Semantic Compression Research Articles

Атрибутивные дефисные композиты в электоральном речетворчестве американских СМИ: соотношение объективной и прагматической причинности

The article discusses a two-level causal analysis of the attributive composite formation in the US electoral speech creativity. The research material included attributive hyphenated composites from American mass media sources that covered the US election campaigns of 2016 and 2020. The research methodology integrates the approaches of the functional word formation and morphopragmatics, which focus on the problems of wordproduction in real communication, in live speech, in context, and in discourse. It was proved that the occurrence of attributive hyphenated composites in the electoral discourse of American media could be the result of both objective and pragmatic factors. Objective causality lies in the diachronic typological constants of the English language, the ontological conditionality of the nomination by the hyphen complex, and in the features of modern communication. The reasons for the “contraction” of the polylexemic construction into a functional and structural-semantic whole should be sought in the spiral (bidirectional) model of analytic development of the English language, which was associated with semantic compression, “contraction” and inter-level rearrangement at each new turn. The continuous formation of hyphenated composites is the result of a typologically relevant dialectical interaction between analytic discreteness and a new analogical synthesis. Objective factors include, as well the properties of modern verbal communication with its tendency to spatial-temporal compression, the tendency to thicken and condense information. Pragmatic factors are realized on the basis of objective ones and are expressed in the pragmatically-appropriate compression techniques. Different types of compressive linguistic experimentation are in demand, including “continuum” units that border between different language levels. Attributive hyphenated composites represent the transition “lexeme - syntactic construction” in the structural aspect, and “lexeme - text” in the content aspect, being the content “staplers” of the entire US electoral macrodiscourse. An attributive hyphenated composite with a “language creativity charge” is a technique for realizing the persuasive potential of electoral discourse. The conciseness of hyphenated composites and their ability to convey many pragmatic meanings in a “condensed” form is considered as a manifestation of linguistic creative activity and increasing information capacity.

Модусно-ответная функция частиц в текстовом диалоге

The article establishes the parameters of actualizing the information given in a text by particles in the Russian language, the communicative and pragmatic properties of particles in a text dialogue are detailed, the problem of functioning of particles in the communicative process is analyzed, the text-speech and logical-linguistic characteristics of inarticulate sentences formed by particles in Russian are correlated. The question of the specifics of the textual functioning of particles as modal-response qualifiers is analyzed. An attempt is made to identify the features of the influence of particles on the semantic field of speech dialogue, the communicative processes of semantic compression and structural simplification, reflected by particles in a modal-response inarticulate sentence, are investigated. The functional and communicative properties of particles in the process of expressing the speaker’s point of view and communicating this point of view to the addressee in a text dialogue are determined. It is proved that some Russian particles have a communicatively conditioned status of structurizers and response speech signs functioning in the qualifying zone of speech dialogue when actualizing the reduced type of judgments.

Means of Semantic Compression in Modern English Scientific Discourse (Based on Abstracts to the Articles From International Scientific Citation Databases)

The article explores the phenomenon of semantic compression in small format metatexts within the contemporary English scientific discourse. Abstracts to scientific articles from international citation databases, in particular those of Scopus and Web of Science, are analysed with the aim of eliciting ways of semantic compression. The latter is viewed as a key parameter of a scientific abstract, whose semantic quality is the main factor responsible for further integration of the research results into the global knowledge pool. It is presumed that an abstract, being a secondary small-format text, represents an exact semantic copy of the original scientific article, hence compression is viewed as a mechanism of redistributing the functional load of the eliminated units of the original by means of increasing the informative potential of the remaining elements within the secondary small-format text. In the process of pragma-semantic and discourse analysis, a specific complex of semantic compression methods is revealed on every level of scientific abstract organization; in particular, compression means are elicited on the structural and semantic textual levels, as well as on the morphological, lexical, syntactic and graphical ones. The revealed patterns, on the one hand, expand our understanding of compression mechanisms typical of small-format texts in general; on the other hand, the practical data obtained as a result of the analysis can be used by a wide range of researchers while writing abstracts in English for publications in high-ranking international scientific journals.

Using the Semantic Information G Measure to Explain and Extend Rate-Distortion Functions and Maximum Entropy Distributions.

In the rate-distortion function and the Maximum Entropy (ME) method, Minimum Mutual Information (MMI) distributions and ME distributions are expressed by Bayes-like formulas, including Negative Exponential Functions (NEFs) and partition functions. Why do these non-probability functions exist in Bayes-like formulas? On the other hand, the rate-distortion function has three disadvantages: (1) the distortion function is subjectively defined; (2) the definition of the distortion function between instances and labels is often difficult; (3) it cannot be used for data compression according to the labels’ semantic meanings. The author has proposed using the semantic information G measure with both statistical probability and logical probability before. We can now explain NEFs as truth functions, partition functions as logical probabilities, Bayes-like formulas as semantic Bayes’ formulas, MMI as Semantic Mutual Information (SMI), and ME as extreme ME minus SMI. In overcoming the above disadvantages, this paper sets up the relationship between truth functions and distortion functions, obtains truth functions from samples by machine learning, and constructs constraint conditions with truth functions to extend rate-distortion functions. Two examples are used to help readers understand the MMI iteration and to support the theoretical results. Using truth functions and the semantic information G measure, we can combine machine learning and data compression, including semantic compression. We need further studies to explore general data compression and recovery, according to the semantic meaning.

THE SHORT STORY CYCLE IN CONTEMPORARY BRITISH LITERATURE (BASED ON THE SHORT STORIES BY J. MCGREGOR)

The article is devoted to the poetics of the short story cycle - a genre of short narrative fiction, where classical traditions and experimental narrative techniques are used to explicate topical issues of contemporary British literature. Beside the fact that the stories are relatively short, they are characterized by semantic compression, gaps in meaning, “internal” psychological plot, intensity, expressive imagery, lyricism, implications. The consistency of the short story cycle is created by thematic complementarity, coherence of style and composition. The short story cycle by J. McGregor ‘That Isn’t the Sort of Thing that Happens to Someone like You’ is devoted to everyday life of English Fenland inhabitants and can be attributed to the ‘narrative of community’ genre, traditional for British literature. McGregor’s short story cycle embodies almost all modern tendencies of the genre: a wide palette of themes within the framework of topical issues; vivid psychological portraits and images; variety of narrative types and forms; suggestiveness, implications, specific usage of pronouns, stylistic devices of contrast and repetition.

Modern Methods of Extracting Key Information From Regulatory Documents

This article is an attempt to comprehend the difficulties and propose approaches to eliminate them when analyzing legal documents in the framework of economic and interdisciplinary research. The utmost goal is to seek incorporating advances in computational linguistics and natural language analysis into the discourse of the digital economy in order to develop methods involved in decision-making and strategy development based on the analysis of textual information. In conditions when the amount of information is too large, is constantly updated and / or the area of study is new, the most expedient at the first stage is to obtain the general structure of the entire collection of documents, some kind of semantic compression of information. The practical part contains the development of an approach for the analysis of regulations governing food and nutrition issues, in particular, related to the prevention of the development of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). The approach includes the extraction of key information of voluminous texts (keywords and key sentences) based on the TextRank graph algorithm. An important link contributing to cognition is also the visualization of semantic relationships between words within documents. In our opinion, it is the combination of semantic compression and visualization of information as a “close-up” of text documents, as well as the possibility of further detailing by linear reading and analysis, which are the most relevant approach in conditions of information overload and attention deficit. The active introduction of text analytics methods for systems that are not involved in attention markets, which lag significantly behind in the convenience of extracting meaningful information, is especially important. Approaches to improve the understanding of large volumes of regulations will be of significant value to researchers in economic, legal or multidisciplinary research.

Techniques of Translating Indonesian Legal Texts into English

Translation techniques are skills, practical arts or procedures used by translators in their translation activities. Translation techniques are applied to assist translators to select the most precise and accurate equivalents in Target Language (TL). This study was carried out to find the techniques used by legal translators in translating legal text. The data for this study were taken from Law No. 25 of 2007 and four notary deeds and two non-notary deeds. The data were qualitatively analyzed based on the theory of translation procedures by Newmark (1988). The result of this study showed that fifteen translation techniques were used by legal translators. Literal translation occupies the top position, followed by calque, pragmatic amplification, established equivalence, translation shift, reversed naturalization, generalization, pragmatic reduction, modulation, compensation, semantic compression, cultural adaptation, borrowing, semantic amplification and description. The result of this study denied Alcaraz and Hughes’ argument that literal translation is not recommended in the translation.

Подводка к медиатексту СМИ в социальной сети: семантические трансформации новостной пропозиции

The paper aims to reveal semantic transformations of news propositions in introductions to news media texts posted in social networks. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the author for the first time identifies and describes types of semantic transformations of propositions in introductions to news media texts posted in social networks. The conducted analysis allows identifying the following semantic changes: semantic compression; introduction of additional elements; semantic increment due to introducing implicit semantics; replacement of certain components of a proposition by generalized descriptors; full replacement of semantic components and combined techniques.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ АКТУАЛІЗАЦІЇ СЕМАНТИЧНОЇ КОМПРЕСІЇ У ПОПУЛЯРНИХ АНГЛОМОВНИХ ТОК ШОУ

The article deals with the analysis of semantic compression application in popular English talk shows. The purpose of this paper is to define language compression, to outline the expediency of its use in English media discourse, to name ways of compression implementation in popular talk shows and to consider the level of influence of principle of linguistic efforts economy on achieving communicative goals between interlocutors. Basic information on the concept of linguistic compression and features of its use at different language levels, in particular phonetic, morphological, lexical, semantic and syntactic is presented. Linguistic compression is used in oral and written discourse, in formal and informal texts. The text gives valuable information on the structure and characteristics of media discourse, its grammatical, lexical and phonetic features. The article focuses on a detailed analysis of the main linguistic means that serve to reduce the symbolic structure of language, which leads to the brevity of expression, contains the data on key properties of linguistic compression that help make the text more concise. Special attention is paid to the phonetic methods of linguistic compression in English talk shows: it is manifested through such means as reduction, assimilation, loss, fusion and other processes. Among the syntactic means of compression, such methods used for linguistic efforts economy as contamination, segmentation and parceling, ellipse, univerbation, abbreviation, composite words, inclusion and use of foreign words or components are analyzed. The article points out the importance of adequate transfer of information with preservation of expressive nuances and observance of stylistic language norms. The article is of interest for further researches on the topic of linguistic efforts economy in oral and written speech styles, can be used in researches in linguistics, lexicology, phonetics.

Method for building a model of the functioning of the on-board equipment of spacecrafts based on a classification scheme of interactions of subsystems

In this paper, a promising approach to solving the problem of adaptive-distributed control of the technical condition of onboard equipment of spacecraft based on the classification scheme of the mutual influence of subsystems is determined. Purpose is to improve the efficiency of autonomous monitoring of the technical condition of spacecraft on-board equipment. The proposed method for constructing a model of the functioning of onboard equipment of spacecraft made it possible to obtain a classification scheme for the mutual influence of subsystems of onboard equipment, the use of which as a vehicle control model provides semantic compression of telemetric information. The idea of creating a special software for advanced on-board control systems with the function of adaptive-distributed control of technical condition is proposed. The possibility of using the methodology is not excluded when constructing a model of the operation process of on-board equipment for objects of various purposes, including as an element of an artificial intelligence system when solving the problem of monitoring a technical condition.

Optimal forgetting: Semantic compression of episodic memories.

It has extensively been documented that human memory exhibits a wide range of systematic distortions, which have been associated with resource constraints. Resource constraints on memory can be formalised in the normative framework of lossy compression, however traditional lossy compression algorithms result in qualitatively different distortions to those found in experiments with humans. We argue that the form of distortions is characteristic of relying on a generative model adapted to the environment for compression. We show that this semantic compression framework can provide a unifying explanation of a wide variety of memory phenomena. We harness recent advances in learning deep generative models, that yield powerful tools to approximate generative models of complex data. We use three datasets, chess games, natural text, and hand-drawn sketches, to demonstrate the effects of semantic compression on memory performance. Our model accounts for memory distortions related to domain expertise, gist-based distortions, contextual effects, and delayed recall.

A Study on the E-C Consecutive Interpreting in Ocean Security Conference Guided by Compression Theory

This conference interpretation is the interpretation of the discussion on the phenomena taking place in the South China Sea. In this paper, the author uses an authentic corpus from transcripts of a conference on ocean security. There are five levels of compression on conference interpreting. They are syllabic compression, lexical compression, syntactic compression, semantic compression and situational compression. In this paper, in syllabic compression, the author aims to compress the syllables of words and phrases. In lexical compression, the author compresses unnecessary expressions of words and phrases. In syntactic compression, the author compresses sentences and phrases syntactically to make the text structure more concise. In semantic compression, the author compresses repeated expressions. In situational compression, the author compresses unnecessary expressions in the speech.

The problem of teaching modern students to summarize a foreign text

The paper sums up the results of empirical research in teaching foreign text summarizing to Russian university students and introduces an updated approach to teaching summarizing. Summarizing is interpreted as an intellectual process involving semantic compression of the original text and converting it into a concise summary. In this context a summary is viewed as a control measuring tool for assessing foreign language reading and speaking skills. The paper is focused on shaping skills of reproductiveproductive transforming information retrieved from a printed text. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the means of language teaching and the ways of developing universal cognitive-communicative competencies and a set of useful transferable skills. The paper introduces techniques to motivate screenagers to examine a printed foreign text and to hurdle the shortcomings of clip thinking and short attention span through teaching summarizing. The main stages of the summarizing process are analyzed. Detailed guidelines are provided for developing cognitive skills for profound text comprehension, and such means of semantic compression as generalization, paraphrasing, mind mapping, and producing a summary.

CONCEPT «DOG» IN CONTEMPORARY LINGUOCULTURE

The purpose of the article is to analyze and describe new metaphorical models that have become part of the concept DOG in 2020. To achieve this goal, we have used descriptive method and conceptual analysis method. The object of consideration is fragments of texts of journalistic style, Internet resources, etc., which have become a response to socio-political events, where the concept that interests us is somehow affected. The subject under consideration is new metaphorical models of the concept DOG and their lingual embodiment. The result of the study of this problem is to prove that the content of the concept DOG in modern Ukrainian and Russian languages has expanded due to the emergence of new metaphorical models DOG — MONEY and DOG — FREEDOM. The article lists metaphorical models of the concept DOG that can be considered permanent. But the Ukrainian and Russian languages in Ukraine responded equally to two events: 1) a speech on the TV show of People’s Deputy E. Bragar, where he noted that an elite dog can be used as payment for gas; 2) permission to leave the home during the quarantine for the purpose of walking pets, especially dogs. Therefore, we can talk about these new metaphorical models. Findings. The models discussed in the article are mainly traced to the online genres, which include picture, internet meme and ordinary joke. The prototypes that influenced the metaphorical enrichment of the concept DOG are regarded as artistic texts, sayings, cartoons, paintings. During the development of this concept a comic effect is created due to the occasional word-formation, parodying of famous works, persons, semantic compression and certain allogism. The practical value of the article materials can be found during the teaching of the student’s choice, in particular, in the field of sociolinguistics.

PRECEDENT BIBLICAL UNITS IN LINA KOSTENKO'S POETRY: PRAGMATIC-COMMUNICATIVE ASPECT

The article is devoted to the study of biblical words and phrases viewed as precedent units. The research is based on poetry by Lina Kostenko. Different types of biblical words and phrases which are used in literary works are described. It was found out that such units can reflect expression and emotions, express information which is important for the author in a poetic text, appeal to the cultural memory of the addressee, become bonds of semantic-compositional structure of the literary work. Biblical units as elements of poetic works are connected with the overlapping of senses of two texts – the precedent text and the author's one. The former refers to ancient events, and words from the Bible perform a nominative function. The latter reveals connotative meanings and some new senses. Precedent biblical units become a way of organizing a lyrical narrative. Partially, in the result of semantic compression biblical words and phrases become the initial units of a lyrical work, on which the rethinking of Gospel situation is based. Through them, the author builds new senses relevant to a modern reader. The use of biblical words and phrases enhances the perlocutionary effect aimed at changing the addressee’s views and values. In such a way, new meanings which are important for the author's conceptosphere are actualized, and the causes of precedent events are understood. Having generalized the specificity of the use of precedent biblical units in the communicative space of Lina Kostenko's works, we can single out a number of functions performed by them in the author's poetry, namely: - stylistic function of using biblical units as expressive means, allusions; - compositional function of using biblical words and phrases as bonds of semanticcompositional structure of the work; - compositional function of using biblical nominations in order to express the lyrical hero’s feelings related to the eternal plot; - pragmatic function of contrasting lyrical and biblical plots, accompanied by the interpretation of the latter in accordance with the author's intention to encourage the addressee to think critically about the gospel plot. The intensity of informational influence connected with the use of biblical words and phrases in the poetic works by L. Kostenko forms a pragmatic effect of encouraging the reader to think, debate and form certain beliefs or assessments.

Karen Bixen reads the Olaf Tryggvason saga: Reseption of the saga and narrative strategies in “The Bear and the Kiss”

The article analyses the reception of the Norse sagas in Karen Blixen’s short story “The Bear and the Kiss” written in 1958 with the main focus on the “saga of Olaf Tryggvason”. Drawing on Wolfgang Iser’s reception theory, the article explores the hierarchy of the pre-texts that are traceable in the text of the considered story and suggests a system of markers that are meant to include interaction with the precedent texts. The typology of markers includes the characters’ names, metaphorical use of mythological or historical personas, the identified cited texts or stories, identical attributes (in this particular text — a glove thrown into a person’s face), the characters’ appearance, and similarity or contrast with the storyline of the other unidentified text. The analysis shows that there are two possible effects of the use of references: semantic compression and, conversely, symbolist and Neoplatonic circling around the event, which creates a semantic gap. The reader can either find himself aware of a riddle yet being unable to understand how the events or reactions fit into the plot or assume the role of an investigator creating his own interpretation of the storyline. The examined strategy of circling around the truth in order to indicate an idea or a fact by using metaphors, comparisons, and allusions in combination with Walter Benjamin’s and Edward Forster’s philosophy of oral storytelling allows Blixen’s short stories to fit neatly into the context of European modernism.

A study of English-Chinese Simultaneous Interpreting in Conference on Women Rights Under Chernov’s Compression Theory

Simultaneous interpreting (SI) means the conveying of information of speakers by interpreters fluently and simultaneously with no long pauses. According to Gile’s theory (1995), interpreters have to possess three abilities, including listening and analysis, production and memory. Given the extreme situation of SI, interpreters must have a nice command of processing strategies to ensure a good delivery. And one of the most important strategies is compression proposed by Chernov (2004). To Chernov’s mind, compression is divided into syllabic compression, lexical compression, semantic compression, syntactic compression and situational compression. The paper mainly discusses the application of compression strategy in E-C discourse under different circumstances.

Features of calculating the information entropy of the text in case of attacking the linguistic stegosystem by semantic compression

The article deals with the improvement of well-known methods for calculating the entropy of the text, and the description of the information entropy of the text calculating peculiarities in case of the semantic compression attack on the linguistic stegosystem, implemented in the cognominal program complex. The problem of determining the natural language text entropy in the context of further discursive analysis and semantic redundancy removal is formalized. Additional parameters that contribute to determining the semantic entropy of meaningful and artificially generated text for a semantic compression attack on the linguistic stegosystem, the container of which is textual information of natural (English) language are entered. The entropy variety for different language styles is substantiated and its changing according to the style is explained due to the need of adding specialized terminology dictionaries to the general terminology dictionary. In addition to the calculation features of conditional and unconditional entropy in case of using the software complex for attack the linguistic stegosystem, the dictionary size used in it and the prescribed grammar rules size are given, which are the additional parameters determining the entropy calculation in a particular case. The maximum entropy calculation for meaningless texts and the amount of information of a single word or a grammatical form calculation in case of maximum and real entropy are shown. In addition, the calculation of the semantic compression limit is given and the task of determining the semantic information redundancy is formalized. Thus, it becomes possible to determine the quality of the compression attack, carried out on the basis of the software complex use. The obtained results can be used in further research to improve the means of conducting an attack, which will increase its efficiency by maximally approximating the semantic compression limit.

An Optimized Iterative Semantic Compression Algorithm And Parallel Processing for Large Scale Data

An Optimized Iterative Semantic Compression Algorithm And Parallel Processing for Large Scale Data

The software complex for attack the linguistic stegosystem

The article reviews the common methods and algorithms of textual steganalysis and text summarization, as well as automated computer systems based on them. It is described the disadvantages for accomplishing the task of the linguistic stegosystem attacking by semantic compression in order to remove a hidden message. The article describes the development and pre-testing of the software complex, based on the semantic compression of the text for attacking the linguistic stegosystem and taking into account the initial structure of this text. The development is aimed at detecting and neutralizing the threats caused by the use of computer linguistic steganography methods. Described program complex consists of 9 interconnected modules, 25 systems and 6 subsystems. Their interaction is highlighted and the system’s algorithm is shown in the article. The pre-testing results on the basis of the material consisting of 1000 generated texts, divided into such two categories, as the stegomessage hiding method and the volume of text, prove the effectiveness of the attack using the proposed program. The stegomessage may be deleted by 97%, the average compression ratio is 2.5 for single sentences and 4.6 for solid texts. During the preliminary testing it was found the main advantages of the system, which include the automation the process of attacking a text-based stegosystem using both meaningful and meaningless texts and a wide range of research in stegoanalysis. Thus, the efficiency and practical capacity of the developed author's method, aimed at the textual data semantic compression for the purpose of counteracting the methods of linguistic steganography, has been proved. The further studies will be related to elimination the disadvantages detected during the preliminary testing and to confirming the preliminary conclusions of the work.