Semi-refined Carrageenan Research Articles

Effect of potassium hydroxide on rheological and thermo-mechanical properties of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) films

KOH is widely used for extraction of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC). The concentration levels of KOH used in extraction can significantly influence SRC qualities and edible films developed. SRC extracted from red seaweeds ‘Kappaphycus alvarezii’ at different concentration levels (using KOH at 6%, 12%, 18% and 24%) were used to develop an edible films with 20% glycerol as a plasticizer. Results showed that the total yield of SRC ranged from 28.1% to 37.5%. A decreased sulfate level was obtained beyond 12% KOH extraction resulting in increased 3,6-anhydrogalactose (ranged from 26.4% to 32.5%). Functional groups were confirmed using FT-IR-spectrum, which mainly showed ester sulfate groups and with a shift in the peak values measured at higher concentrations of KOH. All the formulated films were opaque and flexible with a thickness between 30.5 and 34.1 µm (moisture: 11.4–14%). All of the films had good viscoelastic properties (power law exponents (n′) being 0.34–0.98) and showed a ‘gel like’ behavior. The X-ray-diffractogram peak showed 2 theta at 28.4°, 37.2°, and 50.4° and was consistent with an amorphous structure. The endothermic peaks varied between 119 and 131 °C. Higher solubility was obtained in SRC films prepared with 24% KOH. Among all the formulated films, water vapor permeability ranged between 8.5 and 12.2 × 10−10 g Pa−1 s−1 m−1 and with high tensile strength ranging between 38.1 and 47.5 MPa. Results showed optimization of KOH extraction for SRC can produce edible films with potential food packaging applications.

EKSTRAKSI KARAGINAN RUMPUT LAUT MERAH (Kappaphycus alvarezii) DENGAN PERLAKUAN PERENDAMAN DALAM LARUTAN BASA

Semi-refined carrageenan are a type of carrageeanan product that have a low level of purity because it still contains a small amount of selulose within the carageenan. The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of the concentration of both NaOH and KOH towards rendemen, and the physical and chemical charactheristic of semi refined carrageenan made from kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed, and also to minimize the use of chemical product on SRC production process. The method used in this study is steaming method. The results are the rendemen from NaOH is 10% and KOH 14%. This proves that the concentration of alkali affects the amount of rendemen. The higher the amount of alkali used, the higher the amount of rendemen obtained. Water content obtained from the NaOH samples are 3,75%; while those from the KOH samples are 5%. The ash content of semi-refined carrageenan obtain from NaOH samples are 55,42% and KOH are 55,27%. For the pH level on semi-refined carrageenan obtain from the NaOH samples are 8,06; and KOH are 8,69. The alkali concentration greatly affects the amount of rendemen that is obtained because a higher concentration of alkali during the alkalization process will result in higher pH level, therefore the extration ability of alkali are increased.

A Comparative Study on the Physiochemical Properties of Semi-Refined Carrageenan from Low Industrial Grade Seaweed and High-Grade Seaweed of Kappaphycus Alvarezii

A study on the physiochemical properties of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) derived from low industrial grade seaweed (LIGS) were conducted and compared to semi-refined carrageenan from high-grade seaweed (HGS) of Kappaphycus Alvarezii and others researches. The morphology of SRC (LIGS and HGS) was investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and physiochemical properties of SRC through Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, particle size analyser, proximate composition (moisture, ash, acid insoluble ash, acid insoluble matter), sulphate and mineral content by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), colour, pH, viscosity and gel strength. SRC-HGS showed smaller particle size than SRC-LIGS from SEM and particle size analysis. SRC-LIGS exhibited lowest lightest, but highest yellowness, with L* and b* values reported 57.77 and 15.9, respectively. The gel strength of SRC-LIGS was lower than SRC-HGS. The SRC-LIGS show a comparable thermal properties, sulphur and mineral content, ash, acid insoluble ash and moisture content from SRC-HGS, which suggest that these SRC-LIGS have good potential as renewable resources materials.

Nutrition of Edible Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii Related to Different Environmental Coastal Water Condition

Edible seaweed K. alvarezii collected from different coastal waters in Indonesia (Morowali and Teluk Ekas). The seaweed was extracted into semirefined carrageenan and it was determined on their nutrition quality. The results showed that the essential amino acids content of the three different samples SRC were similar as follows: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glysine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, methionine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine. The gel strength (g/cm2) and viscosities value in Morowali, Ekas coastal waters and commercial SRC were different in the samples. FTIR spectroscopy determined that molecular present in three samples were kappa carrageenan.

Harvest optimization to assess sustainable growth and carrageenan yield of cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in Indian waters

Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty, a carrageenan yielding red seaweed, was cultivated for a period of 1 year from April 2012 to March 2013 at Munaikadu in Palkbay waters of Bay of Bengal, Southeast coast of India. The experiments aimed to assess the ideal period for harvest among the different growth periods (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days) adopted to achieve sustainable growth (biomass yield or crop yield) as well as carrageenan (semi-refined carrageenan—SRC) content. Almost similar (higher) productivities and SRC yields with quality were obtained during 45 and 60 days growth periods. However, the income was more in 45 days (Rs.70708/-, US$ 1122.35) than in 60 days (Rs. 56,396/-, US$ 895.17) growth period. Considering productivity, total dry weed output, total revenue and net revenue per year, profit margin, carrageenan content, CAW content, and gel strength, 45 days growth period was found to be ideal among the different growth periods (15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 days). If the growers follow strictly 45 days growth cycle, they will benefit more and buyers will not be much affected. This study envisages that entrepreneurs and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should raise awareness among growers for strictly enforcing 45 days growth period for commercial cultivation to obtain a sustainable crop yield with quality SRC.

Characterization of Semi-refined Carrageenan-Based Film for Primary Food Packaging Purposes

Carrageenan-based films demonstrate good performance, the raw materials for their production are abundant in nature and can be sustainably sourced from seaweeds. Similar to other naturally-derived biopolymers, however, carrageenans are relatively expensive to purify and form into useful materials. In order to potentially lower the production costs compared to pure carrageenan, semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) plasticized with 0–50% (w/w) glycerol was investigated using a solution casting method. The film color and opacity increased along with the moisture content, whereas the water vapor permeability decreased with increasing levels of glycerol. The tensile properties of the SRC films improved significantly, particularly at glycerol additions greater than 30% (w/w). Moreover, the addition of glycerol improved the thermal stability and altered the surface morphology of the films. In general, the properties of the SRC films were comparable with refined carrageenan films suggesting that SRC has potential to be furthered developed into more cost effective primary food packaging materials.

Recovery ratio and quality of an agricultural bio-stimulant and semi-refined carrageenan co-produced from the fresh biomass of Kappaphycus alvarezii with respect to seasonality

In general, to date, the majority of cultivated, dried biomass of Kappaphycus spp. has been used for the manufacture of refined (RC) or semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) on a commercial scale. However, the present study was focused on the production of SRC using wet fibrous residue left over after an agricultural bio-stimulant was extracted from the fresh biomass of Kappaphycus alvarezii in the manner of a biorefinery operation. The investigation examined the recovery ratio and quality of both bio-stimulant and SRC from the fresh biomass of K. alvarezii farmed on the Tamil coast of India for two consecutive seasons. This study was conducted on a large, pre-commercialization pilot-scale, i.e. 10.0 t of fresh biomass of K. alvarezii was crushed in each batch and a total 10 batches were made, each month during 2012 and 2013. The total recovery of the agricultural bio-stimulant and SRC from 1.0 t of fresh material processed at different seasons ranged from 19.58–23.69 dry kg (average 21.09 ± 1.35 kg) and 24.27–41.61 dry kg (average 31.75 ± 6.99 kg) respectively with a moisture content of 934.70–956.15 kg (average 947 ± 6.17 kg). The economics of conversion of fresh seaweed into agricultural bio-stimulant and SRC through MUZE (multi-stream, zero-effluent) process was far better as compared to conversion of dry weed into SRC alone through conventional methods, i.e. 1.0 t FS (Fresh seaweed) yielded a net profit of 224.14 US$ through multi- stream processing, whereas its dry-weed equivalent produced only 118.34 US$. The present investigation concluded that the fresh biomass of K. alvarezii can be used to co-produce agricultural bio-stimulants with a good efficacy and provide a relatively low yield of SRC with medium gel strength.

Pengembangan prototipe mesin pencacah rumput laut yang telah melalui proses alkalisasi (ATC)

Kebutuhan karaginan dalam industri pengolahan makanan, baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia terus meningkat seiring dengan pertumbuhan penduduk dunia. Salah satu varian dari karaginan yang diakui dunia adalah SRC (Semi Refined Carrageenan) dengan standar E407A. SRC adalah olahan lanjutan dari ATC (Alkali Treated Cottoonii). Untuk mendapatkan tepung SRC, ATC yang sudah dikeringkan harus melalui proses pencacahan dan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses penepungan. Studi lapangan yang telah dilakukan memberikan gambaran bahwa mesin–mesin pencacah rumput laut yang ada di pasaran belum cukup efektif dan efisien melakukan pencacahan terhadap ATC kering. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan pengembangan prototipe mesin pencacah ATC yang dibuat dengan mekanisme pengiris melalui pasangan-pasangan pisau gerak dan pisau diam. Dari pengujian yang dilakukan , diperoleh hasil bahwa mekanisme pengiris mampu melakukan pemotongan ATC kering dengan variasi panjang cacahan antara 1cm sampai 3cm dengan kapasitas minimum produksi sebesar 180kg/jam.

Producing novel edible films from semi refined carrageenan (SRC) and ulvan polysaccharides for potential food applications

Edible films were developed from seaweed polysaccharides (Kappaphycus alvarezii and Ulva fasciata). The total extracted yield of semi refined carrageenan (SRC) and ulvan polysaccharide was 31.55%, and 28.86%, with total carbohydrate being 78.08% and 82.43% in SRC and ulvan polysaccharides. Results of viscometric studies revealed molecular weight to be 210kDa and 72kDa for SRC and ulvan polysaccharides. Proton NMR studies showed presence of anhydro-d-galactopyranose and glucosidic linkages in SRC, while ulvan polysaccharide had rhamnose-3-sulfate, glucosyl and β-d-glucuronic acid. Three different films developed from SRC and ulvan polysaccharides [SRC, ulvan polysaccharide and combination of SRC and ulvan polysaccharide films] with glycerol. FT-IR spectra confirmed functional group of all the edible films which corresponds with NMR results. Water vapor permeability of films indicated a range of 7.82 to 9.96×10–8gm−1s−1Pa−1 with high tensile strength varying between 36.78 and 49.12MPa. Results on antioxidant activity indicated a strong hydroxyl radical scavenging activity detected in ulvan polysaccharide based film, while metal ion chelating activity was higher in films with a combination of SRC and ulvan polysaccharides. Further, low molecular weight films had better antioxidant activity, while high molecular weight films possessed good mechanical properties.

The effect of temperature and time of extraction on the quality of Semi Refined Carrageenan (SRC)

Euchema cottonii is a good source of kappa-carrageenan and can be found cultivated in the Indonesia coastal areas in which one of them is in Banten Province. Carrageenans have many applications and are utilized in human food and pet-food industry. Carrageenans are also utilized in non-food industry such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, printing and textile formulations. Hence, the present study features on the cooking process cooking time and cooking temperature. The effects of these parameters on carrageenan quality such as gel viscosity and gel strength were studied. The process of extraction of carrageenan was conducted with variations temperature: 60, 70, and 80 °C and the variation of time: 1, 2, and 3 hours. Alkaline substance used was KOH with 8% concentration and the ratio of solvent to dry seaweed 8:1. From the present investigation, it was observed that SRC extraction reached the best condition at temperature 70 °C for 2 hours with the value of yield 30.20%, 5.90% moisture content, 18.34% ash content, sulfate content of 6.94%, viscosity of 190 cP, and the gel strength 714.45 g / cm2. The treatment of temperature and extraction time significantly affected the quality of the SRC yield parameter, viscosity and gel strength.

カラギナン類3種(精製カラギナン、加工ユーケマ藻類、ユーケマ藻末)の市販製品における硫酸基と酸不溶性物質の分析

カラギナン類3種(精製カラギナン、加工ユーケマ藻類、ユーケマ藻末)の市販製品における硫酸基と酸不溶性物質の分析

INTERACTION OF SEMI-REFINED CARRAGEENAN (E407A) WITH NANO QUANTA OF SOME FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS AND THEIR PHYSIOCHEMICAL, FUNCTIONAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

Interaction of semi-refined carrageenan with other food hydrocolloids in different ratio and their rheological, physicochemical and some functional characteristics were evaluated in the present study. Gel strength and viscous synergism index (Iv) were measured and used to analyze their interaction level. Kappa carrageenan had good synergistic effect with cassia, LBG, guar, HPMC and konjac and antagonistic effect with xanthan, alginate, CMC and agar. Only Iota carrageenan in the range of 60:40 with kappa showed neutral effect. A blend of SRC with konjac / LBG can be made for good gel strength whereas konjac / GG for good viscosity. Therefore, SRC can be used in place of refined carrageenan in some food applications.

Use of Semi-Refined Carrageenan as a Water Binder in Deli Turkey Breast

Use of Semi-Refined Carrageenan as a Water Binder in Deli Turkey Breast

Drying characteristics and some properties of spouted bed dried semi-refined carrageenan

The study was focused on the evaluation of spouted bed drying as a method for achieving dried carrageenan gels suitable for grinding, in order to obtain a final product in the form of a powder. Cubes formed from semi-refined carrageenan gels K12, K73, and their blends with carrageenan 92S (iota) were dried in a spouted bed at three temperatures: 60, 100, and 150 °C. Functional properties of the dried product were assessed in terms of density (bulk, apparent, and true), water activity, color parameters, rheological properties, and solubility. The results revealed that the decrease in the moisture ratio with time during spouted bed drying of carrageenan gels can be described by the Page model, which was characterized by satisfactorily fitting parameters such as R2, RMSE, and Ve. On the other hand, the decrease in the spouted bed volume ratio versus moisture content had linear characteristics, and depended significantly only on the kind of material. The increase in hot air temperature from 60 to 150 °C decreased the drying time for all types of carrageenan gels by ca 50%, contributing to lower equilibrium moisture content and water activity, as well as a lighter color of the dried product, apart from K73 + iota. However, drying at 100 °C provided product with the best solubility and high gelling ability. The differences in the final values of the bulk and apparent densities of dried carrageenan samples were explained, taking into account the effect of temperature and the materials’ properties on the behavior of shrinkage.

EFFECT OF COMMERCIALLY MANUFACTURED KAPPA SEMI-REFINED CARRAGEENAN (SRC) WITH DIFFERENT PHOSPHATE SALTS ON YIELD, TEXTURAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF BEEF MEAT

The phosphate salts such as SDP, TSP, SHMP, DSP, TPPP, TKPP and STPP were blended with semi-refined kappa carrageenan (SRC) individually and their aqueous solution was injected into the fresh beef meat. The highest weight gain (24%) in fresh meat was obtained from injection of blend made with SRC and STPP as compared to other blends and control sample after forzen storage. Similarly, it also showed low cooking loss (24%) with good testural and sensory proerties as compared to other blends. It can be concluded from the presnt study that blend of SRC and STPP can be used in beef meat for yield and quality improvement.

English

Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii previously known as Eucheuma cottonii is one of the best sources of kappa carrageenan and is cultivated in Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and other countries including India. In the present study, semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) was prepared from K. alvarezii with different concentrations of KOH (6, 12, 18 and 24%) at 80 ± 2°C for 2 h; its sulfate contents were 13.73±0.74, 13.66±0.27, 13.84±0.66 and 14.76±0.18%, respectively, and it was 14.10±0.34% for untreated clean weed (control). The sulfate removal with increasing concentration of KOH used for processing SRC is not statistically significant (p < 0.05). The KCl gel strength of untreated clean weed and 6, 12, 18 and 24% KOH treated weed was 97±10.27, 650±12.11, 637±10.25, 552±18.71 and 526±26.55 g cm-2, respectively. Contents of 3,6-anhydrogalactose were 28.30±0.52, 33.41±0.50, 32.97±0.42, 31.15±0.60 and 31.61±0.17%. FTIR spectroscopy showed that molecules in all four SRC samples are quite similar. Spectral band was at 1257 cm-1 which referred to ester sulfate of 930 cm-1 for 3,6 anhydrogalactose and 848 cm-1 assigned to galactose-4-sulfate. From the present investigation, it was observed that sulfate removal and quality improvement with increasing concentration of KOH for cooking seaweed is not statistically significant; therefore, seaweed can be subjected to lower concentration of KOH treatment (6 to 12%) to produce semi-refined carrageenan on commercial scale. Key words: Seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, KOH treatment, semi-refined carrageenan (SRC), sulfate content, FTIR spectra, gel strength.

Spatial and temporal variation in carrageenan yield and gel strength of cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty in relation to environmental parameters in Palk Bay waters, Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India

Cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii Doty (Doty) was analyzed for its dryweed quality (moisture and clean anhydrous weed (CAW) contents), carrageenan (semi-refined carrageenan (SRC)) yield, and gel strength with respect to environmental parameters (seawater temperature, salinity, nitrate, and phosphate) for 1 year from April 2012 to March 2013 from three different localities, viz., Mangadu, Munaikadu, and Vedalai, located in Palk Bay, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, Southeast coast of India. Dryweed quality, viz., moisture content (35.00 ± 0.00 to 38.39 ± 0.19 %), clean anhydrous weed (39.26 ± 1.37 to 45.22 ± 0.57 %), and carrageenan (SRC) yield (33.30 ± 1.23 to 38.50 ± 0.20 to 0.30 %) with gel strength (379.05 ± 6.07 to 486.44 ± 5.57 g cm−2), was found to vary differently at all the sites during the study period. Two-way ANOVA showed that seawater temperature, salinity, and nitrate were significant spatially, while carrageenan (SRC) yield and gel strength were found to be significant (p = 0.05 level) both spatially and temporally. The carrageenan (SRC) obtained in this study met international specifications with respect to dryweed quality, carrageenan yield, and gel strength, suggesting its production indigenously for internal consumption as well as for export using the cultivated raw material and thus providing employment to the coastal rural people in India and earning foreign exchange.

Morphological Structure Characteristic and Quality of Semi Refined Carrageenan Processed by Different Drying Methods

Heat penetration during drying process of seaweed will rupture the seaweed cell wall. Different drying methods (drying with an oven, sun drying and solar tunnel drying) to produce Semi refined carrageenan (SRC) from Kappaphycus alvarezii have been studied. The aims of the study was to compare physicochemical characteristic of SRC on follow the morphological and functional group structure images and the quality of the product. The results indicated that different drying methods in the production of SRC made of Kappaphycus alvarezii did not give any difference to the morphological structure among the products. All samples showed an amorphous shape. The bands of the SRC product was at 2924,09 cm-1,1558 cm-1, 1072,42 cm-1 respectively which indicated that products contained aliphatic, carboxyl, and glycosidic linkage. Spectra at absorption band of 848,68 cm-1 is related to sulphation level of K. alvarezii which is kappa-carrageenan origin. The finest structure of SRC was resulted from solar tunnel drier which result in high gel strength and lowest sulphate content.

Effects of Extraction Process Conditions on Semi Refined Carrageenan Produced by using Spray Dryer

Effects of Extraction Process Conditions on Semi Refined Carrageenan Produced by using Spray Dryer

Seasonal variation in nutritional composition of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty-an edible seaweed.

Seasonal variation in the proximate and mineral composition of Kappaphycus alvarezii were investigated in the present study, moreover, the relationship between the nutritive components of this seaweed and the environment were also established. Carbohydrates represented the major portion of the algae (i.e. average total carbohydrate content was 23.01 ± 1.64g/100g DW), while the lipid content was the lowest among the constituents investigated (0.39 ± 0.04 to 0.91 ± 0.51g/100g DW). The protein content of K. alvarezii varied from 12.69 ± 0.6 to 23.61 ± 0.02g/100g DW, and the fiber content varied between 9.68 ± 0.08 to 18.57 ± 0.15g/100g DW. Highest total mineral content (29939.61 ± 9340.38mg/100g DW) was observed in April 2005, while least values were recorded in January 2006 i.e. (10997.62 ± 1120.26mg/100g DW). The Na/K ratio during the study ranged from 0.34 to 0.87. All the samples showed remarkable semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) yield ranging from 42.70 ± 1.07 to 63.73 ± 1.73% (average 53.90 ± 1.37%), and, the samples collected during December 2004 and January 2006 demonstrated maximum gel strengths i.e. 743 ± 15.28 and 783.33 ± 15.28g·cm(-2) respectively. Various environmental parameters influenced the chemical composition of K. alvarezii, and these parameters demonstrated seasonal fluctuations. Moreover, based on the nutritional composition obtained, it could be stated that this seaweed has great scope to be incorporated into several food products as an excellent nutritional supplement, or as a value additive in animal or pet food.