstream of the dam (3). According to habitat types, megaherbivores are highest in herbaceous savannah (6), followed by forest gallery (5), and finally shrub savannah (3). The months of observation are January and April with the greatest potential (20) and (15), followed by February and June (9) respectively, then March, May, and July (7) respectively. These pachyderms are most frequently observed in the afternoon between 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. (7), followed by the morning between 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. (6), then at midday between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. (5) and finally at night between 7 p.m. and 4 a.m. (4). Very few studies have been carried out on hippopotamuses in Cameroon, so aspects of their biology and ecology remain unknown; precise estimates of population size and evolutionary trends are still incomplete. However, according to the CBD, knowledge of these resources is essential for better management.

Implementation and reception of a semi-structured resident interview to improve equity

Abstract Introduction/Objective To improve equity and inclusion in the residency candidacy interview process, we collaborated with our human resources and graduate medical education colleges to develop standardized interview questions based on best practices reported in corporate and medical literature. These standardized questions were piloted by resident interviewers during the 2023-2024 Pathology residency application cycle in a semi-structured interview format. Methods/Case Report With consultants from the graduate medical education and human resources, we identified favored qualities of expectational candidates (e.g., passion for pathology, interest in program, collaboration, reliability, and compassion) and developed a list of standardized questions with a corresponding answer scoring guide to guide objective assessment of answers for each quality. Residents and fellows (“interviewers”) who volunteer to interview Pathology residency candidates (“candidates”) received training on interviewing best practices, identifying and mitigating bias, and the new semi-structured interview format at the beginning of the interview season. Interviewers were encouraged to use a semi-structured interview format where at least one standardized question is included in addition to their usual ad hoc interview questions and discussions. After the interview season concluded, we surveyed all interviewers (n=39) and candidates (n=90) who participated in this process, for feedback on the semi-structured interview process. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) 31/90 (34%) applicants provided feedback about their interview with 15/29 (52%) applicants agreeing that the semi-structured interview format enhanced their experience. 20/31 (65%) applicants agreed that their impression of Stanford would be positively affected if all interviews were conducted in a semi- structured format. 24/31 (77%) think faculty members should use standardized questions while 17/31 (55%) think residents should use standardized questions in either a semi-structured or structured formats. 17/31 (55%) feel that structured interviews contribute to improving equity. 12/39 (31%) of current residents provided feedback about their interviews. All 12 (100%) respondents used standardized questions in a semi-structured interview format. 10/12 (83%) interviewers think the new format improves our resident interview process. Conclusion Overall, responses from both resident interviewers and applicants support the implementation of semi- structured interviews and the continuation and expansion of this initiative.

From the Ground Up: Stakeholder Perspectives on Housing Interventions to Reduce Environmentally Mediated Infections.

Housing conditions are intrinsically linked to human health, with inadequate housing potentially increasing exposure to environmentally mediated pathogens. Housing interventions that aim to improve housing and reduce environmentally mediated infections, such as finished floors and housing upgrades for vector-borne diseases, remain relatively under-explored as health interventions. This study explored facilitators of and barriers to funding, implementing, and scaling up housing improvements as health interventions to reduce environmentally mediated infectious diseases. Sixteen key informants (KIs) with direct experience in implementing or working within housing interventions and environmentally mediated infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries were interviewed using a semi-structured interview format. KIs had diverse backgrounds, including academics researching housing interventions, housing policy advisors, and practitioners implementing housing interventions. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify key themes in interview transcripts, highlighting patterns, commonalities, and variations in participants' responses. KIs emphasized the multi-dimensional impacts of housing interventions that are intrinsically linked to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including physical and mental health, as well as environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Moreover, a pronounced shortage of funding and financial systems to address housing interventions was highlighted, alongside the urgent need for more rigorous evidence and cost-benefit analyses. Furthermore, the imperative to raise awareness of the significance of housing and the critical importance of strong collaboration across sectors and stakeholders were stressed. Emphasizing the necessity for project-based and context-specific housing policies, the interviews revealed that contextualizing interventions to their specific setting and fostering community involvement are essential for successful implementation and scale-up. Housing interventions play a pivotal role in mitigating environmentally mediated diseases. These interventions can complement existing strategies like water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions, ensuring comprehensive approaches to healthy housing and sustainable development goals amidst climate change.

Exploring the impacts of academic writing instruction on the use of academic writing norms and conventions: A qualitative study

This study aimed to investigate postgraduate students’ perceptions regarding the impacts of academic writing instruction on the use of academic writing norms and conventions. Another purpose was to find out the students’ difficulties in the use of academic writing conventions when they write a research paper. The study was conducted adopting qualitative research design with a semi-structured interview format and textual analysis. The participants consisted of the postgraduate students in English Language teaching department at a state university. A 14-week course was delivered to teach the accurate use of academic writing conventions. The students were asked to write a summary of an article chosen by the instructor at the beginning and end of the semester. After the instruction, the data were obtained by interviewing the participants. The analysis of pre- and post-test summaries was used to support the interview findings. The results revealed that the participants benefitted from the academic writing instruction. They had generally positive attitudes toward receiving instruction in this respect. Based on the findings, it can be suggested that the postgraduate students have difficulties in academic writing; therefore, they need to receive comprehensive instruction, particularly to learn how to use academic writing conventions in their own disciplines.

CAMBODIAN EFL STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING PRONUNCIATION

This study aims to explore students’ perceptions of factors influencing pronunciation. The study was designed quantitatively. The purposive sampling method was used, and 50 Cambodian EFL students at the National University of Battambang were selected as the sample. The questionnaire was designed in a semi-structured format. The data was analyzed by SPSS. The result showed that most participants believed learning English from a young age leads to better pronunciation. Interestingly, it indicated that the mother tongue (Khmer) influences English pronunciation since learners find it difficult to produce some sounds, especially the /th/sh/f/v/ sound in English, as these sounds do not exist in the sound system of Khmer. Additionally, the majority of the respondents believed that being exposed to an English-speaking environment, including real communication with English native speakers or access to English-speaking learning media, can enhance pronunciation. Last but not least, it was also assumed that feedback on pronunciation errors and motivation contribute to a positive learning process. Therefore, this study provides insight into effective pronunciation instruction.

Athlete Perspectives on Concussion Recognition and Management in Gaelic Games: A Qualitative Analysis.

Background: The focus of this qualitative research was to interview current and retired Gaelic games athletes to ascertain how athletes viewed concussion recognition and management. Methods: A grounded theory methodology design was utilised to investigate concussion recognition and management experiences of a cohort of Gaelic games athletes (n = 22). Data for the study were collected using a semi-structured interview format. Results: Two major themes were identified: (1) an inconsistent identification of concussion as an injury and the absence of standardised procedures for removal from play, and (2) the impact of athlete-driven decision making on concussion management. Concussions were experienced by all the participants on multiple occasions while playing Gaelic games. However, concussion recognition and removal rarely occurred, as many athletes chose not to disclose their injuries or self-managed their concussions. Conclusions: The recognition and management of concussions in Gaelic games are currently inadequate, and they may be posing significant risks to athletes' long-term health. This research highlights the need for more stringent protocols for concussion recognition and removal at pitch side. In addition, Gaelic games require a more objective injury management plan during acute and chronic concussion recovery.

Ethnic fermented foods and beverages used by the tribal communities of Papum Pare and Lower Subansiri districts of Arunachal Pradesh, India

BACKGROUND: The North-Eastern Region of India, with its diverse ethnic culture and rich wild edible plant resources, has a long tradition of consuming fermented foods and beverages. This study attempts to document the traditional fermented food and beverages prepared by the tribal communities residing in Papum Pare and Lower Subansiri districts of Arunachal Pradesh India. METHODS: Field surveys were conducted in the villages and market areas of two districts of Arunachal Pradesh. In this study, face-to-face interviews were organized with the local inhabitants, and data were collected in a semi-structured questionnaire format. The documented fermented foods were meticulously categorized into different categories based on the ingredients involved in the preparation of each food recipe. During the documentation process, demographic data and details such as the local names of the recipes, ingredients, plant used, the local name of plant used, plant parts, shelf life, and a detailed step-by-step recipe preparation procedure were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 16 different fermented food products/dishes made up of bamboo shoots, soybean, and meat were documented along with six different local beverages made up of Oryza sativa L., Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn., and Zea mays L. These fermented foods were not only consumed within households but were also commercialized in local markets generating revenue for local people. CONCLUSION: This study underscores that the ethnic communities of Arunachal Pradesh are utilizing plant resources in various forms. This research provides baseline data, which can serve as a valuable resource for, researchers, policymakers, and food enthusiasts interested in understanding and exploring the culinary traditions and nutritional potential of ethnic fermented food and beverages.

PERSEPSI PELAKU UMKM INDUSTRI FURNITURE DALAM MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING USAHA DI ERA DIGITAL (Studi Kasus Pada Pelaku UMKM di Kota Tangerang Selatan)

This study aims to explore the perceptions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the furniture industry regarding enhancing business competitiveness in the digital era (a case study of SMEs in South Tangerang City). This research employs a qualitative method to gain in-depth understanding through data collection techniques including observation, documentation, and interviews, using a semi-structured interview format based on a predetermined interview guide with several informants from the furniture industry SMEs in South Tangerang City. The analysis of the interviews revealed that the strategies employed to improve competitiveness in the digital era focus on maintaining product quality, utilizing social media and e-commerce, and building good relationships with customers. Although some business actors have started using digital platforms, many still rely on traditional methods. Challenges such as price competition and the impact of political situations are also faced, but these are addressed through innovation, product differentiation, and strategic adaptation. While there have been efforts to leverage digital opportunities, there remains room for further development in the use of technology and more effective online marketing strategies.

Problems Encountered in the Counseling Process in the Context of Cultural Sensitivity and Coping Methods: Opinions of School Counselors

This study, it is aimed to examine the problems that arise in the context of cultural sensitivity in the counseling process and the methods of coping with these problems based on the views of school counselors. For the data obtained using the interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The study included a total of 35 participants, with 25 women and 10 men, who had a minimum of three years of professional experience in private and public schools during the 2021-2022 academic year. Interviews were conducted digitally on the Zoom platform using a semi-structured form developed by the researcher. All interviews were subjected to content analysis. According to the results of the data analysis conducted with the Maxqda 2020 program, the participant's perspective on the concept of cultural sensitivity consists of self-awareness, respect, and acceptance of different cultures. The most important cultural challenges reported by the participants were gender and sex, different value judgments, socioeconomic status, and language. Feelings of inadequacy and desperation were reported as the most intensely felt emotions in the face of these challenges. Participants reported using various methods to overcome cultural challenges, such as consulting colleagues gaining knowledge, and making various suggestions to overcome cultural inadequacies. It is thought that the findings obtained in this study will create an important awareness as it is a first in the literature, and it is hoped that it will contribute to policymakers, counselor educators, counselor candidates, and all counseling professionals in this field.

Impact of Mental Health Literacy on Mental Health and Renal Function in Dialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aim: This article aims to assess Mental Health Literacy (MHL) in dialysis patients and examine their impact on anxiety, depression and physical health. Material and Method: The study was conducted in the Hemodialysis Unit of Karaman Training and Research Hospital between March and June 2024. A total of 87 patients who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate were included in the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured sociodemographic form, Mental Health Literacy Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Biochemical parameters were obtained from electronic patient records. Results: The frequency of depression was 45%. There was no significant difference in MHL points among individuals with and without depression. Furthermore, no correlation was found between MHL and duration of disease or dialysis. A significant relationship was found between Total and Resource subscale scores of MHL and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Conclusion: The frequency of depression was higher in dialysis patients than in the general population. Albeit no significant difference in MHL was observed between patients diagnosed with depression and those without, the significant relationship between MHL and eGFR suggests that interventions to increase MHL may have positive effects on disease progression.

From the Ground Up: Stakeholder Perspectives on Housing Interventions to Reduce Environmentally Mediated Infections.

Housing conditions are intrinsically linked to human health, with inadequate housing potentially increasing exposure to environmentally mediated pathogens. Housing interventions that aim to improve housing and reduce environmentally mediated infections, such as finished floors and housing upgrades for vector-borne diseases, remain relatively under-explored as health interventions. This study explored facilitators of and barriers to funding, implementing, and scaling up housing improvements as health interventions to reduce environmentally mediated infectious diseases. Sixteen key informants (KIs) with direct experience in implementing or working within housing interventions and environmentally mediated infectious diseases in low- and middle-income countries were interviewed using a semi-structured interview format. KIs had diverse backgrounds, including academics researching housing interventions, housing policy advisors, and practitioners implementing housing interventions. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify key themes in interview transcripts, highlighting patterns, commonalities, and variations in participants' responses. KIs emphasized the multi-dimensional impacts of housing interventions that are intrinsically linked to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including physical and mental health, as well as environmental, social, and economic dimensions. Moreover, a pronounced shortage of funding and financial systems to address housing interventions was highlighted, alongside the urgent need for more rigorous evidence and cost-benefit analyses. Furthermore, the imperative to raise awareness of the significance of housing and the critical importance of strong collaboration across sectors and stakeholders were stressed. Emphasizing the necessity for project-based and context-specific housing policies, the interviews revealed that contextualizing interventions to their specific setting and fostering community involvement are essential for successful implementation and scale-up. Housing interventions play a pivotal role in mitigating environmentally mediated diseases. These interventions can complement existing strategies like water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions, ensuring comprehensive approaches to healthy housing and sustainable development goals amidst climate change.

Investigation of Psychosocial, Clinical Outcomes of Individuals with Limb Loss After Earthquakes

The purpose of this study is to investigate the severity of symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, psychache, and coping styles in individuals who have experienced limb loss or have not sustained any permanent injuries while trapped under rubble following an earthquake. Furthermore, the study aims to explore the differences between groups in terms of sociodemographic and event characteristics. The study included individuals who were trapped under rubble during the earthquake and had a limb amputated, as well as those who were trapped under rubble but did not experience any permanent physical function loss. Semi-structured sociodemographic form, PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Psychache Scale, Coping with Earthquake Stress Scale (CESS), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) assessment tools were used. A total of 64 participants, 32 with and 32 without limb loss, were included in the study. It was found that the severities of traumatic stress and depressive symptoms and psychache were significantly higher in the earthquake survivors with limb loss than those without limb loss (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.005, respectively). It was found that earthquake survivors with limb loss made fewer positive reappraisals than those without limb loss (p = 0.012). According to the multiple linear regression analysis, having limb loss predicted BDI and PCL-5 scores (β = -12,239, p < 0,001; β = -10,105, p = 0,008, respectively). Additionally, suicidal ideation exacerbates the severity of psychache in individuals who are were trapped under rubble. Identifying the factors related to the mental state of these individuals is useful for determining those who are most likely to need psychological support.

Development of a core outcome set of clinical research on the integration of traditional Chinese and Western medicine for spinal metastases: a study protocol

BackgroundIn recent years, the incidence of spinal metastasis (SM) has been increasing steadily. In response to this serious public health problem, researchers have made progress by using the integration of...

Examination of Excessive Mind-Wandering Following Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Treatment in Adults.

Although mind-wandering (MW) is a part of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the impact of psychostimulants on excessive MW remains unclear. We aimed to elucidate how psychostimulants impact the MW of adult ADHD patients post treatment. This cross-sectional cohort study consisted of 54 randomly selected ADHD patients who applied to our psychiatry outpatient clinic and 40 healthy controls. The ADHD patients were administered methylphenidate or atomoxetine. A Semi-Structured Sociodemographic and Clinical Data Form, the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), and the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS) were applied. Routine psychiatric assessments in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months of pharmacological treatment were carried out by a psychiatrist. The pre-treatment MEWS score of the ADHD patients was 26.09 ± 1.92, which significantly decreased to 12.78 ± 2.54 post-treatment (F = 715.250, p < .001). A statistically significant difference was identified between the mean pre-treatment ASRS total score (44.07 ± 10.09) and post-treatment score (27.34 ± 11.22; F = 50.364, p < .001). A lifetime history of alcohol/substance use was positively associated with the MEWS score. ADHD pharmacotherapy led to significant reductions in MW. Recognizing the interaction between MW and ADHD could help in the design of more specific and comprehensive interventions.

Prevention of Violence Against Children: A Qualitative Exploration of Colombian Policymakers', Programme Facilitators' and Caregivers' Perceptions.

Violence against children (VAC) is a global public health and human rights issue that can lead to long-lasting negative consequences for individual and societal outcomes. While extensive evidence indicates that parenting programmes might be effective in preventing VAC, there are several unsolved questions on how to ensure interventions are acceptable, feasible, effective and sustainable, particularly in low- and- middle-income countries (LMICs). In this study, we report findings from a qualitative examination of policymakers' (N = 10), early childhood and parenting programme facilitators' (N = 20) and parents' and other caregivers' (N = 38) perspectives on VAC prevention to examine the implementation ecosystem of parenting programmes in Colombia, including contextual risk and protection factors, features of existing programmes, and stakeholders' needs. We conducted interviews and focus groups using a semistructured format, along with a thematic approach, to analyse the data from each group of participants (i.e., policymakers, facilitators and caregivers) independently. Overall, the data revealed the critical role of intersecting and interacting factors at the micro (e.g., caregivers' capabilities and beliefs), meso (e.g., programme content and delivery approaches) and macro (e.g., policymakers' vision and existing infrastructure) levels in exacerbating risks/imposing barriers versus protecting/promoting VAC prevention. These findings provide evidence on the implementation ecosystem of prevention programmes to inform the design of novel strategies and programmes aimed at preventing violence and promoting families' well-being and young children's development.

Exploring the multifaceted vulnerabilities of female street child labor in the capital city of Bangladesh

Numerous children experience vulnerability due to their families' profound economic and socio-economic hardships. Among this demographic, females face heightened susceptibility, particularly those engaged in child labor. Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, hosts a substantial population of female child laborers, compounding their precarious circumstances. Hence this study utilizes a qualitative phenomenological approach to investigate the vulnerabilities affecting these female child laborers thoroughly. A total of 25 in-depth interviews were conducted with female child laborers in Dhaka city, following a semi-structured format. NVivo 14 software was instrumental in the systematic coding and analysis of the extensive text data, enhancing the reliability and validity of the findings. This study, therefore, explores various vulnerabilities faced by female child laborers in Dhaka city, including risky health behavior, abusive behavior, sexual harassment, school dropout, unhygienic dietary habits, hazardous work conditions, and substandard living environments. Their socio-economic conditions make them susceptible to physical and mental setbacks, exploitation, and loss of dignity. The study emphasizes the necessity for comprehensive support and breaking the cycle through educational, health, and social initiatives. It offers a detailed portrayal of the living conditions of female child laborers in Dhaka city, providing valuable insights and evidence-based policy prescriptions for policymakers and Non-Government Organizations to formulate effective policies and measures to safeguard this vulnerable community.

The Impact of Group Psychological Counseling on Counseling Self-Efficacy: A Mixed-Methods Study

This study aims to examine the impact of group counseling practice conducted with undergraduate psychological counseling and guidance (PCG) students on their counseling self-efficacy levels. The study group consisted of 36 third-year students enrolled in the Group Counseling Principles and Techniques course in the spring semester of 2019 at the Department of PCG at Atatürk University. Since the course content was theoretical and students needed to have fundamental knowledge related to the course, it was taught theoretically for the first 7 weeks (until the midterm exam). After the midterm, group counseling practice was conducted with students divided into three groups for the remaining 7 weeks. The researcher led the sessions, and the students participated as group members. The Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales was administered immediately before and one week after the practice. After the practice, students were also asked to fill out a semi-structured form to evaluate their group experiences. This study was designed using the explanatory sequential design, one of the mixed research methods. The quantitative aspect of the research was conducted as a single-group pretest-posttest design, one of the weak experimental designs. In analyzing the quantitative data, the Paired Samples t-Test was used for pretest-posttest comparisons. For the qualitative aspect, content analysis was performed on the forms filled out by the students. The study found that group counseling practice significantly increased the counseling self-efficacy of the counselor candidates, and the students’ qualitative responses supported this finding. Furthermore, students indicated that the practice contributed to their development in both professional skills and personal relationships. It is observed that individual counseling practices are generally emphasized in psychological counselor education. Considering the inadequacy of group counseling practices in counselor education and the lack of research addressing the contributions of these practices to the personal and professional development of psychological counselors, it is evaluated that the results of this research will contribute to the field.

Witzenberg Women's experience of health care after a miscarriage: A descriptive qualitative study.

Although some evidence is available from low- and middle-income countries, no South African data are available on how women experience healthcare during treatment for an incomplete miscarriage. This study sets out to explore and describe the experiences of healthcare among women who suffered an incomplete spontaneous miscarriage in the Witzenberg subdistrict, a rural area in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Witzenberg subdistrict, Western Cape province, South Africa. This study used a descriptive exploratory qualitative study design. In-person interviews were held with women who experienced a miscarriage. Interviews followed a semi-structured format by a single interviewer to explore the various aspects involving experiences of healthcare. Eight interviews were conducted and analysed. The five themes that arose from transcribed data were: (1) a need for safety, (2) pain management, (3) moderating behaviours and attitudes, (4) disorienting healthcare systems and (5) abandonment. Several factors contributed to the loss of physical and emotional safety in the emergency centre environment. Timeous emotional and pharmacological pain management were found to be a gap while patients awaited care. Clear communication and staff attitude were found to be integral to the patient's experience and could avoid the perception of abandonment. There is a universal need for basic respectful, supportive and safe care in patients who attend an emergency centre for early pregnancy complications in rural South African. Specific focus should be given to clear communication and appropriate emotional support during and after the miscarriage.Contribution:This study can be used as a guide to improve services by ensuring respectful, transparent, informed, and appropriate continuity of care.

Guardians of the forest: the traditional knowledge associated to sociobiodiversity productsin the Middle Juruá territory,Carauari, Amazonas, Brazil

The sustainable use of resources and the traditional knowledge of human populations in sustainable use UCs characterize these spaces as places of refuge for sociocultural expressions, ways of life, territorial protection, and maintenance of knowledge. The present study aimed to reveal traditional knowledge regarding flora and fauna species by riverside communities in the Amazon basin. To this end, it investigated how residents of two communities in the Middle Juruá territory identified and used local species. The analysis of similarities enabled the creation of a flowchart illustrating the process of traditional knowledge consolidation based on the application of semi-structured forms, open interviews and bibliographic review. Ninety-five species and 112 uses were identified and categorized, the most frequent uses being associated with healthcare (68%), cosmetics (10%), and food (9%). Cluster formation was observed among members of the same community, suggesting that traditional knowledge transmission is consistent with living closer together. Therefore, we understand that the region has great potential for products and uses of socio-biodiversity, and traditional populations are responsible for protecting territorial and natural resources through sustainable management, using their traditional knowledge. However, the erosion of this knowledge in regions with intense trade with companies that use these raw materials for products highlights the need to guarantee the rights of these populations, especially in relation to the sharing of benefits from products derived from associated traditional knowledge and heritage genetic (Brasil, 2015).

The relationship between lobar distribution and primary lung cancer histological types

Background: Lung cancer is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Accurate tumor location and subtype characterization are critical for optimizing treatment and predicting outcomes. This study aims to identify the relationship between lobar distribution and primary lung cancer histological types and describe the most recent patterns at the country-level origin. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a major tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh, including 165 patients recruited using purposive non-probability sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured case record form and analyzed using SPSS version 28.0. Results: Tumors were most commonly found in the central area (58.2%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the most prevalent type (46.1%), followed by adenocarcinoma (38.8%), small cell carcinoma (13.9%), and large cell carcinoma (1.2%). The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma was significantly higher in the upper lobe of the right lung (55.9%) compared to other forms, particularly in the central region of the right lung (P &lt; 0.001). Squamous cell carcinoma was more common in the lower part of the left lung (42.9%), while adenocarcinoma was exclusively observed in the lingular portion of the left lung (100%). The major bronchus of the left lung primarily exhibited squamous cell carcinoma (60%), but this finding was not statistically significant (p=0.899). Conclusion: The study highlights the significant association between lobar distribution and histological types of primary lung cancer, emphasizing the need for precise tumor characterization for better treatment strategies and prognostic evaluation.