Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System Research Articles

Valsartan Loaded Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Delivery System to Enhance Oral Absorption and Bioavailability.

Valsartan (VST) is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with low oral bioavailability. The present study developed a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) to enhance the oral absorption and bioavailability of VST. VST-loaded liquid SNEDDS (VST@L-SNEDDS) was prepared by investigating the solubility of VST and constructing the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams. The formulation of VST@S-SNEDDS was obtained by adsorbing VST@L-SNEDDS onto a solid carrier. In vitro studies including drug dissolution, stability, cytotoxicity, and Caco-2 uptake of VST@S-SNEDDS were assessed. An in vivo pharmacokinetic study of VST@S-SNEDDS was employed to evaluate the oral bioavailability of VST. VST@L-SNEDDS, with an average particle size of 19.90 nm and zeta potential of -20.57 mV, consisted of 12.37% VST (drug loading), 21.91% ethyl oleate, 45.50% RH 40, and 20.22% Transcutol HP. VST@S-SNEDDS was prepared using Neusilin® UFL2 as a solid adsorbent, which contained VST@L-SNEDDS at 2.28 ± 0.15 g/g. The in vitro release study demonstrated that VST@S-SNEDDS exhibited rapid release characteristic without affecting by the pH of the media, and dissolution rates exceeded 90% within 60 min in different media. The long-term stability of VST@S-SNEDDS was better than that of VST@L-SNEDDS. These two formulations increased the Caco-2 uptake significantly. The area under the drug concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h) and peak drug concentration in plasma (Cmax) of VST@S-SNEDDS increased by 2.28-fold and 4.86-fold compared to raw VST, respectively. The proposed VST@S-SNEDDS represents a novel approach to enhance the oral absorption and bioavailability of VST, providing a promising avenue for hypertension treatment.

Formulation and Evaluation of Mesalamine-Quercetin Loaded Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) for the Management of Colon Cancer

Formulation and Evaluation of Mesalamine-Quercetin Loaded Self-Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS) for the Management of Colon Cancer

Design, evaluation, and in vitro-in vivo correlation of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems to improve the oral absorption of exenatide.

The ability to predict the absorption of exenatide (Ex), a GLP-1 analogue, after oral dosing to rats in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS), using in vitro methods, was assessed. Ex was complexed with soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) prior to loading into SNEDDS. A design of experiments (DoE) approach was employed to develop SNEDDS incorporating medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), medium-chain mono- and diglycerides (MGDG), Kolliphor® RH40, and monoacyl phosphatidylcholine. SNEDDS with higher proportions of MGDG and Kolliphor® RH40 demonstrated a 9-fold reduction in droplet size (230 to 26 nm), a 1.5-fold decrease in lipolysis (0.23 to 0.34 mmol of FFA), and a 2-fold enhancement in exenatide protection against proteolysis (73 % to 38 %) compared to those with higher MCT content. Permeability studies in Caco-2 cells showed that SNEDDS with higher proportion of MGDG displayed a 40-fold increase in apparent permeability of FD4, when compared to SNEDDS with higher proportion of MCT. An oral gavage study in rats revealed a 1.8-fold higher absorption of Ex in SNEDDS with a higher proportion of MGDG and Kolliphor®RH40 compared to SNEDDS with higher MCT. These results establish a clear in vitro-in vivo correlation, demonstrating that the selected in vitro methods effectively differentiated formulations with high and low absorption of exenatide after oral dosing in rats.

Olive oil and castor oil-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of flurbiprofen can relieve peripheral pain and inflammation through reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers: a comprehensive formulation and pharmacological insights.

Flurbiprofen (FBP) is poorly water-soluble BCS class II drug with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, used to treat arthritis and degenerative joint diseases. This study was aimed to develop SNEDDS loaded with FBP. Six SNEDDS using two oils olive oil (F1OLV, F2OLV, F3OLV) and castor oil (F4CAS, F5CAS, F6CAS) with three different Smix ratios consisting of Tween 20 and PEG 400 (1:1, 1:2, 2:1) were prepared and characterized. Compatibility between FBP and polymers was investigated using FTIR. SNEDDS were characterized for physicochemical attributes. Two optimized formulations were investigated at 10mg/kg dose given orally in Wistar rats for analgesic activity by hot plate and tail flick methods, and anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced paw edema method. Anti-inflammatory activity was further explored by motor coordination and motility by Rota rod and cage activity tests. Following anesthesia blood samples were collected before dissection to measure inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress markers. Sciatica nerves and hind paws of rats were also removed for histopathological evaluation.FTIR studies revealed compatibility of FBP with other components. Droplet size of F1OLV, F2OLV, F3OLV was 128.5 ± 0.7 nm, 202.5 ± 1.3 nm, and 541.5 ± 1.7 nm, whereas it was 142.5 ± 1.1 nm, 215.4 ± 1.2 nm and 349.9 ± 1.8 nm for F4CAS, F5CAS, F6CAS. %EE of F1OLV, F2OLV, F3OLV was found 85 ± 4.89%-91 ± 4.67%, whereas the %EE F4CAS, F5CAS, F6CAS was 84 ± 4.15%-90 ± 4.21%. DSC curves of F1OLVand F4CASrevealed amorphous nature of the FBP. SEM showed spherical shape of globules. % of drug released in the pH medium 1.2 for plain FBP, F1OLVand F4CASwas 25%, 59% and 57%. % drug released in the pH 6.8 for plain FBP, F1OLVand F4CASwas 59%, 85% and 83%. Oral administration of FBP-loaded SNEDDS (F1OLV and F4CAS) significantly decreased paw diameter and enhanced motor coordination in rats when compared to the disease control group. This was linked to the ability of FBP to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, with histological studies indicating decreased tissue damage in SNEDDS treated groups, implying the possibility of tissue recovery. Administration of both formulations started to demonstrate analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects after one hour of administration. In addition to anti-inflammatory effect, both formulations improved motor coordination, motility, and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the inflamed paws. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were attributed to decreased serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, increased activity of SOD and reduced nitrite content in sciatic nerves. Histopathological evaluation revealed reduced vascularity, inflammation and synovial hyperplasia. The overall findings suggest that the FBP loaded SNEDDS can be used as carriers for improved delivery of FBP which can effectively be used to cure pain and inflammation.

Development of Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Rhein to Improve Biopharmaceutical Performance: Physiochemical Characterization, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation.

Rhein, a natural bioactive lipophilic compound with numerous pharmacological activities, faces limitations in clinical application due to poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability. Thus, this study aimed to develop a rhein-loaded self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (RL-SNEDDS) to improve solubility and bioavailability. The RL-SNEDDS was prepared by aqueous titration method with eucalyptus oil (oil phase), tween 80 (surfactant), and PEG 400 (co-surfactant) and optimization was performed by 32 factorial design. The optimized formulation was characterized for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powdered X-ray diffraction, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy. Further, the oral bioavailability study and brain tissue pharmacokinetics study were performed on Sprague-Dawley rats. The optimized RL-SNEDDS had an average droplet size of 129.3 ±1.57 nm, zeta potential of -24.6 mV ±0.34, % transmittance of 94.82 ± 0.61, and encapsulation efficiency of 98.86 ± 0.23. Furthermore, RL-SNEDDS was transformed into solid RL-SNEDDS (RS-SNEDDS) to increase stability. In vitro release of rhein from RS-SNEDDS showed prolonged release up to 24h with 99.03± 1.04% drug release. Differential scanning calorimetry and powdered X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the reduction in drug crystallinity and supported the results of the dissolution study. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed the smooth and spherical nanosized globule of SNEDDS. Moreover, the in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed a significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) value of Cmax and AUC0-t of RS-SNEDDS (8 ± 0.930 μg/mL and 37.79 ± 2.01μg/mL*hr) compared to free rhein suspension (1.96 ± 0.712 μg/mL and 7.32 ± 0.946 μg/mL*hr) which indicated the enhancement of bioavailability of RS-SNEDDS. We also examined the Cmax and AUC0-t of RS-SNEDDS in the brain and it was found to be 2.90 ± 0.171 μg/mL and 18.18 ± 1.68 μg/mL*hr respectively. This study concludes that the RS-SNEDDS improves brain tissue concentration and oral bioavailability, both of which increase therapeutic potential.

Corrigendum to “Palbociclib-letrozole loaded solid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system for oral treatment of breast cancer: In-vitro and In-vivo characterization” [J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 104 (2025) 106469

Corrigendum to “Palbociclib-letrozole loaded solid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system for oral treatment of breast cancer: In-vitro and In-vivo characterization” [J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 104 (2025) 106469

Evaluation of Stability and In vitro Anti-Cancer Activity of Dihydroquercetin Nanoemulsion

Background: Dihydroquercetin (DHQ), also known as taxifolin, is a flavonoid commonly found in many plants. Dihydroquercetin has been documented to have powerful antioxidant activity and many beneficial properties for human health, especially its ability to inhibit certain types of cancer cells. However, its low solubility and bioavailability are major obstacles to biomedical applications. Moreover, DHQ is chemically unstable and quickly degrades when exposed to alkaline conditions. Objective: In the present study, a DHQ nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by Self Nano- Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) technique to overcome the above disadvantages. Methods: The obtained nanoemulsion system was evaluated for its micro-properties, stability, and in vitro cytotoxic activity against some cancer cells using tetrazolium dyes (MTS assay). Results: Measurement results showed that the DHQ nanoemulsion was successfully synthesized with typical mean droplet sizes from 9 to 11 nm, and revealed excellent stability over time. Dihydroquercetin in nanoemulsion form is more stable than the non-encapsulated form, as evidenced by the maintenance of droplet size in the nanometer range when dispersed in aqueous solution for up to 48 hours. This stability is particularly pronounced in both acidic and neutral environments. In vitro experiments on cytotoxic activities against A549, Hela, and HepG2 cancer cell lines indicated that the prepared DHQ nanoemulsion effectively inhibited the growth of all these cell lines with IC50 values (μg/mL) of 8.0, 20.4, and 29.5 respectively. Conclusion: From the detailed results above, it is evident that the solubility and bioavailability of DHQ can be improved by creating its nanostructure in the form of nanoemulsions. Furthermore, the nano form of DHQ carried within stable nanoemulsions exhibited better performance in inhibiting cancer cells compared to free DHQ. Therefore, further research is required to explore the development of cancer therapeutics utilizing nano DHQ emulsions.

Design and evaluation of solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of cyclosporine developed with a superior adsorbent base

Development of S-SNEDDS of cyclosporine (CYC).

Development of a novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for enhanced efficacy of bedaquiline

Development of a novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for enhanced efficacy of bedaquiline

Design and Development of Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) with Morin Hydrate to Enhance Nimodipine’s oral Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics

Design and Development of Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) with Morin Hydrate to Enhance Nimodipine’s oral Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics

Comparison of Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Systems and Surface-Coated Microspheres: Improving Oral Bioavailability of Niclosamide.

This study aimed to develop a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) and surface-coated microspheres to improve the oral bioavailability of niclosamide. A solubility screening study showed that liquid SNEDDS, prepared using an optimized volume ratio of corn oil, Cremophor RH40, and Tween 80 (20:24:56), formed nanoemulsions with the smallest droplet size. Niclosamide was incorporated into this liquid SNEDDS and spray-dried with calcium silicate to produce solid SNEDDS. Surface-coated microspheres were prepared using sodium alginate and poloxamer 407 and optimized through solubility and dissolution tests. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction were used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the prepared solid SNEDDS, surface-coated microspheres, and the drug alone. The solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability were also assessed. Physicochemical evaluation demonstrated that niclosamide was converted to an amorphous state in the Solid SNEDDS formulation, with enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability. In comparison to niclosamide alone, solid SNEDDS exhibited an increase in drug solubility (approximately 2500-fold vs 158-fold) and oral bioavailability (approximately 10-fold vs 1.65-fold), significantly outperforming surface-coated microspheres. This solid SNEDDS formulation may be an excellent candidate for niclosamide with improved oral bioavailability for repurposing.

Optimization of self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system of rifampicin for nebulization using cinnamon oil as oil phase

Lung delivery can overcome the problems related to the effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment by increasing the drug concentration at the target site. Rifampicin as the first-line antibiotic for tuberculosis has low water solubility and is unstable in gastric which hinders its effectiveness. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a strategy known to improve the solubility and stability of such drugs. This study aimed to obtain the optimum formula of rifampicin SNEDDS intended for lung nebulization using essential oil as an oil phase. Several essential oils are known to have effective antibacterial on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, a high capability to solubilize the drug is required for SNEDDS formulation. Cinnamon oil, tween 80, and transcutol P were chosen as SNEDDS components for optimization using a D-optimal mixture based on the physicochemical characteristics. The optimum formula comprised 12.65% cinnamon oil, 75.00% tween 80, and 12.35% transcutol P which dispersed easily to form a highly transparent emulsion in normal saline under 1 minute. Upon dilution with saline, the optimal SNEDDS can produce a homogenous nanometer droplet (169.2±19.771 nm, PDI of 0.258±0.070) with acceptable pH for lung administration. It also has a viscosity similar to water (0.94±0.01 cP) which allows it to be nebulized easily (aerosol output rate of 0.14±0.02 g/min). Although the diluted SNEDDS has a zeta potential of -2.533±0.268 mV, it was stable for up to 4 hours during the nebulization. These results indicate the potential of cinnamon oil-based rifampicin SNEDDS to be an alternative in the pulmonary delivery of rifampicin via nebulization.

Enhancing oral bioavailability of dasatinib via supersaturable SNEDDS: Investigation of precipitation inhibition and IVIVC through in-vitro lipolysis-permeation model

Dasatinib (DASA), a potent second-generation multitarget kinase inhibitor marketed as Sprycel® (Tablet), is limited by poor oral bioavailability (14–24 %) and dose-related gastrointestinal side effects. A supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (su-SNEDDS) designed to enhance DASA’s solubility, sustain supersaturation, and improve oral bioavailability. The su-SNEDDS formulation comprises DASA, an oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 as a precipitation inhibitor (PI). This innovative system demonstrated exceptional stability in gastrointestinal fluids and robustness against dilution, maintaining significantly elevated drug concentrations in the aqueous milieu. su-SNEDDS achieved ∼ 13.5-fold and 2-fold higher aqueous drug concentrations than DASA suspension and SNEDDS without PI, respectively, after 60 min of digestion. This improvement is attributed to the inhibition of crystal growth by PVP K30. In-vitro lipolysis-permeation and Caco-2 cell assays revealed significantly enhanced drug permeation with su-SNEDDS compared to DASA suspension and SNEDDS without PI. In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies further demonstrated ∼ 1.9-fold and 2.7-fold higher AUC compared to SNEDDS without PI and drug suspension, respectively. A linear correlation (R2 = 0.9042) was established between the AUC data obtained from in to vitro vs in-vivo study. These findings underscore the potential of su-SNEDDS to significantly enhance DASA’s solubility, permeation and oral bioavailability, presenting a substantial advancement in pharmaceutical drug delivery systems. Moreover, in-vitro lipolysis-permeation could be promising tool to predict the in-vivo fate of the oral SNEDDS formulations.

Retraction Note: Polysaccharide-fecal microbiota-based colon-targeted self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of curcumin for treating polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Retraction Note: Polysaccharide-fecal microbiota-based colon-targeted self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of curcumin for treating polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Optimization and Characterization of Self Nano Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Curcumin with D-Optimal Mixture Design Method

Curcumin, known for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant properties, faces challenges due to poor water solubility and low bioavailability as a BCS class II compound. The study investigates using a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to enhance these properties, optimizing the formulation with the D-Optimal Mixture Design method. Sixteen formulas were prepared using oleic acid, Tween 80, and PEG 400. Each formula was characterized by particle size, % transmittance, emulsification time, and drug loading. The optimized formula, containing 10% oleic acid, 70% Tween 80, and 20% PEG 400, achieved a particle size of 80.167 nm, an emulsification time of 39.36 seconds, near 100% transmittance, and high drug loading.

Development and characterization of a self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for Ornidazole to improve solubility and oral bioavailability of BCS class II drugs

This study aimed to investigate the in vitro performance of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs) of Ornidazole (ORD), a poorly water-soluble drug. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of ORD were prepared using various oils, non-ionic surfactants, and/or water-soluble co-solvents and assessed visually/by droplet size measurement. Equilibrium solubility of ORD in the anhydrous and diluted SNEDDS was conducted to achieve the maximum drug loading. The in vitro dissolution of SNEDDS was studied to compare the solubility of the representative formulations with API. The results from the characterization and solubility studies showed that SNEDDS formulations were stable with lower droplet sizes and showed higher ORD solubility. From the dissolution studies, it was found that the developed A7-SNEDDS formulation provided a significantly higher rate of ORD release (98.94 ± 0.68 in 1.0 h) compared to API. ORD-loaded SNEDDS formulations could be a potential oral pharmaceutical product with high drug-loading capacity, improved drug dissolution, and enhanced oral bioavailability.

In vitro cellular uptake and insulin secretion studies on INS-1E cells of exendin-4-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems

Exendin-4 (ex-4) is a peptide molecule that regulates blood glucose levels without causing hypoglycemia by providing insulin secretion from beta cells in the pancreas. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) attract attention for oral administration of therapeutic peptide/proteins because they protect therapeutic peptide/proteins from the gastric environment, reduce changes due to food effects, are easy to prepare and scale-up. Ex-4 has no commercial form that can be administered orally. In this study, the cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and insulin secretion of ex-4 and ex-4/chymostatin (chym) SNEDDS were investigated on INS-1E rat pancreatic beta cells. The effect of ex-4 and ex-4/chym SNEDDS on cell viability in INS-1E cells increased when the dilution ratio higher. Ex-4 and ex-4/chym SNEDDS increased insulin levels in 2.8 mM (low-dose) glucose-induced INS-1E cells 2.21-fold and 2.17-fold compared to control, respectively. Ex-4 and ex-4/chym SNEDDS increased insulin levels in 16.7 mM (high dose) glucose-induced INS-1E cells compared to control, respectively. In cellular uptake studies, coumarin-6 solution penetrated the apical membrane of INS-1E cells and remained in the cytoplasm, while coumarin-6 loaded SNEDDS were visualized in the nuclei of the cell. These findings will likely be useful in the development of new formulations for the oral administration of peptides/proteins.

Evaluating Various Lactose Types as Solid Carriers for Improving Curcumin Solubility in Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (S-SNEDDSs) for Oral Administration

Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from turmeric, possesses numerous pharmaceutical properties; however, its poor aqueous solubility and permeability result in low bioavailability. This study aims to develop a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) using different lactose types as solid carriers for the oral administration of curcumin to enhance its solubility. The system comprised curcumin, an oil phase, and a surfactant. Jasmine oil, as the oil phase, and Cremophor® RH40, as the surfactant, were selected due to their superior ability to solubilize curcumin. A microemulsion was then prepared using a ternary phase diagram. The liquid SNEDDSs were converted into S-SNEDDSs by employing three solid carriers: Tablettose® 80, FlowLac® 100, and GranuLac® 200. Dissolution studies conducted in simulated gastric fluid demonstrated a significant improvement in curcumin solubility in the S-SNEDDS formulations compared to curcumin powder. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the appearance of curcumin in the S-SNEDDS, while Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated compatibility between the excipients and curcumin. Additionally, an accelerated stability study conducted over four weeks at 40 °C and 75% relative humidity showed no significant changes in the physical appearance of the S-SNEDDS formulations. These findings suggest that the S-SNEDDS formulation effectively enhances curcumin’s solubility, potentially improving its bioavailability for oral administration.

Fortifying SNEDDS with Hybrid Technologies: Present and Future Prospects

Self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have gained attention in recent years as an effective approach for improving the solubility and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, there have been reports of drawbacks such as low drug loading, limited stability and variability in absorption. Various technologies have been investigated in conjunction with SNEDDS to alleviate such issues such as polymers being used to improve stability and drug loading; phospholipid complexes used to improve absorption and reduce inter and intrasubject variability; SNEDDS for drug targeting improves the targeting of drugs to specific site reducing the dosage required for action. 3D printing is used to create personalized and precise dosages; supersaturated SNEDDS is used to increase drug concentration; and solid SNEDDS are used to improve storage stability and patient compliance. The amalgamation of SNEDDS with these technologies has demonstrated promising results with regard to the improvement of medication delivery and has control over SNEDDS limitations. The present review elucidates the application of blended technologies with SNEDDS and the future potential for such drug delivery.

Optimization of Glibenclamide Loaded Thermoresponsive SNEDDS Using Design of Experiment Approach: Paving the Way to Enhance Pharmaceutical Applicability.

Thermoresponsive self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (T-SNEDDS) offer a promising solution to the limitations of conventional SNEDDS formulations. Liquid SNEDDS are expected to enhance drug solubility; however, they are susceptible to leakage during storage. Even though solid SNEDDS offers a solution to this storage instability, they introduce new challenges, namely increased total dosage and potential for drug trapping within the formulation. The invented T-SNEDDS was used to overcome these limitations and improve the dissolution of glibenclamide (GBC). Solubility and transmittance studies were performed to select a suitable oil and surfactant. Design of Experiments (DoE) software was used to study the impact of propylene glycol and Poloxamer 188 concentrations on measured responses (liquefying temperature, liquefying time, and GBC solubility). The optimized formulation was subjected to an in vitro dissolution study. The optimized T-SNEDDS consisted of Kolliphor EL and Imwitor 308 as surfactants and oil. The optimized propylene glycol and Poloxamer 188 concentrations were 13.7 and 7.9% w/w, respectively. It exhibited a liquefying temperature of 35.0 °C, a liquefying time of 119 s, and a GBC solubility of 5.51 mg/g. In vitro dissolution study showed that optimized T-SNEDDS exhibited 98.8% dissolution efficiency compared with 2.5% for raw drugs. This study presents a promising approach to enhance pharmaceutical applicability by resolving the limitations of traditional SNEDDS.