Semi-refined Carrageenan Research Articles

Pra studi KelayakanProduksi Keragenan Setengah Jadi

A prae feasibility study of semi-refined carrageenan production has been carried out. The cost analyses of a semi-refined carrageenan mill with the production capacity of 300 ton per year, besed on the selling price of Rp. 7.500,-/kg seen to be profitable.

Effect of process conditions on the gel viscosity and gel strength of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) produced from seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii)

Kappaphycus alvarezii or commonly known Euchema cottonii is a good source of kappa-carrageenan and can be found cultivated in the coastal areas of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. Carrageenans have many applications and are utilized in human food and pet-food industry. Carrageenans are also utilized in non-food industry such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, printing and textile formulations. Currently, the Southeast Asian region is producing semi refined carrageenan (SRC). There are various works in producing SRC; however, there are limited efforts to develop the optimization of cooking process parameters. Hence, the present study features on the cooking process (alkaline treatment) where the parameters (concentration of potassium hydroxide solution, cooking time and cooking temperature) and the ranges are identified experimentally. The effects of these parameters on carrageenan quality such as gel viscosity and gel strength were studied. The optimization of cooking process parameters and the experimental design was conducted based on the Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental result showed that gel viscosity increases with the decrease of cooking time, cooking temperature and potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration (% w/w). In contrast, gel strength increases as cooking time, cooking temperature and KOH concentration (% w/w) increases. From the optimization, the best conditions for alkaline treatment found were cooking temperature 80°C, cooking time 30min and KOH concentration 10 (% w/w) which are similar to current practice in industry.

PENGARUH JENIS DAN KONSENTRASI SEMI-REFINED CARRAGEENAN (SRC) SEBAGAI STABILISATOR TERHADAP KUALITAS ES KRIM

Carrageenan are natural hydrocolloids which are used as gelling agent, suspending agent, emulsifier and stabilizer. Carrageenan was extracted from Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum seaweed species. There are three types of carragenan that commonly found that are kappa, iota and lamda carrageenan. Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) is a seaweed flour that must be extracted to recover refined carrageenan, it is expected has ability to subtitute the function of refined carrageenan so that it could economize the using of refined carrageenan. However the price of SRC is cheaper than refined carrageenan. Firstly this research determined the type of SRC that could be used as stabilizer in ice cream products. That compare between kappa,iota and combination of kappa-iota SRC. Ice cream is made by blend all ingredients needed with hot water (70 – 80 0C) than homogenized using mixer at high speed in 10 minutes than the formula ready to evaluate. The evaluating include pH, overrum, density, rate the sedimentation, air particle size and melting quality. The next experiment conducted to find out the better result from the selected concentration. From the experiment we conclude that kappa SRC permitted as stabilizer in ice cream at concentration 0,0168 %.

A comparative analysis of phycocolloids produced by underutilized versus industrially utilized carrageenophytes (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta)

Carrageenan (E-407) and semi-refined carrageenan (E-407a) are some of the main additives used by the food industry for their gelling, emulsifying, thickening, and stabilizing properties. These are natural ingredients, which have been used for decades in food applications and are generally regarded as safe. Internationally, sub-tropical carrageenophytes (e.g., Kappaphycus alvarezii) are cultivated extensively as a source of raw materials for industrial extraction, and their use as potential candidates in integrated multitrophic aquaculture is tentative. We analyzed carrageenan yield (as a percentage of dry weight) and chemical composition (by Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection and Fourier transform-Raman) of extracts produced by several carrageenophytes (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta), from different origins, e.g., K. alvarezii (Tanzania, Indonesia, the Philippines, Panama, and Mexico), Kappaphycus striatum (Madagascar), Eucheuma denticulatum (Tanzania, the Philippines, and Madagascar), Betaphycus gelatinum (the Philippines), Chondracanthus chamissoi, and Sarcothalia crispata (Chile). For comparison, some underutilized carrageenophytes were also analyzed, e.g., Chondrus crispus, Mastocarpus stellatus, Gigartina pistillata, Chondracanthus teedei var. lusitanicus, Chondracanthus acicularis, Calliblepharis jubata, Gymnogongrus crenulatus, and Ahnfeltiopsis devoniensis (Portuguese carrageenophytes). The main findings were that the highest carrageenan yield was obtained from K. striatum (Madagascar) with 75.6 (percent dry weight (% DW)); B. gelatinum and K. alvarezii (both from the Philippines) had yields of 71.0% and 68.0% (% DW), respectively; and G. pistillata (Portugal) 65.4% (% DW). Spectroscopic analysis of the phycocolloids allowed determination of a wide range of carrageenan types, e.g., pure iota carrageenan, several kappa–iota hybrid carrageenans with different iota/kappa ratios, and kappa–beta, xi–theta, and xi–lambda hybrid carrageenans.

Growth rate and carrageenan analyses in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) farmed in the subtropical waters of São Paulo State, Brazil

Growth rate, semi-refined and refined carrageenan yields, 3,6-anhydrogalactose and sulphate contents, and gel strength were investigated in four strains of Kappaphycus alvarezii (brown, green and red tetrasporophytic strains, and one strain derived from tetraspores progeny, called G11) farmed in subtropical waters of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. All studied strains showed higher growth rates from February to May, decreasing from July to December. The G11 strain exhibited lower growth rates, but had semi-refined and refined carrageenan yields significantly higher than the others and similar to a commercial sample. A negative correlation between growth rate and semi-refined carrageenan yield was verified for all strains. The brown strain had the lowest content of 3,6-anhydrogalactose, while G11 and green strains showed higher values. No clear pattern of variation and no relationship were observed for sulphate and gel strength. However, all strains presented gel strength values near the one obtained from commercial sample. These results show that the carrageenan extracted from brown, green, red, and G11 strains of K. alvarezii cultured in subtropical waters of Sao Paulo State, Brazil with commercial potentials.

Seaweed resources in Malaysia: Current status and future prospects

Malaysia has an extensive coastline fringed by numerous islands, providing various habitats for the proliferation of seaweeds. The first checklist of the marine benthic algae in Malaysia was published in 1991, together with a historical account of phycological research in the region. Regular collections of seaweeds resulted in several updates reporting new records and new species. The tally of Malaysian marine algae stands at 375 specific and infraspecific taxa. The last two decades have seen an increased interest in the commercial use of seaweeds, especially Eucheuma, Kappaphycus and Gracilaria. Eucheuma and Kappaphycus are cultured in Sabah where two factories for production of semi-refined carrageenan have been established. The inventory of Malaysian seaweeds continues. Ecological information is scarce and therefore biomass assessments of natural seaweed areas, productivity determination and phenological studies of important species should be encouraged. Only then can the status of the seaweed flora of Malaysia be assessed, and threatened species and habitats be identified.