Determination Of Selling Price Research Articles

STRATEGI PENETAPAN HARGA JUAL PADA KOMUNITAS DROPSHIPER DI LINGKUNGAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM MADURA

The purpose of this study was to determine the selling price setting strategy used by the dropshiper community in the Islamic University of Madura. The type of research method used is descriptive quantitative. Sources of data in this study are primary data and secondary data. With data collection methods, namely interviews, observation, documentation and literature study.
 The results showed that the strategy of fixing the selling price in the drosphiper community in the Islamic University of Madura used two strategies: first, the standard cost-based pricing strategy was determined by adding a certain percentage of costs to all items in a product class. second, using a demand-based selling price strategy. This skiming pricing strategy is determined by setting a high price for a new or innovative product during the introductory stage, then lowering the price when the competition is getting tighter.
 Keywords: selling price determination strategy, dropshiper

Mysticism of Selling Price Hamemayu Hayuning Urip Bebrayan (Kejawen Ethno-Economic Approach)

The qualitative research of this kejawen ethno-economic aims to reveal actions kejawen culture of hamemayu hayuning urip bebrayan. Culture staple seller of panunggalan community in Gede Traditional Market-Surakarta makes people together with buyers. This atmosphere makes selling price determination is not solely economic benefits as much as possible. Therefore, the cultural tradition of hamemayu hayuning urip bebrayan becomes an analytical tool. Data was collected through participant observation of the panunggalan community and scholars. The results show cultural mysticism affects selling the price-determining concept that combines economic and non-economic values. This combination makes selling activities profit and loss and a spiritual and social belief that God gives sustenance through the buyer. An achievement makes it easy for sellers to feel what the buyer feels and considers the buyer, not someone else. This inner and outer whole conviction gave rise to kejawen ethno-economic. Ethno-economics is a transaction activity based on sympathetic feelings and thoughts not to harm (rumangsa handarbeni) by prioritizing honesty and kindness between seller and buyer. The activities of economic actors originate from the balance between the way of life and activities. The balance to always remember and obey God and love fellow humans as a form of guidelines for living life. Guidelines are the essence of life serenity according to God's will. This condition fosters a close brotherhood of increasing brothers (sedulur). Fraternal relations as a form of harmonious interaction, so far, have provided fluency (pelarisan) and wealth (pesugihan)

Peningkatan kompetensi kewirausahaan melalui program pengembangan produk unggulan daerah kain khas daerah Palembang

Entrepreneurial competence is a fundamental factor possessed by someone who has more abilities, which makes him different from someone who has average abilities. Entrepreneurial competence is an individual characteristic which includes attitudes and habits, where entrepreneurs can achieve and maintain business success. KUBE Griya Kain Tuan Kentang is located in the Tuan Kentang 4 area of Ulu Palembang and houses 25 Palembang-style cloth craftsmen. Weaving fabrics and batik with a unique special pattern. These are increasingly popular and are known to be used as materials for fashion designs for clothing, accessories for necklaces and bags. Moreover, the Palembang local government made the woven cloth a mandatory garment for official uniforms on Fridays and special days. This condition provides a great opportunity for KUBE to improve the quality of its production to foreign countries The problem with Kube Griya Kain Tuan Kentang has human resources with limited competence, is not able to speak English actively, knowledge of bookkeeping and preparation of financial reports as well as knowledge and application of taxes on business activities Palembang woven fabrics. The Regional Superior Product Development Program for Palembang's unique woven fabrics is an activity of implementing science and technology from the Sriwijaya State Polytechnic funded through the Director General of Higher Education as an effort to develop the cultural assets of the Palembang area in the form of tajung, blongsong and jupri woven fabrics. This activity aims to spur and develop superior woven fabrics typical of the Palembang region as an effort to improve quality, product quantity, distribution and marketing. To improve entrepreneurship competence, practical English language training was held, Financial Report Preparation, Selling Price Calculation and Determination, Calculation and Determination of Sales Tax for Kube Administrators and MSME Owners The method of implementation is carried out by disseminating activities, holding scheduled training in accordance with the agreement and mentoring activities, to see the success of the activity an evaluation is held by means of monitoring and distributing questions. The resulting output is in the form of increased knowledge for administrators and managers, in other words the Entrepreneurship Competence of Human Resources of Kube Griya Tuan Kentang has increased by 45%.

Distributor’s Lot-sizing and Pricing Policy with Ordering Cost inclusive of a Freight Cost under Trade Credit in a Two-stage Supply Chain

As an effective means of price discrimination, some suppliers offer trade credit to the distributors in order to stimulate the demand for the product they produce. The availability of the delay in payments from the supplier enables discount of the distributor’s selling price from a wider range of the price option in anticipation of increased customer’s demand. Since the distributor's lot-size is affected by the demand for the customer, the distributor’s lot-size and the selling price determination problem is interdependent and must be solved at the same time. Also, in many common business transactions, the distributor pays the shipping cost for the order and hence, the distributor’s ordering cost consists of a fixed ordering cost and the shipping cost that depend on the order quantity. In this regard, we deal with the joint lot-size and price determination problem when the supplier allows delay in payments for an order of a product. The positive effects of credit transactions can be integrated into the EOQ (economic order quantity) model through the consideration of retailing situations, where the customer’s demand is a function of the distributor’s selling price. It is also assumed that the distributor’s order cost consists of a fixed ordering cost and the variable shipping cost. We formulate the distributor’s mathematical model from which the solution algorithm is derived based on properties of an optimal solution. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the algorithm developed.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DALAM MENETAPKAN HARGA JUAL PADA HOLLAND BAKERY BOULEVARD MANADO

Calculation of the cost of production is something that needs to be considered in determining the selling price of the product. Calculation of the cost of production that is right and accurate is something that needs to be done by every company, without a precise and accurate calculation of the cost of production, the manufacturing company concerned will experience in setting the selling price of a product. The purpose of this study was to determine the cost classification applied by Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado in calculating the cost of production, to find out the calculation of the cost of production of Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado in setting selling price and find out the determination of product selling price applied by Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado. Data analysis method used for this research is descriptive analysis method. The collection of cost of goods manufactured is the process cost method, while the method of determining the cost of production uses the full costing approach. There is a difference in the selling price per packet of bread between Holland Bakery Boulevard Manado with a theory caused by differences in the allocation of costs and determination of mark up between companies and theories. The company's selling price is lower than the theory that the difference for chocolate bread is Rp. 1.589, then for cheese bread Rp. 1.910, and for srikaya bread Rp. 2.449.

PRICE DETERMINATION OF CHICKEN PORRIDGE MSMEs IN FACING RAW MATERIAL COST FLUCTUATION

The culinary industry is currently one of the best industries that are developing, this has become one of the economic supports in several regions. Based on the results of the economic census report of the Tasikmalaya City in 2016 the culinary industry in percentage and number of positions was in the third position followed by the large trade industry which occupied the first position and the processing industry in the second position. This study aims to determine the impact of changes in raw material costs lucratively on the selling price determination of chicken porridge in MSMEs at the City of Tasikmalaya. The population in this study were all MSMEs chicken porridge entrepreneurs totaling 261 units, while the method used in this study was a survey method with a quantitative approach presented descriptively. The result of this study is that changes in raw material costs have an impact of 89.2% on the determination of the selling price of chicken porridge. In fact, this is clearly illustrated by the chicken porridge activists who prefer to set the selling price using a mixed method based on market costs and demand. This is because there is a concern from chicken porridge activists for the risks that they will get such as decreasing sales and automatically reducing their revenue streams.

The Intention of Implementing a Strategic Pricing Model: evidence from Indonesian Fashion Sector

The strategic pricing model is the latest selling price determination model that considers a product's position in the product lifecycle and information about prices of competing products. This model is considered suitable to be applied for fashion products that are facing very tight competition and have a short lifecycle. This study investigates factors influencing the implementation of the strategic pricing model for products of Indonesian Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the fashion sector. Three variables under the Theory of Planned Behavior - attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control -have been identified to explain the intention of SMEs in implementing the model. A survey questionnaire was distributed to 100 SME practitioners, and 85 practitioners responded to the questionnaire. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study show that attitudes toward behavior and subjective norms have significantly and positively influenced intentions to implement the strategic pricing model. Meanwhile, perceived behavioral control did not affect the intention to implement the model. In general, the results indicate that the strategic pricing model is a useful model because it improves the quality of determined selling prices. However, SMEs still perceive accounting as a difficult skill to learn. In terms of practice, the results of this study are useful to determine the SMEs’ degree of interest in applying the strategic pricing model. This is particularly notable due to the novelty of this model which shows, based on previous research, that the majority of SMEs have not yet adequately implemented their accounting systems.

Penggunaan Pola Produksi Dalam Menentukan Harga Jual Melalui Penerapan Metode Mark Up (Studi kasus pada UMKM Tepung Talas RUSMAN)

The main obstacle of the inability of MSMEs to manage and develop businesses is medium or large scale, one of which is efficient production management and the determination of selling prices that are profitable and sustainable in the face of competitors. One of them is the UMKM Tepung Talas Rusman which is a producer of complementary products with a narrow market share and high price competition, so the determination of the amount of production, calculation of production costs and the determination of the right selling price is very decisive. This study aims to determine the application of production patterns, calculation of production costs and determining the right selling price by analyzing the application of the appropriate markup method in order to be able to continue to provide benefits but still able to produce competitive prices. The results of this study show that the pattern of constant production is in accordance with the current condition of MSMEs. This study also shows the calculation of the correct production costs so that an analysis of the determination of the right selling price can be done. The right mark up method with the ability to cover all production costs creates profitability but remains competitive with the ROI Pricing method. Thus MSME TTR can guarantee the profitability and sustainability of its business.

An Analysis of Production Cost Effect With Order Price Method on Sales Pricing of Products at PT. Aneka Printing Indonesia in Sukoharjo

This study aims to determine and analyze the calculation of the cost of production of screen printing based on the cost of order method whether it has been in accordance with the theory of cost accounting by comparing the calculation of cost of goods manufactured by the company with the calculation of cost of production based on the cost accounting theory that is using full costing method, As well as to know how much influence the cost of production to the determination of product selling price. This study uses primary data in the form of information obtained from the owner of the company or parties concerned and secondary data with population and sample data of cost of production and selling price of screen printing orders during January 2017. Data collection methods used are literature research methods, interviews and Method of documentation. While the method of data analysis used is by using simple regression analysis, coefficient of determination and hypothesis test using t test by using the tool program SPSS 16.0 for windows. From the results of research indicate that the calculation of cost of production based on the results of analysis using full costing method is greater than the calculation of cost of production method company. This difference occurs because the loading of factory overhead cost calculated using full costing method more thorough and detailed. Based on the tests conducted known that the cost of production has a very strong influence on the sale price. The influence of the cost of production to the selling price in this study is 91%, and the remaining 9% is influenced by other factors (variables) such as demand, supply, and other unreported variables.Keywords: Cost of Production, Selling Price

USING COST ACCOUNTING AS THE BASIS FOR SELLING PRICE DETERMINATION: THE CASE FOR KANSA BAKERY

The development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in various countries including Indonesia is rising rapidly. The tightness of competition in the business world requires companies to improve efficiency in calculating production costs because it is the base for determining sales price.
 This case study employs qualitative method. CV Kansa Bakery, producer of steamed sponge cake was studied. Miles and Huberman's technique was utilized for data analysis, the three stages were data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The research was conducted by comparing full-costing and cost-plus pricing methods.
 Calculation shows that full-costing method gives different results compared to the when compared to the existing method used by Kansa Bakery. This resulted from the fact that Kansa did not apply proper accounting method in classifying and charging factory overhead to their product. This affects selling price determination and profit generation.

Pengaruh biaya produksi terhadap penetapan harga jual kue kering - bakpia pada UD. New Tweety Desa Takeran RT 04 RW 01 Kecamatan Takeran Kabupaten Magetan

<p><em>This study aims to determine Production Costs incurred by the company UD. New Tweety-Magetan, and to determine the effect on the production cost selling price determination pastries bakpia-Bakpia At UD. New Tweety. The sampling technique in this study using purposive sampling technique that uses the samples for 4 of the last period started the company UD. New Tweety-Magetan founded. Data collection method used is observation, interview and documentation methods. Analysis of the data used to use Descriptive Statistics analysis using Simple Linear Regression Analysis, The results showed that the positive influence between the production cost of the determination of the selling price. This is shown by a simple linear regression equation Y = 91.880 + 0.708 X that could mean that in any rise in the cost of production is always followed by a rise in selling prices, as well as vice versa in any reduction in production costs always follow gathering decrease in selling prices. In this study the effect of production cost and the selling price by 65.7% and</em></p><p><em>34.3% influenced by conditions or other variables such as market demand and consumer tastes will be Pastries Bakpia.</em></p>

Risk-based framework for supplying electricity from renewable generation-owning retailers to price-sensitive customers using information gap decision theory

In this paper, selling price determination problem for an electricity retailer has been studied. In the proposed model, the selling price is determined under fixed pricing (FP), time-of-use pricing (TOU) and real-time pricing (RTP). It is shown that the selling price determination based on RTP by the retailer can lead to the higher expected profit. Furthermore, to exchange power between retailer and power market, the bidding and offering curves should be prepared to bid and offer to the day-ahead market. Therefore, this paper proposes an information gap decision theory (IGDT) for obtaining of optimal bidding and offering strategies of retailer. IGDT assesses the robustness and opportunity decisions of optimal bidding and offering strategies in the presence of market price uncertainty while retailer considers whether robustness decision (risk-averse) or opportunity decision (risk-taking). It is shown that risk-aversion and risk-taker influence the expected profit and optimal bidding and offering curves. Meanwhile, the scenario-based stochastic framework is used for uncertainty modeling of market prices, client group demand and variable climate condition containing temperature, irradiation and wind speed. To validate the proposed model, three case studies are used and the results are compared.

Application of fuel cell and electrolyzer as hydrogen energy storage system in energy management of electricity energy retailer in the presence of the renewable energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles

The plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen storage systems containing electrolyzer, stored hydrogen tanks and fuel cell as energy storage systems can bring various flexibilities to the energy management problem. In this paper, selling price determination and energy management problem of an electricity retailer in the smart grid under uncertainties have been proposed. Multiple energy procurement sources containing pool market, bilateral contracts, distributed generation units, renewable energy sources (photovoltaic system and wind turbine), plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen storage systems are considered. The scenario-based stochastic method is used for uncertainty modeling of pool market prices, consumer demand, temperature, irradiation and wind speed. In the proposed model, the selling price is determined and compared by the retailer in the smart grid in three cases containing fixed pricing, time-of-use pricing and real-time pricing. It is shown that the selling price determination based on real-time pricing and flexibilities of plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen storage systems leads to higher expected profit. The proposed model is formulated as mixed-integer linear programming that can be solved under General Algebraic Modeling System. To validate the proposed model, three types of selling price determination under four case studies are utilized and the results are compared.

Optimal stochastic energy management of retailer based on selling price determination under smart grid environment in the presence of demand response program

In this paper, bilateral contracting and selling price determination problems for an electricity retailer in the smart grid environment under uncertainties have been considered. Multiple energy procurement sources containing pool market (PM), bilateral contracts (BCs), distributed generation (DG) units, renewable energy sources (photovoltaic (PV) system and wind turbine (WT)) and energy storage system (ESS) as well as demand response program (DRP) as virtual generation unit are considered. The scenario-based stochastic framework is used for uncertainty modeling of pool market prices, client group demand and variable climate condition containing temperature, irradiation and wind speed. In the proposed model, the selling price is determined and compared by the retailer in the smart grid in three cases containing fixed pricing, time-of-use (TOU) pricing and real-time pricing (RTP). It is shown that the selling price determination based on RTP by the retailer leads to higher expected profit. Furthermore, demand response program (DRP) has been implemented to flatten the load profile to minimize the cost for end-user customers as well as increasing the retailer profit. To validate the proposed model, three case studies are used and the results are compared.

Selling price determination by electricity retailer in the smart grid under demand side management in the presence of the electrolyser and fuel cell as hydrogen storage system

In this research, an approach for selling price determination by electricity retailer in smart grid has been proposed with considering uncertainty. Also, hydrogen storage system (HSS) containing electrolyser (EL), hydrogen storage tanks (HST) and fuel cell (FC) are used as energy storage system (ESS) in smart grid. Also, demand response program as virtual generation units is proposed to increase retailer profit. Furthermore, renewable energy sources, i.e., photovoltaic (PV) system and wind turbine (WT), as well as power market (PM), bilateral contracts (BCs) and distributed generation (DG) units are used as multiple energy procurement sources. All uncertain parameters are modelled using the scenario-based stochastic framework. In the proposed model, the selling price is determined based on real-time pricing (RTP) by the retailer and it is compared with time-of-use pricing (TOU) in the smart grid. The selling price determination based on RTP and demand response program implementation increases the expected profit of retailer. Four case studies are investigated to validate the proposed model.

Data integration of cost materials needs through a service oriented architecture (study case: pt x garment ungaran)

Data processing is an important part of a garment company. With increasingly complex and developing a garment company, data processing and integration became a very important requirement. The need for data integration in determining the cost of materials becomes a very important part in the garment industry. Data distribution or dissemination from one to another section gives results in data duplication, so that it may cause the data to be inconsistent. In addition, the efficiency of the process in determining the cost of materials is highly needed to achieve the selling price determination target. Nowadays, there is web-based technology, which is capable of handle data integration service, called SOA (Service Oriented Architecture). Business processes (work flows) involving the supplier need to go back to the supplier with the output price that has been determined by the system, can be integrated with Web service with concentration of BPELSOA. By utilizing the SOA technology then data processing and integration problems that occurred in the garment industry could be made into an integrated information system, so that the problems in the garment industry can be solved.

Impact of Overhead Costs Apportionment on Selling Price Determination in Malaysian Automobile Manufacturing Industry

This study aims to examine the impact of overhead cost apportionment on selling price determination in the Malaysian automobile manufacturing industry. Specifically, the study looks at the treatment of overhead costs apportionment from the perspective of the profit making effort of automobile manufacturing firms. The methodology used is interview with staff of one automobile manufacturing company in Malaysia taken as a case study: that is Naza Automotive Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. The findings of this study show that overhead costs apportionment has significant impact on the determination of “true and fair” selling price of an automobile manufacturing firm, especially as service centres are considered in primary apportionment before their shares are re-apportioned to production centres, using an appropriate method. This study, therefore, recommends that automobile manufacturing firms in Malaysia should adopt the activity based costing method of overhead costs apportionment as it considers service centres of the company together with production centres in fair apportionment of overhead costs, taking into account the percentage of services enjoyed by the production centres from the service centres. This would allow room for fairly accurate determination of total cost per unit of their products, which would ultimately lead to effective pricing decision.

Optimal strategy planning for a retailer considering medium and short-term decisions

This paper presents an optimal strategy for a retailer that procures its electric energy in an electricity market, involving both pool and bilateral contract. Additionally, this algorithm determines the optimal interruption policy and selling price. This algorithm divides retailer activities in two programs, medium and short-term program. The amount of energy purchased from the pool and the amount of interruptible load are determined by short-term program, while the quantity of energy bought from bilateral contract and selling price determination are medium-term decisions. Optimal decisions in short-term program are made based on the results of medium-term program. Medium-term program is monthly and short-term program is daily. The medium-term is a stochastic optimization problem due to the randomness of pool price and consumers demand and Monte Carlo simulation is adapted to solve that. The proposed methodology is tested on a realistic case study and retailer strategy in different cases has been compared.

Forward Contracting and Selling Price Determination for a Retailer

To procure the electric energy to be sold to its clients, a retailer has to face two major difficulties. While buying electric energy, it must cope with uncertain pool prices or sign forward contracts at higher average prices. While selling electricity, it should handle the uncertainty of the end-user demand and the fact that customers might choose a different retailer if the selling price is not competitive enough. We propose a risk-constrained stochastic programming framework to decide which forward contracts the retailer should sign and at which price it must sell electricity so that its expected profit is maximized at a given risk level. The developed model takes into account the elastic behavior of end users with respect to the selling price offered by the retailer. A realistic case study illustrates the methodology proposed.

Note On `The Determination of Selling Prices'

In his paper 'The Determination of Selling Prices', [i] R. C. Skinner suggests that the most surprising aspect of accounting methods revealed by his survey of pricing procedures on Merseyside was the widespread use of variable costing [p. 21 i]. The firms were asked whether they had analysed their costs into fixed and variable elements, and if so, whether they normally made any use of the distinction in setting selling prices. Seventy-three per cent (I22 out of i66) of the respondents said they had made the distinction, and of these, 69 per cent used it in price-determination. Skinner points out that his findings on variable (or direct or marginal) costing are out of line with the results of other British investigations, which are described in a paper of mine [2]. He mentions a number of possible reasons for the discrepancy and concludes that the reason is more likely to lie in the nature of the question asked: 'A non-accounting manager may well not understand the meaning of such a question as Do you use marginal costing? Having never heard this description of the technique, he will probably reply No to the question [p. 2 I 2]. In fact, of the four investigations referred to in my paper, the questionnaires in Sizer's and Goodlad's [1] investigations were completed by accountants; Howe [4] visited the firms referred to in his investigations and interviewed the firms' accountants; and it is probable that accountants completed the questionnaires in the Hart & Prusmann [5] survey because of the technical nature of questions. In this note Skinner's interpretation of his results will be questioned.