Semisolid Formulations Research Articles

Formula Optimization From Halal Lip Cream Variety With Tomato Extract (Lycopersicum esculentum L.)

The majority of the population of Indonesia embraces Islam, which is obliged to consume halal products. One of the most popular products is the lip cream variant. One of the forms and physical stability of halal lip cream variants is influenced by the selection and content of the base Wax. The halal aspect of the lip cream variant is viewed from the components and processing process. Tomatoes are used as natural dyes with a concentration of 5% to support the halal element. This research aims to get the optimal Wax base in the halal lip cream formula so that the variant can meet the necessities. This research was conducted experimentally by using a base comparison. The base Wax used in this research were Carnauba Wax (15%), Microcrystalline Wax (15%), and a combination of the two (6%:9%). The results showed an orange color variant, semi-solid form, rose smell, homogeneous composition, pH, spreadability, good smearing power, and not irritating. The adhesion test showed that F1 adhered well while F2 and F3 did not. In the stability test, F1 and F3 were stable, while F2 was unstable with the formation of 2 phases. Based on the evaluation of the halal lip cream variant showed the most optimal result, namely the F1 combination of Carnauba Wax and Microcrystalline Wax

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN GEL EKSTRAK SIRIH CINA (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) DENGAN VARIASI CARBOPOL SEBAGAI GELLING AGENT

The Chinese betel plant is a herbaceous plant belonging to the Piperaceae family. The Chinese betel plant (Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth) contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins which help the wound healing process. This study aims to determine the physical quality of Chinese betel gel preparations and the effect of variations in carbopol concentrations as a gelling agent on the physical properties of Chinese betel extract gel. Chinese betel leaf extraction was carried out by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. Gels were made into three formulas with variations in carbopol concentrations, namely F1 (0,5%), F2 (1%), and F3 (2%). The gel preparations were then subjected to physical tests including organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, and viscosity. The homogeneity and organoleptic test results for the three gel formulas were homogeneous, had a blackgreen color, semi-solid form, and had a characteristic odor of the extract. The three gel formulas had a pH of 4,93-5,48, adhesion between 1,13-2,14 seconds, and spreadability ranging from 5,04-6,09 cm. The results of the viscosity test for the three formulas were in the range of 3.913,33-3.915 cPss. Based on the SPSS test results, variations in carbopol concentrations had no significant effect on adhesion, gel spreadability, pH and gel viscosity.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Facewash Preventing Dermatological Problem

Abstract: Facewash is one type of cosmeceuticals as well as semisolid dosage forms used for external purposes. It is applied on the skin surface to protect the skin from various microbial attacks. This type of cosmeceutical is also used to clean different types of skin problems like skin acne, skin pimples, skin rashes, dark circles, black spot, oily skin, skin discolored, etc. In this study, we have formulated one herbal face wash containing different extraction of herbal materials like fresh aloevera gel, leaves of neem, turmeric, lemon juice, Fresh leaves of Tulsi, fresh pudina leaves, Chandan, liquorice, Honey, Coffee, Multani mati, rose water as well as various types of excipients like sodium CMC, sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium benzoate, glycerol and distilled water. After formulation study we focused the evaluation cum validation of the formulated new herbal facewash like testing of pH ,Spreadability test, foam forming test, etc.

Rational Design of Topical Semi-Solid Dosage Forms-How Far Are We?

Specific aspects of semi-solid dosage forms for topical application include the nature of the barrier to be overcome, aspects of susceptibility to physical and chemical instability, and a greater influence of sensory perception. Advances in understanding the driving forces of skin penetration as well as the design principles and inner structure of formulations, provide a good basis for the more rational design of such dosage forms, which still often follow more traditional design approaches. This review analyses the opportunities and constraints of rational formulation design approaches in the industrial development of new topical drugs. As the selection of drug candidates with favorable physicochemical properties increases the speed and probability of success, models for drug selection based on theoretical and experimental approaches are discussed. This paper reviews how progress in the scientific understanding of mechanisms and vehicle-influence of skin penetration can be used for rational formulation design. The characterization of semi-solid formulations is discussed with a special focus on modern rheological approaches and analytical methods for investigating and optimizing the chemical stability of active ingredients in consideration of applicable guidelines. In conclusion, the combination of a good understanding of scientific principles combined with early consideration of regulatory requirements for product quality are enablers for the successful development of innovative and robust semi-solid formulations for topical application.

Rheology of Complex Topical Formulations: An Analytical Quality by Design Approach to Method Optimization and Validation.

Analytical method validation ensures that a method provides trustworthy information about a particular sample when applied in accordance with the predefined protocol. According to regulatory standards, the rheological characteristics of topically applied semisolid formulations are one of the key elements involved in microstructure equivalence documentation. Therefore, for generic drug product manufacturers, it is a dire need to take a step forward in rheology method development and validation procedures. This paper aims to apply Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) principles towards the development and validation of rheology methods for topical creams, as complex semisolid formulations. Risk assessment was carried out through an Ishikawa diagram and an estimate failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis (FMECA). Sample application, peltier temperature control, and sample rest time were identified as critical method variables (CMVs), and a 23 full factorial design was applied to understand their impact on rotational, creep recovery and, oscillatory measurements. The development of the method was carried out as per the ICH Q8-Q10, and Q14 guidelines and validated according to ICH Q2 (R2) guideline. The method demonstrated adequate precision (RSD < 15%), as well as selectivity. AQbD provided a comprehensive framework for developing a reliable and effective rheology method for this type of formulation.

Determination of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Honey-Loaded Topical Formulations: A Focus on Western Australian Honeys

This study presents data on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of honey-based topical formulations incorporating four Western Australian (WA) honeys along with New Zealand Manuka honey as a comparator honey. The antioxidant activity of the pure honeys and the various honey-loaded topical formulations were assessed by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) derivatization. An optimised agar overlay assay was employed to determine the antibacterial activity of the pure honeys and honey-loaded topical formulations with a Trimethoprim antibiotic disc acting as a positive control. It was found that the antioxidant activity was retained in all formulation types irrespective of the honey that was utilized. WA Manuka honey 2 and its formulations showed the highest antioxidant activity in the FRAP assay with a recorded activity of 6.56, 6.54, 6.53 and 18.14 mmol Fe2+ equivalent/kg honey, its pre-gel solution, and its corresponding wet and dry sheets, respectively. Additionally, the band activity of WA Manuka honey 2 and its formulations was also found to be the highest activity with values equivalent to 29.30, 29.28, 29.27 and 81.30 µg of gallic acid/g honey, its pre-gel solution, and also its corresponding wet and dry sheets, respectively. In the overlay assay, the antibacterial activity of honey-loaded formulations was recorded to be comparable to that of their respective pure honeys. The findings of this study suggest that WA honeys and the investigated semi-solid topical formulations that were loaded with these honeys exert antibacterial and antioxidant activities that at times exceeded that of the NZ Manuka honey, which was used as a comparator in this study.

Metamorphosis of Topical Semisolid Products-Understanding the Role of Rheological Properties in Drug Permeation under the "in Use" Condition.

When developing topical semisolid products, it is crucial to consider the metamorphosis of the formulation under the "in use" condition. Numerous critical quality characteristics, including rheological properties, thermodynamic activity, particle size, globule size, and the rate/extent of drug release/permeation, can be altered during this process. This study aimed to use lidocaine as a model drug to establish a connection between the evaporation and change of rheological properties and the permeation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in topical semisolid products under the "in use" condition. The evaporation rate of the lidocaine cream formulation was calculated by measuring the weight loss and heat flow of the sample using DSC/TGA. Changes in rheological properties due to metamorphosis were assessed and predicted using the Carreau-Yasuda model. The impact of solvent evaporation on a drug's permeability was studied by in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) using occluded and unconcluded cells. Overall, it was found that the viscosity and elastic modulus of prepared lidocaine cream gradually increased with the time of evaporation as a result of the aggregation of carbopol micelles and the crystallization of API after application. Compared to occluded cells, the permeability of lidocaine for formulation F1 (2.5% lidocaine) in unoccluded cells decreased by 32.4%. This was believed to be the result of increasing viscosity and crystallization of lidocaine instead of depletion of API from the applied dose, which was confirmed by formulation F2 with a higher content of API (5% lidocaine) showing a similar pattern, i.e., a 49.7% reduction of permeability after 4 h of study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to simultaneously demonstrate the rheological change of a topical semisolid formulation during volatile solvent evaporation, resulting in a concurrent decrease in the permeability of API, which provides mathematical modelers with the necessary background to build complex models that incorporate evaporation, viscosity, and drug permeation in the simulation once at a time.

Spruce Balm-Based Semisolid Vehicles for Wound Healing: Effect of Excipients on Rheological Properties and Ex Vivo Skin Permeation.

The treatment of chronic wounds, an important issue with the growing elderly population, is increasingly hindered by antibiotic resistance. Alternative wound care approaches involve the use of traditional plant-derived remedies, such as purified spruce balm (PSB), with antimicrobial effects and the promotion of cell proliferation. However, spruce balm is difficult to formulate due to its stickiness and high viscosity; dermal products with satisfying technological properties and the scientific literature on this topic are scarce. Thus, the aim of the present work was to develop and rheologically characterize a range of PSB-based dermal formulations with different hydrophilic/lipophilic compositions. Mono- and biphasic semisolid formulations based on different compounds (petrolatum, paraffin oil, wool wax, castor oil, and water) were developed and characterized by their organoleptic and rheological measurements. A chromatographic method of analysis was established, and skin permeation data were collected for pivotal compounds. The results showed that the dynamic viscosity ranged from 10 to 70 Pas at 10/s for the different shear-thinning systems. The best formulation properties were observed for water-free wool wax/castor oil systems with 20% w/w PSB followed by different water-in-oil cream systems. Skin permeation through porcine skin was observed for different PSB compounds (e.g., pinoresinol, dehydroabietic acid, and 15-hydroxy-dehydroabietic acid) using Franz-type diffusion cells. The permeation potential of wool wax/castor oil- and lard-based formulations was shown for all the analyzed substance classes. The varying content of pivotal compounds in different PSB batches collected at different timepoints from different spruce individuals might have contributed to observed differences in vehicle performance.

Antiacne Herbal Cream

Abstract: Objective- To formulate and evaluate herbal cream using Aloe Vera gel, Sandalwood Powder , extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tulsi (Ocimumtenuiflorum) to give antiacne effect. Method: A cream with an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion base (semisolid formulation) was created. The oil phase (Part A) was heated to 75° C while the emulsifier (bees wax) and other oil soluble components (liquid paraffin, rose oil) were dissolved in it. The water soluble additives and preservatives components (aloe vera ethanol extract, vitamin C, borax, methyl paraben, sandalwood, and Neem and Tulsi were dissolved and heated to 75° C in the aqueous phase (Part B). Once heated,parts of the aqueous phase were introduced to the oil phase while stirring continuously till cooling of Emulsifier was used. Results: The formulation showed good appearance, pH, viscosity, phase separation. Conclusion: All four herbal components demonstrated noticeably distinct behaviours. Based on the findings, we may infer that all of the formulations were stable and safe to apply to the skin, with acceptable viscosity and no evidence of phase separation. Additionally, the formulation had no redness, Itching and erythrema .When conducting the irritancy testing, they were simple to clean. The formula read at room temperature, stable

FORMULASI SEDIAAN GEL FACIAL WASH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KOPI ARABIKA (Coffea arabica L.) DENGAN BERBAGAI GELLING AGENT

Ethanol extract of arabica coffee leaves has various nutritious compounds such as flavonoids. With the existence of these beneficial compounds, extract can be developed into a facial wash gel so that it can be applied to facial skin care. In making facial wash gel, a gelling agent is required as a base to form a gel consistency. This study aims to determine the consistency of a good gel base in facial wash using the gelling agents Carbopol (F1 and F2), HPMC (F3 and F4) and Na CMC (F5 and F6). Results of the organoleptic test gel facial wash were blackish brown in color with a distinctive fragrance and semi-solid form on all formulation. The test results on the F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 and F6 obtained successive results of pH 4.68; 4.61; 4.76; 4.79; 4.67; and 4.67; viscosity 2468 cp; 3414 cp; 3420 cp; 3543 cp; 3379 cps and 3461 cps; foam stability 95.00%; 96.92%; 98.14%; 97.91%; 95.74% and 94.44%. Homogeneity and stability results show homogeneous and stable results in all formulas. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that all the formulas made meet the SNI requirements.

Semi-Solid Dosage Forms Containing Pranoprofen-Loaded NLC as Topical Therapy for Local Inflammation: In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Evaluation.

Pranoprofen (PRA)-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been dispersed into blank gels composed of 1% of Carbomer 940 (PRA-NLC-Car) and 3% of Sepigel® 305 (PRA-NLC-Sep) as a novel strategy to refine the biopharmaceutical profile of PRA, for dermal administration in the treatment of skin inflammation that may be caused by possible skin abrasion. This stratagem intends to improve the joining of PRA with the skin, improving its retention and anti-inflammatory effect. Gels were evaluated for various parameters such as pH, morphology, rheology, and swelling. In vitro drug release research and ex vivo permeation through the skin were carried out on Franz diffusion cells. Additionally, in vivo assays were carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect, and tolerance studies were performed in humans by evaluating the biomechanical properties. Results showed a rheological profile common of semi-solid pharmaceutical forms for dermal application, with sustained release up to 24 h. In vivo studies using PRA-NLC-Car and PRA-NLC-Sep in Mus musculus mice and hairless rats histologically demonstrated their efficacy in an inflammatory animal model study. No signs of skin irritation or modifications of the skin's biophysical properties were identified and the gels were well tolerated. The results obtained from this investigation concluded that the developed semi-solid formulations represent a fitting drug delivery carrier for PRA's transdermal delivery, enhancing its dermal retention and suggesting that they can be utilized as an interesting and effective topical treatment for local skin inflammation caused by a possible abrasion.

Compounding Education in US PharmD Curricula

ObjectiveTo determine the extent of compounding education (CE) offered in United States (US) doctor of pharmacy curricula. MethodsA 24-item survey instrument addressing various aspects of CE was developed and validated. An email containing the link to the survey instrument was shared with instructors of compounding at 122 of 141 accredited schools and colleges of pharmacy in the US. ResultsOf these, 112 schools and colleges responded, rendering a survey response rate of 91.8%. Survey results indicate that CE is offered to a similar extent either as a required standalone course or as integrated instruction as part of a standard course. Whereas 70.8% of programs reported mostly hands-on training in CE in their curricula, there were about 11% programs that mostly offered didactic instruction in CE. Dispersed systems and semisolid formulations are the most prepared in nonsterile compounding, while proper hand washing, garbing, and gloving are the most taught techniques in sterile compounding. Compounding education is delivered principally by pharmaceutics faculty (62.3%) compared to practice faculty (32.1%). ConclusionThe survey determined the extent to which CE is addressed across different schools and colleges of pharmacy in the US. Although some institutions lack minimal nonsterile or sterile compounding facilities, they may improve by modeling the established programs in the country. Leadership at pharmacy institutions may need to allocate funds for CE, and support faculty who instruct in compounding.

Application of Quality by Design Approach in the Optimization and Development of the UPLC Analytical Method for Determination of Fusidic Acid in Pharmaceutical Products

Background: Analytical techniques are a crucial method used in quality control procedures. Fusidic acid (FU), an antibacterial drug, is available on the market in a semisolid dosage form. This work aimed to develop a simple, sensitive, and robust UPLC assay for FU. Method: The effect of the formic acid concentration (X1 (1%, 0.55%, and 0.1%)), and column temperature (X2 (40, 32.5, and 25 °C)) on the retention time, peak area, and peak height were determined. Results: The results show that a long retention time of 1.18 min can be achieved with a low column temperature and a low to medium concentration of formic acid. A good peak height resolution was obtained with a low concentration of formic acid at different temperature settings. The optimized condition was suggested by the software program to analyze the drug in a mobile phase, consisting of 72% acetonitrile and 28% water containing 0.1% formic acid with a column temperature adjusted to 40 °C. Conclusion: The method was validated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. In addition, the stability degradation study determined that the method can separate the drug from other degradation production. The method was applicable to determine the drug content in the marketed product.

A Novel Semi-Solid Self-Emulsifying Formulation of Aprepitant for Oral Delivery: An In Vitro Evaluation.

Aprepitant is the first member of a relatively new antiemetic drug class called NK1 receptor antagonists. It is commonly prescribed to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Although it is included in many treatment guidelines, its poor solubility causes bioavailability issues. A particle size reduction technique was used in the commercial formulation to overcome low bioavailability. Production with this method consists of many successive steps that cause the cost of the drug to increase. This study aims to develop an alternative, cost-effective formulation to the existing nanocrystal form. We designed a self-emulsifying formulation that can be filled into capsules in a melted state and then solidified at room temperature. Solidification was achieved by using surfactants with a melting temperature above room temperature. Various polymers have also been tested to maintain the supersaturated state of the drug. The optimized formulation consists of CapryolTM 90, Kolliphor® CS20, Transcutol® P, and Soluplus®; it was characterized by DLS, FTIR, DSC, and XRPD techniques. A lipolysis test was conducted to predict the digestion performance of formulations in the gastrointestinal system. Dissolution studies showed an increased dissolution rate of the drug. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the formulation was tested in the Caco-2 cell line. According to the results, a formulation with improved solubility and low toxicity was obtained.

Application of Lipids in Hot Melt Extrusion Technology

Lipids are commonly used excipients in drug delivery for improving solubility of low soluble drugs, enhancing bioavailability through avoiding first pass metabolism through nanoparticulate approach, modifying the drug release, binders, permeation enhancers, transfection agents etc. Lipids alone or in combination of polymers are increasingly being used in hot melt extrusion (HME) technology for preparation of controlled release formulations, solid dispersions, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, semi-solid formulations, solid lipid nanoparticles and others. Properties like low melting temperature, viscosity, ability to extrude at low temperature and ability to load high doses of drug favor use of lipids in HME technology. This review emphasizes the use of lipids for variety of applications in HME technology.&#x0D; Keywords: Lipids, Hot melt extrusion, solubility, bioavailability, parameters.

A Concise review on application of solid lipids and various techniques in the formulation development

Lipids have wide range of applications in food and pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceuticals application of lipid is to improve solubility of drug also helps to improve the bioavailability. The dissolution/dissolving phase, which is probably the rate-limiting component for oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs, is eliminated by pre-dissolving pharmaceuticals in lipids, surfactants, or combinations of lipid excipients and surfactants. The most widely used co-solvents, together with lipid excipients, are propylene glycol, glycerol, and polyethylene glycols-400, poloxamer etc. various technologies are used such as melt extrusion, melt granulation for preparation of lipid based oral modified released dosage forms. This review summaries the overview of the lipid excipients in terms of their classification, methods of absorption, and lipid-based product development. The manufacture of solid and semi-solid lipid formulations using various methodologies, applications, phase behaviour, and the regulatory outlook of lipid excipients are covered.&#x0D; Keywords: Solid lipids, lipid classification, solidification techniques, modified released.

Emulsion-Based Gel Loaded with Ibuprofen and Its Derivatives.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vehicle and chemical modifications of the structure of active compounds on the skin permeation and accumulation of ibuprofen (IBU). As a result, semi-solid formulations in the form of an emulsion-based gel loaded with ibuprofen and its derivatives, such as sodium ibuprofenate (IBUNa) and L-phenylalanine ethyl ester ibuprofenate ([PheOEt][IBU]), were developed. The properties of the obtained formulations were examined, including density, refractive index, viscosity, and particle size distribution. The parameters of release and permeability through the pig skin of the active substances contained in the obtained semi-solid formulations were determined. The results indicate that an emulsion-based gel enhanced the skin penetration of IBU and its derivatives compared to two commercial preparations in the form of a gel and a cream. The average cumulative mass of IBU after a 24 h permeation test from an emulsion-based gel formulation through human skin was 1.6-4.0 times higher than for the commercial products. Ibuprofen derivatives were evaluated as chemical penetration enhancers. After 24 h of penetration, the cumulative mass was 1086.6 ± 245.8 for IBUNa and 948.6 ± 87.5 µg IBU/cm2 for [PheOEt][IBU], respectively. This study demonstrates the perspective of the transdermal emulsion-based gel vehicle in conjunction with the modification of the drug as a potentially faster drug delivery system.

Quantification of amphotericin B in semi-solid formulation via ATR-FTIR spectroscopy

Amphotericin B has been used to treat mycoses for decades and is one of the most prescribed drugs. A semi-solid formulation (emulgel) based on amphotericin B (AmB) and bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.) butter, indicated in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, was analyzed, and a protocol for simple and rapid quantification of AmB was developed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The method was based on the determination of AmB by measuring the area under the curve (AUC) of the band corresponding to the C – O stretching of the pyranose rings at 1040 cm−1 for the development of the calibration curve. The proposed method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonization, Validation of Analytical Procedures (ICH) guidelines regarding specificity, linearity, precision, and accuracy. The developed method was linear in the range of 1–6% (w/w) (R2 0.998) and met the validation parameters, confirmed by the low relative standard deviation values.

Transethosomes: Cutting edge approach for drug permeation enhancement in transdermal drug delivery system.

The skin is a major route of drug administration. Despite the high surface area of the skin, drug delivery via the skin route is problematic due to its physiological obstacles. The formulation scientist has developed a vesicular system to enhance the skin's absorption of bioactive substances. Among numerous vesicular systems, concept of transethosomes (TEs) introduced in 2012 are being tested for drug delivery to the dermis. When transferosomes and ethosomes interact, TEs are produced. It consists of water, ethanol, phospholipids, and an edge activator. Ethanol and the edge activator increase the absorption of medication through the skin. In the presence of ethanol and an edge activator, skin permeability can increase. The advantages of TEs include increased patient compliance, bypassing first-pass metabolism, including non-toxic raw components, being a noninvasive method of drug delivery, being more stable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and administered in semisolid form. TEs can be produced through the use of hot, cold, mechanical dispersion, and conventional techniques. The morphology, shape, size, zeta potential, drug loading efficiency, vesicle yield, biophysical interactions, and stability of TEs define them. Recent studies reported successful transdermal distribution of antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular bioactive while using ethosomes with significant deeper penetration in skin. The review extensively discussed various claims on TEs developed by researchers, patents, and marketed ethosomes. However, till today no patens being granted on TEs. There are still lingering difficulties related to ethanol-based TEs that require substantial research to fix.

Sample Preparation and Extraction Techniques for Evaluation of Semisolid Formulations

There are many pharmaceutical formulations available in semisolid form such as cream, ointment, paste, gel, and suppository. The qualitative and quantitative estimation of the semisolid formulation can be carried out using sophisticated instruments/techniques. Sample preparation is an important step to extract the main ingredient which needs to be analyzed in a medium suitable for a specific analytical technique/instrument. Sample preparation can directly affect the final result of analysis and thus sample preparation for the semisolid formulation is challenging. Extraction techniques used to carry out the extraction from semisolid formulation are Liquid–Liquid Extraction, Solid-Phase Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Liquid-Phase Microextraction Techniques, Pressurized Fluid Extraction/Accelerated Solvent Extraction, Microwave Assisted Extraction, Pressurized Hot Water Extraction or superheated water extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, Matrix solid-phase dispersion, QuEChERs, Solid-Phase Microextraction, Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction, Microextraction in Packed Syringe. A brief introduction along with the principle and application of all techniques is explained to demonstrate the application of specific extraction technique for specific semisolid sample preparation.