Semantic Peculiarities Research Articles

GENERATION Z’S LINGOS ON TIKTOK: ANALYSIS OF EMERGING LINGUISTIC STRUCTURES

The internet is an environment where users display the prowess in language and all forms of semiotic resources for different forms of communication. The current study examines Generation Z’s use of language in order to highlight the emerging forms of language structures on TikTok, as a result of the innate ability of humans to create new forms, mostly in verbal communication. The research questions are: What are the forms of construction of Generation Z’s lingo on TikTok? What semantic peculiarities are Generation Z’s lingo on TikTok characterized by? The premise of this study is that, Generation Z’s creative use of language on TikTok, shows the innate ability of humans to create new forms, and adapt to the affordances of new platforms in using language for communication. Crystal’s (2005) propositions concerning Internet Linguistics— the Stylistic perspective is applied in this study. Fifty Tik Tok videos were downloaded from the TikTok platform, some of the videos had the same lingos, in which case only one of such videos was chosen. Seventeen videos were used, each video was played; the part of the video that had the Generation Z’s word(s) was screen shot and used as the data for the analysis. In all, seventeen images were used. Findings show that the Generation Z’s lingo is replete with: acronyms used as full words in speech, combination of words and image in speech, the use of neologisms, esoteric words, and laconic structures. Some words and phrases have new meanings in addition to their previous meanings; all these show a new variety of the English language. The study recommends that language users should deploy the affordance of new internet platforms to freely express themselves, in doing so, naturally, new varieties will spring up and widen the lexicon of the English language.

Knowledge transfer, not just true beliefs: virtue epistemology as a philosophical basis for education

Introduction. Modern pedagogical practice is being reformed due to systemic changes in the ways of social interaction. Knowledge transfer is being significantly modified under the influence of technical innovations, although it remains traditionally one of the main tasks of the educational process. The development of artificial intelligence, neural networks and other analytical computer systems shows that propositional knowledge is not the privilege of the human mind. This state of affairs changes the idea of knowledge as such. In this regard, the participants of the educational process face the task of revising the philosophical basis of modern learning in terms of finding a new definition of knowledge. It is also necessary to develop new methodological recommendations that would correspond to modern epistemological theories of knowledge, belief and understanding. Materials and research methods. The article uses the methods of conceptual analysis and comparative study characteristic of philosophy. The research materials are sources on theory of knowledge, education and also on applied epistemology. Results. Virtue epistemology is one of the most actively developing theories of knowledge in contemporary philosophy and humanities. It is based on the idea that knowledge cannot be an accidental belief, but must be the merit of a cognitive agent. This approach solves many problems of the philosophical theory of knowledge and creates a subjectoriented view of the nature of the cognitive process. This attitude allows us to use virtue epistemology in debates about applied issues, including those related to the explanation of the tasks and content of education. Discussion. A feature of the analysis within virtue epistemology is attention to cognitive skills (reliabilism) and sustained intellectual dispositions (responsibilism) in their relationship to the process of formation of true beliefs. Virtue epistemology defines knowledge through the notion of merit in the manifestation of subjective qualities, so the student's motivation and the context of belief formation should be taken into account when developing specific methodological recommendations. Such an approach explains why standardized testing cannot serve as the sole and primary means of assessing learners. At the same time, the general semantic peculiarity of the notions of virtue allows us to appeal to examples of individuals as ideal types of certain qualities (this is called exemplarism). At the same time, it is necessary to explain why these traits are the excellences that make their bearer better in epistemic terms. Conclusion. In explaining the knowledge transfer, pedagogy can be based on the philosophical principles of virtue epistemology. Such integration enriches both disciplines: pedagogy gets a conceptual scheme adequate to the modern social and technological situation, and epistemology gets a practical application.

Структурно-семантические характеристики идиом в англоязычном спортивном дискурсе (на материале спортивных репортажей по регби)

The aim of the research is to determine the structural and semantic peculiarities of idioms in modern English online sports discourse. The work is novel in that it is the first to identify the types of idioms in rugby match reports and to classify the main sematic fields they refer to. The paper considers the semantic peculiarities of idiomatic expressions and their role in the implementation of the main functions of a match report, i.e., the information function and the influencing function. The analysis allows the researcher to examine the communicative-pragmatic goals of using set expressions in sports discourse, as well as to determine the main types of idioms according to A. V. Kunin’s classification. It is revealed that the idioms types are represented by nominative and nominative-communicative. As a result, it has been found that the idioms can be grouped into the following semantic fields: “Success”, “Difficulty”, “Struggle”, “Support”. The majority of the idioms belong to the semantic fields “Advantage”, “Achievement”, “Leadership”. The research findings have shown that idioms in match reports help the authors to convey a dynamic sports event in an expressive and emotional way and to fulfill the function of influencing the reader.

Semantic Analysis of the Group of Adjectives Denoting Spatial Orientation with Core Adjectives “big” and “чон” in the English and Kyrgyz Languages

This article studies the essence of the spatial adjectives in the English and Kyrgyz languages, investigate their semantic classifications on the examples taken from two languages. The paper does the literature review. Semantic peculiarities of spatial adjectives are analyzed. The relevance of the research is the studies of spatial adjectives describing in the English and Kyrgyz languages. The article uses lexica-semantic analysis of spatial adjectives.

Evolution of the Verb State Category in Germanic Languages: A Neuroscientific Perspective

Relevance of research. The article examines the process of verb formation in Germanic languages, as well as the peculiarities of the grammatical semantics of verbs at different historical stages of the development of Germanic languages. Using the comparative-historical method, the functioning of verbs in texts of Germanic languages ​​was investigated as an aspect of neurolinguistic science. Research results. The article proves that most modal verbs of Germanic languages ​​have undergone significant semantic transformations. The study of texts of different historical stages of language development shows that verbs evolved through semantic transformation. Time frames of the formation of secondary semantics were revealed. The theoretical and practical significance lies in the fact that this resarch allows a detailed study of the features of the emergence of the primary, as well as the secondary, subjective semantics of verbs in Germanic languages ​​from a neuroscientific point of view. It should be noted that the list of subjective values ​​still raises many questions and discussions. The German language has an extremely clear system of means of expressing modal values. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the neurolinguistic approach to the study of the evolution of Germanic verbs. The article aims to study the evolution of verbs in the German language in the context of neurolinguistics. To achieve the goal, the method of comparative analysis was used. This made it possible to consider the evolution of the verb through a comparative study of texts at the main stages of speech development. To solve these problems, texts reflecting the state of the language at each historical stage were studied.

LEXICAL DESYNONYMY IN B. VIAN’S NOVEL “FROTH ON THE DAYDREAM”

The article is dedicated to the studies of lexical desynonyms that are formed and transformed in the space of the operating time of the mental kineticism by means of cognitive polyoperations (psychomechanisms) during the first formal seizure by the thought of its movement in two stages: 1) phenomenological construction of the being and its structures and categories by the addresser as a result of which is formed the lexical primary structure having as basis “sublinguistic schemes”, typical models used to construct different simple and complex linguistic signs; 2) creation of simple secondary desynonymic linguistic signs from which the speaker chooses the co(n)textually (linguistically and/or situationally) pertinent structure. They are actualized in the form of ludic preferential options, according to the communicative intention to facilitate or to complicate the interpretation of the information to the receiver or to the author’s idiostyle, which are characterized by the asymmetry of semasiological and denotative meanings in the language and in the discourse at intrasign and intersigns levels. The goal of the article is to identify the processes of the formation and actualization of asymmetrical desynonymic signs, to identify the types of lexical desynonyms in B. Vian novel “Froth on the Daydream” and to justify their co(n)textual pertinence depending on the communicative intention and the idiostylistic features of the writer. In this research, we use the transformational method, which makes possible the identification of structural and semantic peculiarities of primary and secondary desynonymic constructions as asymmetrical signs in language and discourse, the method of systematization which helps to establish the typology of lexical desynonyms in the novel “Froth on the Daydream” by B. Vian and the linguo-stylistic and interpretative analyzes in order to reveal and characterize the idiostylistic features of the author and to justify the co(n)textual pertinence of the distinguished lexical desynonyms. In the process of analysis of the novel “Froth on the Daydream” by B. Vian, they revealed reduced, extended and quantitatively equacomponential desynonyms phonologically resembling or phonically identical to the primary structure, the derivative desynonyms, the preferential options with the surimpression and with a new semantic co(n)textual meaning in order to precise the author’s idea, to accentuate a qualifier of an object or a character, to transmit the supplementary information on аn exteriorized referent to the reader. All the distinguished types of lexical desynonyms perform the intra- and interphrasal stylistic‑expressive function reflecting the author’s individual vision of the objective reality. It is concluded that desynonymic lexical units represent biunambiguous emphatically accentuated linguo-discursive signs constructed and transformed in the space of the operating time of the causation of the linguo-discursive act which are not stabilized in use being substitutable in a particular co(n)text serving to enrich the intra- and interphrasal content by means of complementary co(n)textual semantic nuances facilitating or complicating the identification of desynonymized referents to the receiver.

Syntactic features of verbal phraseological units in english and karakalpak languages

The article deals with the syntactic characteristics of verbal phraseological units in English and Karakalpak languages. Significant structural semantic peculiarities in the formation of phraseological units are analysed with examples taken from literary texts.

Մխիթար Գոշի և Սմբատ Սպարապետի դատաստանագրքերում ամուսնաընտանեկան և ժառանգական քաղաքացիական հարաբերություններ կարգավորող օրենքների և կանոնների իրավական բառապաշարի ձևաիմաստային քննություն / Formal-Semantic Analysis of the Legal Lexicon of Laws and Rules Governing Matrimonial-Family and Hereditary-Civil Relations in the Judical Codes of Mkhitar Gosh and Smbat Sparapet

The aim of the article is to present the formal and semantic peculiarities of the legal lexicon of the laws and rules regulating marital-family and hereditary-civil relations in the judicial codes of two brilliant medieval jurists - Mkhitar Gosh and Smbat Sparapet, the knowledge of which ensures a clear and accurate presentation of legal speech in the modern Armenian language in terms of content and language. In order to achieve the goal, we have set the following tasks: to subject the judicial codes of medieval jurists to linguistic examination, to identify formal manifestations of the lexicon of the studied material, to present their development, to compare them with the professional lexicon of the corresponding codes, to identify archaisms, historical terms, as well as viable legal terms of the modern Armenian language.

COMPARATIVE COMMUNICATIVE AND SEMANTIC DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURAL SPEECHES OF EARLY 21ST CENTURY

The article develops the traditional rhetorical “issues” contained in inaugural speeches of American presidents as macrotopical entities which are applied to construct communicative semantic structures of those speeches consisting of macrotopics and respective topics in the realm of discourse linguistics. We propose a major rhetorical macrotopical cycle (MRMC) as a basic structure of those speeches. Most general repeated topics (macrotopics) in the Inaugural Speeches are Domestic Issues, International Issues, American Traditions and Other (Reference to the Audience, Reference to God, Application to Himself). Research of communicative semantic peculiarities of the use of such macrotopics in the Inaugural Speeches of the US Presidents of the beginning of the 21st century and their comparison constitute the subject matter of this article. Analyzing MRMCs within each of the Inaugural Speeches produces communicative semantic discourse description of them and gives the possibility to compare them. A tendency to use certain macrotopics in repeated orders in the speeches is found out. To a certain extent in all Inaugural Speeches of the US presidents we singled out the phenomenon which can be called major rhetorical macrotopical cycle which most frequently consists of the following macrotopics: Reference to the Audience – American Traditions – Domestic / International Issues and Reference to God. Communicative semantic structures of those speeches differ between themselves in the of such cycles, forms and subtypes of MRMCs. The peculiarities of the use of MRMCs by American presidents of the beginning of the 21st century are analysed and compared.

Dimensions of constructional meanings in the German Constructicon: Why collo-profiles matter

Abstract A constructicon, i.e., a structured inventory of constructions, essentially aims at documenting functions of lexical and grammatical constructions. Among other parameters, so-called constructional collo-profiles, as introduced by Herbst (2018, 2020), are conclusive for determining constructional meanings. They provide information on how relevant individual words are for construction slots, they hint at usage preferences of constructions and serve as a helpful indicator for semantic peculiarities of constructions. However, even though collo-profiles constitute an indispensable component of constructicon entries, they pose major challengers for constructicographers: For a constructicographic enterprise it is not feasible to conduct collostructional analyses for hundreds or even thousands of constructions. In this article, we introduce a procedure based on the large language model BERT that allows to predict collo-profiles without having to extensively annotate instances of constructions in a given corpus. Specifically, by discussing the constructions X macht Y ADJP (‘x makes Y ADJ’, e.g. he drives him crazy) and N1 PREP N1 (e.g., bumper to bumper, constructions over constructions), we show how the developed automated system generates collo-profiles based on a limited number of annotated instances. Finally, we place collo-profiles alongside other dimensions of constructional meanings included in the German Constructicon.

System of future tense forms In the Dargin Languages

The article is devoted to the study of the future tense forms in the Dargin languages which belong to the Nakh-Dagestan language group. The relevance of the issue is that the languages of the small nations of Dagestan are rapidly disappearing for recent decades, while the younger generation mainly uses the Russian language for communication. Meanwhile, it is known that the morphological system of the East Caucasian languages is quite rich and consists of numerous paradigms of inflectional categories. Particularly, there is an extensive system of aspectual, tense and modal forms in the Dargin languages. The main purpose of the article is to study the semantic peculiarities of four verb forms that express - futurum, progressive, possibilitative and obligatory meanings of the future tense. The objectives of the work is to study the ways of their formation and also reveal the differences in the functioning of future tense forms in the Northern Dargin and the Southern Dargin languages. To solve these problems, the methods of field linguistics, as well as the method of descriptive analysis are used. In description of the forms of the future tense, the main meaning, methods of formation, examples are given, and the designations of these forms in the works of predecessors are also given. As a result of the study, all forms of the future tense functioning in the Dargin languages are described, the peculiarities of their formation are considered, semantic differences and the terms for their functioning are revealed. Some ways of development of futurum in the Dargin languages are also identified. A hypothesis is put forward according to which this form existed in the proto-Dargin state, but then disappeared in the Northern Dargin languages. Habitualis started to function as the future tense in them.

EXPONENT *BOGO-/*-BOGЪ IN THE PROTO-SLAVONIC COMPOSITES

The paper aims to the historical-linguistic study of Proto-Slavonic anthroponyms-composites paradigm with the stem *bog-. The topicality of this paper is determined by a declining interest in research of Old Slavonic lexical heritage in Slavonic historical and modern onomastics. The purpose of investigation is the description of the structural and semantic peculiarities of anthroponymic composites with Proto-Slavonic component *bog-. The object of the research is a sum of nomina personalia, taken from accessible Slavonic written sources (mainly collections of Slavonic personal names, to a lesser extent — monuments of different times), which are formed by the way of compounding. Etymological, morphological and lexical-semantic features of Slavonic proper names as well as reconstructed Proto-Slavonic prototypes constitute the subject of the study. As the result of proposed research, the fragments of the paradigm of Proto-Slavonic composites with exponent *bogo-/*-bogъ are reconstructed; etymological ambiguity of some dithematic proper names is commented; morphological and semantical (ideological) peculiarities of archaic Slavonic anthroponyms-composites are highlighted. Conclusions. Proto-Slavonic binominal nomina propria with the component *bogo-/*-bogъ are attested as prepositive determinatives as well as a postpositive defined word. Preliminary results of the group reconstruction of the units, containing the viewed linguistical object, indicate the high degree of the stem *bog- productivity. Particularly Proto-Slavonic vocabulary included at a minimum 69 prototypes with viewed etymon. The significant number of the paradigm with the exponent *bog- impels us to make the conclusion about significant role of *bog-names as words-ideas in the Ancient Slavonic poetic text as whole. Their religious-ideological, ritual, legal load allows to assume their original belonging to the lexicon of a language of ritualized actions closely related to the traditions of name-giving. Exactly within the compound-words the tracks of the long-standing use of *bog- with the legal terminological meaning «a share (in common good)» are traced. Examples of Slavonic poetic speech manifest syntactic counterparts for two-stem personal names; on the basis of these syntactic constructions corresponding anthroponyms perhaps arose. The perspectives for further research are to attract to the analysis the system of structurally identical, and etymologically related, and typologically close anthroponyms from the onomastic vocabulary of Iranian languages and the comparative analysis of their cultural semantics.

PECULIARITIES OF SEMANTICS AND GRAMMATICAL ORGANIZATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH THE NEBO COMPONENT

The article examines the peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units (further – PUs) with the nebo component. It is noted that both phraseological macro- and microsystems in Ukrainian linguistics began to be intensively studied only in the late XX-early XXI centuries. The purpose of the proposed intelligence is to investigate the place of the PU microsystem with the nebo component in the Ukrainian phraseology, to describe the semantics features, its grammatical organization representing this microsystem. The reference base was thesaurus and phraseological dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, internet sites, as well as the author’s own phraseological catalogue where 28 Pus are subject to analysis, the theoretical and methodological basis of research is the works of Ukrainian linguists, in which individual phraseological micro- and macro-systems are studied. The analysis of the PUs with nebo component gave grounds to summarize: 1. The microsystem of the PUs with the nebo component is relatively small, but rather diverse in its semantic features and grammatical organization; 2. for such PUs, as well as for the whole Ukrainian language in general, the phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and antonymy are characteristic phenomena; 3. the nebo component in such PUs is used in all case forms, with the exception of the vocative case. Most of the PUs of this microsystem is formed with the nebo component in the accusative singular case without a preposition (rarely): nebo prykhylyty with prepositions z: skynuty z neba na zemliu, padaty z neba, yak hrim z yasnoho neba, etc. (only 12 PUs); the least examples – in the dative singular and genitive plural: as hot as the heavens, to raise to the heavens (only 1 PU); 4. almost all syntactic structures in the microsystem of the PUs with the component nebo are presented here as well as for the whole Ukrainian phraseology in general: a) PUs related to the subordinate phrase: lizty do neba, distavaty zori z neba, etc.; b) PUs related to the word combinations: yak nebo vid zemli vyrosty, yak zirok na nebi, etc.; c) PUs as comparatives: khai kaminnia z neba padaie, etc., and two fold: dusha vidlitaie v nebo, as well as the subjunctive part of a compound sentence: de zemlia skhodytsia z nebom, etc.; 5. PUs with the component sky can appear in a sentence as a predicate (simple verb, compound noun, compound verb), circumstance; 6. semantic features and grammatical peculiarities of such PUs should be a subject to run a separate investigation in comparative aspect.

PECULIARITIES OF THE REPRODUCTION OF IDIOMS IN MULTIPLE UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS

The purpose of scientific research is to investigate the appropriateness of using translation transformations for the adequate reproduction of idioms in multiple Ukrainian translations of the same literary work in order to compare and identify isomorphic and allomorphic features in the compared Ukrainian translations by M. Rudnytsky, D. Radienko and O. Andriyash. Since idioms present certain difficulties in reproducing their structure, semantics and functioning in a literary discourse, a number of Ukrainian translators used adequate translation techniques differently in order to preserve the original style of the novel under analysis. Despite numerous differences in Ukrainian translations, each of the translators tried to convey the peculiarities of the use of idioms for giving a Ukrainian reader a vivid description of literary characters, their actions, feelings, depicting events and phenomena by means of selecting accurate idiomatic expressions. The methodological basis of the study were methods of analysis and comparison which allowed us to select and find similarities and differences in depicting the author’s individual style, to compare systems of social stereotypes of that era and its reproduction in multiple Ukrainian translations. The novel ‘Wuthering Heights’ by the British writer Emily Brontë was chosen for analysis not by chance, because its translation was done by translators at different times from the moment of writing the original, so one of the research methods was to compare the selected translation strategies, techniques and methods used for revealing the meanings of idioms to a Ukrainian reader. The analysis show that Ukrainian translators in the process of translating idioms often resorted to the following basic translation strategies: paraphrasing, choosing the adequate Ukrainian analogues with similar meanings and forms, literal translation, the complete omission of idioms in the translation or revealing the idiomatic meanings in other ways. The analysis of the idioms selected from Emily Bronte's novel ‘Wuthering Heights’ showed that choosing an adequate translation strategy required the considerable knowledge of idioms, their structural and semantic peculiarities, linguistic erudition and translation skills. The study of idioms with a color component can serve as a prospect for further research.

DEUTSCHE WIRTSCHAFTSTERMINOLOGIE: STRUKTUR-SEMANTISCHE BESONDERHEITEN

In the modern world, with the deepening of the internationalization of the economy and the growing interaction between different countries, there is a need for effective use of language tools to ensure quality and accurate translation of economic terminology. German language is particularly important in this regard, as it is one of the key languages of the European Union and has great significance in the field of economics. This article discusses the structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases; it also characterizes word formation tools and their role in defining the meanings of economic vocabulary and facilitating its translation into the Ukrainian language. The structural and semantic peculiarities of German economic terms and terminological phrases are quite complex and require careful study. German economic terminology is provided with various terms used in the fields of banking, accounting, finance, insurance, taxation, and other areas of the economy. The peculiarity of German economic terminology lies in its structural and semantic characteristics, which include both lexical and morphological peculiarities. Terminological phrases have a stable character in terms of their semantic specification. One of the ways to determine the meaning of an economic term is to use knowledge of methods and means of word formation. The peculiarity of the German language lies in its large number of word formation tools, such as suffixes, prefixes, infixes, suffixal abbreviations, and others. The use of these tools allows for the creation of new terms and terminological phrases that reflect new realities in the economy. This article is useful for those interested in linguistics, especially in the field of economic vocabulary. It can also be helpful for translators and those involved in translating texts from German to Ukrainian.

Peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units with the "zemlia" component

The article examines the peculiarities of semantics and grammatical organization of phraseological units (further ‒ PUs) with the zemlia component. It is noted that both phraseological macro- and microsystems in Ukrainian linguistics began to be intensively studied only in the late 20th – early 21st c.
 The purpose of the proposed intelligence is to investigate the place of the PU microsystem with the zemlia component in the Ukrainian phraseology, to describe the semantics features, its grammatical organization representing this microsystem.
 The reference base was thesaurus and phraseological dictionaries of the Ukrainian language, internet sites, as well as the author’s own phraseological catalogue where 55 PUs are subject to analysis, the theoretical and methodological basis of research is the works of Ukrainian linguists, in which individual phraseological micro- and macro-systems are studied.
 The analysis of the PUs with zemlia component gave grounds to summarize: 1. the microsystem of the PUs with the zemlia component is relatively small, but rather diverse in its semantic features and grammatical organization; 2. for such PUs, as well as for the whole Ukrainian language in general, the phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and antonymy are characteristic phenomena; 3. the zemlia component in such PUs is used in all case forms, with the exception of the vocative case. Most of the PUs of this microsystem is formed with the zemlia component in the accusative singular case without a preposition (rarely): rvaty zemliu (tear up the earth) with prepositions v(u) (in(into)), ob (about), kriz’ (through): vrostaty v zemliu (grow into the ground (root itself)), lykhom ob zemliu (head the ground), yak kriz’ zemliu provalytysya (vanish into thin air), etc. (only 25 PUs); the least examples – in the genitive case of the plural: za trydev’yat’ zemel’ (go a long way (=go far, far away) (only 1 PU); 4. almost all syntactic structures in the microsystem of the PUs with the component ground are presented here as well as for the whole Ukrainian phraseology in general: a) PUs related to the subordinate phrase: toptaty zemliu (trample on the ground), z lytsya zemli (from the face of the earth), etc. b) PUs related to the word combinations: do zemli (to the earth), yak z-pid zemli (as from under the earth), etc.; c) PUs as comparatives: yak iz zemli vyrostatu (how to grow out of the ground), yak u zemliu vkopanyi (how to dig into the ground); d) PUs as a simple sentence (one-part and two-part): khoch zemliu yizh (even if you eat the Earth); azh zemlia stohne (the Earth groans), etc.; 5. PUs can also act in a sentence as a subject, predicate (simple, compound noun, compound verb), subordinate clause; 6. semantic features and grammatical peculiarities of such PUs should be a subject to run a separate investigation in comparative aspect.

UNIFICATION OF TRANSLATION OF CHINESE TOPONYMS INTO RUSSIAN IN VIEW OF THEIR STRUCTURAL PECULIARITIES

Translation of toponyms from Chinese into Russian is to be standardized and unifi ed. Scientific methods of description, comparison, and generalization identified the structural and semantic peculiarities of Chinese toponyms. These characteristics have become the basis for an inductively developed method of unifi cation of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian. Th is method eliminates existing communicative errors, standardizes the translation of Chinese toponyms, creates a unifi ed structured system of the translation of Chinese toponyms into Russian, distinguishes interdependent toponyms, emphasizes the features of the internal structure of Chinese toponyms, and unifi es the rules of toponyms translation with the rules of other types of proper names in the Russian — Chinese language pair.

SEMANTIC PECULIARITIES IN THE LEGAL DISCOURSE: A TRANSLATION-ORIENTED APPROACH

In addition to a wide range of specialized terms and expressions, legal texts are also characterized by the presence of a large number of words which belong to the common vocabulary, but which are assigned either special or vague meanings in this type of discourse. The paper discusses some semantic peculiarities presented by texts belonging to the category of the EU legislation, pointing to the problems that the Romanian translator of such texts might encounter

OLD ARMENIAN DENOMINATIONS OF RITUAL CLOTHING AS A SOURCE OF ENRICHMENT OF MODERN ARMENIAN VOCABULARY

The aim of the present article is the examination of Armenian ritual terms, in particular, the words characterising church clothing. To this aim, we have considered it necessary to distinguish between the names of church clothes, to indicate the sources of the origin of the root words, to provide original examples for the considered words in order to reveal their semantic peculiarities. Various studies devoted to religious and other term-systems, well-known explanatory and professional dictionaries and various literary and bibliographic sources have served as material for this research. We have found it expedient to interpret each word expressing ritual clothing from the semantic point of view, which has become the basis for, on the one hand, the division of these church terms, and on the other hand, for evaluating them as such, from both synchronic and diachronic points of view, thereby, valuing the most important role of Grabar in the Modern Eastern Armenian language in terms of vocabulary enrichment as well as term system formation and replenishment. The terminology system of any field is not separate from the general vocabulary, but is a subsystem of it, a set of specific terms. Of course, the religious and ecclesiastical word layer of the Armenian vocabulary is mainly traditional, many words and terms belonging to that layer are from the pre-written period, dating back to the fifth century, however, in the course of historical development, various semantic changes have taken place here as well. The ritual terms presented by us - the names of the outfit - are part of the terminological system of Armenian, therefore, they have significance for Armenian terminology, and the study of the mentioned field also has a certain scientific value

LEXICAL UNITS OF THE SEMANTIC FIELD “MURDER”

The article discusses the structural linguistics and its crucial methods which are implemented in scientific research. The field theory is considered as one of the effective methods to analyze the structural and semantic peculiarities of the language. The structure of the microfield of "murder" in the English language and the semantic features of its constituents are scrutinized in this article. Also, the synonymic, antonymic, hyper-hyponymic and graduonymic relations of the lexical units connected to this field within the field were analyzed based on the views of the field theory. In particular, the article reflects the results of research on the methodical use of lexical units included in the microfield of "murder". The author deeply analyzed the general and specific semantic features of these components.