Ability Of Self-recognition Research Articles

Individual differences and motor planning influence self-recognition of actions.

Although humans can recognize their body movements in point-light displays, self-recognition ability varies substantially across action types and participants. Are these variations primarily due to an awareness of visually distinct movement patterns, or to underlying factors related to motoric planning and/or individual differences? To address this question, we conducted a large-scale study in self-action recognition (N = 101). We motion captured whole-body movements of participants who performed 27 different actions across action goals and degree of motor planning. After a long delay period (~ 1 month), participants were tested in a self-recognition task: identifying their point-light action amongst three other point-light actors performing identical actions. We report a self-advantage effect from point-light actions, consistent with prior work in self-action recognition. Further, we found that self-recognition was modulated by the action complexity (associated with the degree of motor planning in performed actions) and individual differences linked to motor imagery and subclinical autism and schizotypy. Using dynamic time warping, we found sparse evidence in support of visual distinctiveness as a primary contributor to self-recognition, though speed distinctiveness negatively influenced self-recognition performance. Together, our results reveal that self-action recognition involves more than an awareness of visually distinct movements, with important implications for how the motor system may be involved.

Bioinspired and biomimetic cancer-cell-derived membrane nanovesicles for preclinical tumor-targeted nanotheranostics

Bioinspired cell-membrane-camouflaged nanohybrids have been proposed to enhance tumor targeting by harnessing their immune escape and self-recognition abilities. In this study, we introduce cancer-cell-derived membrane nanovesicles (CCMVs) integrated with gold nanorods (AuVNRs) in addition to therapeutic and imaging cargos such as doxorubicin and indocyanine green. This approach enhances targeted tumor imaging and enables synergistic chemo-phototherapeutics for solid tumors. CCMVs demonstrate significant tumor penetration and retention, serving as nanotheranostics with accessible surface biomarkers, biomimicking properties, and homologous targeting abilities. By evading uptake by the mononuclear phagocytic system, CCMVs can diffuse into the deep tumor core, leading to precise tumor reduction while preserving the surrounding healthy tissues. Notably, intravenous administration of these theranostic agents ensures biocompatibility, as evidenced by a survival period of approximately two months (up to 63days) without any observed side effects. Our findings underscore the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of this biomimetic nanotheranostics platform.

Mirror responses in African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) support the gradualist perspective on mirror self-recognition

So far, only a handful of species have successfully passed the mirror test, showing the mirror self-recognition ability. Birds that have been claimed to show this ability are all corvids. In this study, we conducted a series of mirror-related tests, including open mirror exposure, mirror-mediated foraging task and mark test, to investigate this ability in the African grey parrot. Subjects responded to the mirror on three levels. Three subjects consistently showed social behaviours towards the mirror, two of which repeatedly hit the mirror throughout the test, indicating a complete lack of mirror perception and self-recognition. Two subjects showed social behaviours or hit the mirror almost within the first 10 min of the mirror trial, indicating they initially recognized mirror images as conspecifics but changed this misconception over time. There was only one individual, who not only never hit the mirror and exhibited social behaviours towards the mirror, but also could use the mirror to locate hidden food and mark on the body that was invisible without a mirror. However, considering the lack of contingent behaviours and spontaneous mirror-guided self-directed behaviours, it is hard to assert the African grey parrot possesses mirror self-recognition. All in all, we found our subjects responded differently towards the mirror, showing varying levels of understanding of the mirror. Our findings support the gradualist perspective on mirror self-recognition. Different mark methods are also discussed, and we suggest attaching the mark on the mandible in future parrot research.

The impact of the self-recognition ability and physical quality on coupled negative information-behavior-epidemic dynamics in multiplex networks

In recent years, as the COVID-19 global pandemic evolves, many unprecedented new patterns of epidemic transmission continue to emerge. Reducing the impact of negative information diffusion, calling for individuals to adopt immunization behaviors, and decreasing the infection risk are of great importance to maintain public health and safety. In this paper, we construct a coupled negative information-behavior-epidemic dynamics model by considering the influence of the individual's self-recognition ability and physical quality in multiplex networks. We introduce the Heaviside step function to explore the effect of decision-adoption process on the transmission for each layer, and assume the heterogeneity of the self-recognition ability and physical quality obey the Gaussian distribution. Then, we use the microscopic Markov chain approach (MMCA) to describe the dynamic process and derive the epidemic threshold. Our findings suggest that increasing the clarification strength of mass media and enhancing individuals' self-recognition ability can facilitate the control of the epidemic. And, increasing physical quality can delay the epidemic outbreak and leads to suppress the scale of epidemic transmission. Moreover, the heterogeneity of the individuals in the information diffusion layer leads to a two-stage phase transition, while it leads to a continuous phase transition in the epidemic layer. Our results can provide favorable references for managers in controlling negative information, urging immunization behaviors and suppressing epidemics.

Acoustic Emission Signal Denoising of Bridge Structures Using SOM Neural Network Machine Learning

Identification of noise signals is one of the most challenging problems in health monitoring of a bridge structure using acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and identification technology. Hardware filtering technology and spatial identification technologies are the most common methods used in identifying signals from the defects of the bridge, which have great limitations due to the presence of environmental noise. Therefore, this paper focuses on the AE noise signal from a bridge in an operation state and other specific loading states, which is diagnosed in the hardware filtering technology, spatial identification, and self-organizing map (SOM) neural network, to obtain the new noise recognition methods. It is found that the first two methods can indeed filter the noise signal, but the filtering rate can only reach about 50%, and can barely filter strong noise signals. The SOM neural network had strong self-recognition ability. The classification accuracy of simulated AE signals is 90% and 100%, respectively. The trained network was used to test 183 sample signals, and the defect signal detection accuracy reached 76% and 78.8%; therefore, the noise signal filtering effect is significantly improved.

Sociality and self-awareness in animals.

Recognizing one's mirror reflection appears to be a simple task, but beyond humans, few animals have demonstrated this capability. Mirror self-recognition is indicative of self-awareness, which is one's capacity for self-directed knowledge. This theoretical paper examines literature from the past 50 years regarding self-recognition in over 30 species. Animals are classified based on the quantity and quality of research supporting evidence of their self-recognition abilities. Additionally, animals are classified as either social or solitary. It was found that only social animals have consistently demonstrated self-recognition, while solitary species studied so far do not seem to possess this trait. This finding aligns with the social intelligence hypothesis. This paper also reveals a lack of research on solitary species and recommends future studies examine self-recognition in these animals. A meta-analysis quantifying sociality on a numerical scale is also recommended. Given the existing evidence, this article proposes that social animals are more likely to be self-aware than solitary species.

Exploring the Entrepreneurship Training Mode of Medical Students in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Universities under the Strategic Background of “Healthy China” from the Perspective of Mixed Big Data

In order to solve the problem that postgraduates are affected by the traditional concept of career choice of the native family and their entrepreneurial intention is obviously low, a method to explore the entrepreneurial spirit training model of medical students in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei colleges and universities from the perspective of mixed big data is proposed. This article chooses to conduct research by conducting a survey on the entrepreneurial willingness of postgraduates in universities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its influencing factors. From the perspective of master students from five universities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the selection of personal background information, entrepreneurial attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and entrepreneurship education index factors establish the index system of the influencing factors of graduate students’ entrepreneurial intention and use the TPB theoretical model and SPSS data statistics and other tools to analyze the obtained data results. The results show that gender, major, place of origin, part-time experience, and entrepreneurial experience of relatives and friends correspond to 0.000, 0.000, 0.482, 0.172, 0.003, and 0.004, respectively. It can be seen that the independent variables, major and place of origin, have no statistical significance. In the statistics of college students’ willingness to start a business, 23.33% of the students said “nothing at all,” and 27.8% of the students said “thought, but would not start a business.” It can be seen that entrepreneurial attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control all positively affect entrepreneurial willingness, and only learning ability, opportunity grasping ability, self-recognition ability, and decisiveness have a significant effect on entrepreneurial willingness.

A comparative study of mirror self-recognition in three corvid species

Mirror self-recognition (MSR) assessed by the Mark Test has been the staple test for the study of animal self-awareness. When tested in this paradigm, corvid species return discrepant results, with only the Eurasian magpies and the Indian house crow successfully passing the test so far, whereas multiple other corvid species fail. The lack of replicability of these positive results and the large divergence in applied methodologies calls into question whether the observed differences are in fact phylogenetic or methodological, and, if so, which factors facilitate the expression of MSR in some corvids. In this study, we (1) present new results on the self-recognition abilities of common ravens, (2) replicate results of azure-winged magpies, and (3) compare the mirror responses and performances in the mark test of these two corvid species with a third corvid species: carrion crows, previously tested following the same experimental procedure. Our results show interspecies differences in the approach of and the response to the mirror during the mirror exposure phase of the experiment as well as in the subsequent mark test. However, the performances of these species in the Mark Test do not provide any evidence for their ability of self-recognition. Our results add to the ongoing discussion about the convergent evolution of MSR and we advocate for consistent methodologies and procedures in comparing this ability across species to advance this discussion.

Mirror self-recognition in gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): a review and evaluation of mark test replications and variants

Mirror self-recognition (MSR), widely regarded as an indicator of self-awareness, has not been demonstrated consistently in gorillas. We aimed to examine this issue by setting out a method to evaluate gorilla self-recognition studies that is objective, quantifiable, and easy to replicate. Using Suarez and Gallup’s (J Hum Evol 10:175–183, 1981) study as a reference point, we drew up a list of 15 methodological criteria and assigned scores to all published studies of gorilla MSR for both methodology and outcomes. Key features of studies finding both mark-directed and spontaneous self-directed responses included visually inaccessible marks, controls for tactile and olfactory cues, subjects who were at least 5 years old, and clearly distinguishing between responses in front of versus away from the mirror. Additional important criteria include videotaping the tests, having more than one subject, subjects with adequate social rearing, reporting post-marking observations with mirror absent, and giving mirror exposure in a social versus individual setting. Our prediction that MSR studies would obtain progressively higher scores as procedures and behavioural coding practices improved over time was supported for methods, but not for outcomes. These findings illustrate that methodological rigour does not guarantee stronger evidence of self-recognition in gorillas; methodological differences alone do not explain the inconsistent evidence for MSR in gorillas. By implication, it might be suggested that, in general, gorillas do not show compelling evidence of MSR. We advocate that future MSR studies incorporate the same criteria to optimize the quality of attempts to clarify the self-recognition abilities of gorillas as well as other species.

Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix) May Be Aware of Their Own Body Size.

Body-awareness is one of the manifestations of self-awareness, expressed in the ability of people and animals to represent their own body physical properties. Relatively little work has been devoted to this phenomenon in comparison with the studies of the ability of self-recognition in the mirror, and most studies have been conducted on mammals and human infants. Crows are known to be “clever” birds, so we investigated whether hooded crows (Corvus cornix) may be aware of their own body size. We set up an experimental design in which the crows had to pass through one of three openings to reach the bait. In the first experiment, we studied whether crows prefer a larger hole if all the three are suitable for passage, and what other predictors influence their choice. In the second experiment, we assessed the ability of the crows to select a single passable hole out of three on the first attempt, even though the area of the former was smaller than that of the other two. The results of the first experiment suggest that when choosing among three passable holes, crows prefer those holes that require less effort from them, e.g., they do not need to crouch or make other additional movements. In the second experiment, three of the five crows reliably more often chose a single passable hole on the first try, despite its smaller size. We believe that these results suggest that hooded crows may be aware of their own body size.

When service robots look at themselves in the mirror: An examination of the effects of perceptions of robotic self-recognition

Service robots sharing the same environments with humans are typically designed to have various humanlike features, because perceptions of robots as humanlike make them more acceptable to human users. This study examines one human characteristic that has hitherto been unexplored in studies of humans' perceptions of robots: a self-recognition ability. For (adult) humans, self-recognition is typically uncomplicated and effortless, yet it is of fundamental importance for social interaction, and therefore it was assumed that perceptions of robotic self-recognition abilities would be used for inferences about other robot attributes. A between-subjects experiment, in which a domestic service robot's ability to recognize itself was manipulated (low vs. high), showed that high self-recognition boosted perceptions of the quality of the service delivered by the robot, and that this effect was mediated by perceptions of the robot as having a capacity for learning and having theory of mind.

Self-body recognition and attitudes towards body image in younger and older women

Despite the fact that ageing causes dramatic changes in bodily appearance, little is known about how self-body recognition changes across life span. Here, we investigated whether older, compared to younger women, differed in the ability of recognising their own than other women’s body parts and whether this effect was associated to negative body image dispositions. Twenty-eight young (Mage: 25.93 years, SDage = 4.74) and 25 middle-aged (Mage: 54.36 years, SDage = 4.54) women completed an implicit task consisting of visual matching of self and others’ body parts and an explicit self–other body discrimination task. Stimuli comprised of images of body parts of the participant and of other age- and BMI-matched models, which were presented in the original size or modified to look rounder or thinner. Measures of adiposity (i.e. BMI), body image concerns and appearance-related worries for specific body parts and for the whole body were also collected. Whilst both groups showed a self-body advantage in the implicit, but not in the explicit task, the advantage was notably bigger for the younger group. However, the implicit self-advantage was higher in those middle-aged women that displayed more body image concerns and worries for specific body parts. Furthermore, the two groups were comparably less able in recognising their body parts when presented thinner as compared to rounder or in their actual size. Overall, these findings open the possibility that, as women age, their implicit self-recognition abilities may decline in association with more negative body image dispositions.

Mirror responses in the common hill myna (Gracula religiosa) and the African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)

Scientists have spent great efforts exploring self-recognition in non-human animals using the mirror test. In avian species, some of the passerines have passed the test, although the findings are still under debate. The present study aimed at investigating mirror self-recognition ability and making a comparative study of mirror responses in two avian species, the common hill myna from the Passeriformes and the African grey parrot from the Psittaciformes. The subjects underwent four stages of experiment: habituation, baseline, mirror exposure and mark test. Our subjects spent significantly longer time in gazing into the mirror than the plexiglass as control. We also found they significantly increased the durations of grooming behaviour when presented with the mirror. No species difference was detected in the above two behaviours. However, the African grey parrots were more likely to approach the mirror than the common hill mynas, indicating their different ways of mirror exploration. All subjects failed to pass the mark test. In this study, we found no evidence of mirror self-recognition in the common hill myna and the African grey parrot.

Stereoselective Seed-Induced Living Supramolecular Polymerization.

Stereoselective and temporally controlled supramolecular polymerizations are ubiquitous in nature and are desirable attributes for the design of chiral, well-defined functional materials. Kinetically controlled, living supramolecular polymerization (LSP) has emerged recently for the synthesis of supramolecular polymers with controlled length and narrow dispersity. On the other hand, stringent design requirements for chiral-discriminating monomers precludes the stereoselective control of the supramolecular polymer structure. Herein, a synergetic stereo- and structural control of supramolecular polymerization by the realization of an unprecedented stereoselective seed-induced LSP is reported. Homochiral and seeded growth is demonstrated with bischromophoric naphthalene diimide (NDI) enantiomers with a chiral binaphthyl amine core, exhibiting strong self-recognition abilities and pathway complexity.

뉴스포츠를 활용한 신체활동이 유아의 정서지능 및 사회성에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity using new sports on Infant"s emotional intelligence and sociality. The subjects of this study were 30 children from two classes in kindergarten A located in G city. The control group had 8 males, 7 females and 15 children. The experimental group had 7 males, 8 females and 15 children. A total of 24 new sports activities were held twice a week, forty minutes each, for 12 weeks. Statistical program for data analysis is SPSS Ver. 18.0 was used. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to investigate the construct validity of the questionnaire. reliability was determined by Cronbach’s α. The data were analyzed for the mean(M) and standard deviation(SD), and the differences according to the group variables for the mean were analyzed using the paired t-test. The significance level of all variables was set at p <.05. The conclusions obtained through the above process were as follows. First, after 12 weeks of new sports physical activity program, there was no significant difference in the pretest, but in the posttest, self-recognition ability (t=5.403, p.<05), self-regulating ability (t=15.126, p<.001), cognitive recognition ability (t=-12.658, p<.001), tine control ability (t=-15.324, p<.001) Showed a statistically significant difference. Second, as a result of conducting 12 weeks of new sports physical activity program, there was no significant difference in the pretest. The cooperativeness among the experimental group and the control group (t=-12.915, p.<001) and the understanding of others (t=16.126, p.<001), autonomy (t=-13.708, p.<001), and peer interaction (t= -14.689, p.<001) showed statistically significant differences in the posttest.

"Watson-Crick G[triple bond, length as m-dash]C"-inspired supramolecular nanodrug of methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil for tumor microenvironment-activatable self-recognizing synergistic chemotherapy.

Carrier-free nanodrugs, generated via the straightforward small-molecule self-assembly of anticancer drugs, provide a promising route for cancer chemotherapy. However, their low structural stability, lack of targeting specificity, and poor stimulus responsiveness are still limiting their therapeutic effect. Inspired by Watson-Crick G[triple bond, length as m-dash]C base pairing, the FDA-approved chemo-drug methotrexate (MTX, which can bind with folate receptors) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, a DNA/RNA synthetase inhibitor) were adopted for direct assembly into self-recognizing MTX-5-FU nanoparticles via "Watson-Crick-like base pairing"-driven precise supramolecular assembly. Sequentially, our synthesized weak acidity-responsive polyethylene glycol (PEG) was inserted onto the nanoparticle surface to temporarily shield the self-targeting function of MTX and prolong the blood circulation time. Once PEG-MTX-5-FU nanoparticles reached the weakly acidic tumor microenvironment, the PEG corona could be cleaved from their surface and then MTX could be re-exposed to recover its self-recognition ability and significantly elevate tumor cell uptake; furthermore, the de-PEGylated MTX-5-FU nanoparticles could respond to the stronger acidity of lysosome, triggering core disassembly and thus the burst release of both MTX and 5-FU. Further in vitro and in vivo studies consistently confirmed that the nanodrugs exhibited preferable accumulation at the tumor sites with highly synergistic chemotherapeutic effects. The supramolecular recognition-inspired, cascade-triggered self-targeting and controlled release of nanodrugs could be a promising strategy to improve synergistic chemotherapy.

Predictive Control Type Manufacturing System Based on Connected Smart In-process and On-machine Measuring Systems

The trend in manufacturing is moving towards an era of reform. The innovation driven manufacturing is required to revolutionize the conventional high performance oriented manufacturing, which brings new value creation such as mass-customization and innovative products with services. It is essential to develop the predictive control type manufacturing system with self-recognition ability aided by the connected smart in-process and on-machine measuring systems which is integrated by Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical System. The paper introduces the smart in-process and on-machine measuring systems based on integrating different measurement principles and multi-scale data fusion as well as the conventional one using multi-sensor fusion and cooperation.

Self-Recognition Grasping Operation with a Vision-Based Redundant Manipulator System

For unstructured environment applications, the ability of self-recognition for grasping operations should be guaranteed for manipulators. For this purpose, a grasping process, including instance segmentation, pose estimation, and pose transformation, is proposed herein to achieve autonomous object detection, location detection, and grasp planning. An inverse solution in position form is derived for pose transformation to guarantee redundant manipulator adaption. The inverse solution requires no default initial configuration and can obtain all feasible solutions for grasping. Additionally, the optimal grasp can be selected by introducing an optimal factor, such as manipulability. Besides, the process is programmed with high computational efficiency, making it a better choice for manipulators to achieve self-recognized grasping operation. Experiments are carried out herein to verify the necessity of instance segmentation, pose estimation, and pose transformation in achieving self-recognized grasping operation. The inverse solution in the position form is also proven to be efficient and adaptable for the pose transformation of redundant manipulators.

Self-recognition in corvids: evidence from the mirror-mark test in Indian house crows (Corvus splendens)

The ability to recognize oneself is separate from recognizing a conspecific. Self-recognition is a higher cognitive function and generally tested by a mirror-mark paradigm, in which the individual recognizes and responds to an inconspicuously placed mark on body from its mirror-reflected image. Although initially suggested to be associated with large-brained mammals, the ability of self-recognition has now been shown in non-mammals, including fish and birds. Hence, studies on many more species might be useful to understand general principles and underlying mechanisms of the evolution of social intelligence. Here, we examined self-recognition ability in Indian house crows (Corvus splendens), by testing them first for mirror-induced responses and then for the mark-directed responses. A circular coloured mark was inconspicuously placed on the throat under the bill where crows could see it only from its mirror-reflected image; a similar black mark placed at identical location which was difficult to be seen served as the control condition. We evaluated how closely crows viewed and inspected the object, and expressed social, contingent and self-directed responses to the mirror and cardboard. Crows exhibited greater preference in response to the mark when in front of the mirror, compared to they were in front of the non-reflective black cardboard. The majority (4/6) crows responded to the mirror-reflected self-image, as evidenced by attempts to remove the coloured mark by using beak or claws; no such response was found in control condition. These results suggest self-recognition by Indian house crows, and support the growing evidence that the ability of self-recognition is more widely present among animals.

An Effect of the Middle School Principal’s Emotional Leadership and Teachers’s Organizational Commitment on Teachers’s Job Satisfaction

본 연구의 목적은 중학교장의 감성리더십과 교사의 조직몰입이 교사의 직무만족도에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위한 구체적인 연구문제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학교장의 감성리더십, 교사의 조직몰입, 교사의 직무만족도 간의 관계는 어떠한가? 둘째, 중학교장의 감성리더십과 교사의 조직몰입이 교사의 직무만족에 미치는 영향 어떠한가? 연구결과와 논의를 토대로 얻어진 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교장의 감성리더십 하위요인과 직무만족도 하위요인들 간의 관계에서 가장 높은 상관은 자기인식 능력과 동료애, 학교장의 감성리더십 하위요인과 조직몰입 하위요인 간의 관계에서는 관계관리 능력과 규범적 몰입, 교사의 직무만족 하위요인과 조직몰입 하위요인 간의 관계에서 자율성과 정서적 몰입이다. 둘째, 교사의 직무만족에 영향을 미치는 요인은 학교장의 감성지도성에서 자기인식 능력과 사회적 인식 능력이며, 각각 9.2%, 3.4%의 설명력을 가지고 있다. 교사의 직무만족에 조직 몰입이 미치는 하위요인은 정서적 몰입으로 9.4%의 설명력을 가지고 있다. 전체적으로 학교장의 감성지도성은 10.8%의 설명력을, 조직 몰입은 5.3%의 설명력을 교사의 직무만족에 가지고 있다.The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of the middle school principal’s emotional leadership and teachers’s organizational commitment on teachers’s job satisfaction. The subjects of this study were 364 teachers of 15 Middle School in Jeollabuk-do in accordance to purposeful sampling of nonprobability sampling. The statistics program that was used to achieve the purpose was SPSS pc+ 23.0. The statistics methods were used Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple regression test. The following conclusion were drawn from the research procedures and data analysis. First, The correlation between the sub-factors of emotional leadership and sub-factors of the teachers’job satisfaction is the highest correlated self-recognition ability and friendship. The correlation between the sub-factors of emotional leadership and sub-factors of the teachers’organizational commitment is the highest correlated the relationship management ability and normative commitment. The correlation between the sub-factors of the teachers’job satisfaction and sub-factors of the teachers’organizational commitment is the highest correlated the relationship autonomy and emotional commitment. Second, The factors influencing teachers job satisfaction are self-recognition ability and social recognition ability in the principal s emotional leadership. The factors affecting teacher s job satisfaction are emotional commitment in teacher s organizational commitment. The principal s emotional leadership has 10.8% explanatory power and the organizational commitment has 5.3% explanatory power in teacher s job satisfaction.