Self-government Bodies Research Articles

The Rebirth of Medical Self-Government in Poland in 1989

The Polish Chamber of Physicians and Dentists (Naczelna Izba Lekarska) and the regional chambers of physicians and dentists (Okręgowe Izby Lekarskie) are the organisational bodies of the professional self-government of physicians and dentists in Poland. They are responsible for supervising the proper and conscientious exercise of the medical professions, determining the principles of professional ethics and deontology, and representing and protecting the medical professions. The history of Polish medical self-government dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. The development of the chambers was stopped in 1950 by the communist regime when the authorities decided to dissolve them. This article, which is partly based on unpublished sources, presents the efforts of Polish doctors to regain their professional self-government. It shows how these efforts were linked to the democratisation processes of Poland in 1989.

ORGANIZATION OF EXTRA-CURRICULUM ACTIVITIES OF HIGHER EDUCATION ACQUIRES OF PAVLO TYCHYNA UMAN STATE PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITY

An important role in the professional and personal development of a future specialist is played by extracurricular activities. Extracurricular work at Pavlo Tychyna UDPU is carried out in accordance with the legislative documents of Ukraine and normative documents of the university.The directions of extracurricular activities at the university are complementary and are implemented comprehensively: scientific-research, social-political, artistic-aesthetic, labor, historical-cultural, physical culture and sports, organizational and management, national and patriotic education.A questionnaire was conducted and the level of awareness regarding the organization of extracurricular activities, the degree of involvement of students in various activities, their interests, preferences and priorities was determined.The results of the survey showed that the majority of higher education students are really involved in extracurricular activities, they actively participate in various activities. It was found that, according to the students, the university provides many opportunities for their involvement in various extracurricular activities, which contributes not only to the formation of a conscious desire for self-education and self-improvement, but also to reducing the level of stress, which affects the general level of personal well-being.We have found that the Faculties / Institute have adequate facilities which are used for various extra-curricular activities. The premises are equipped with the necessary means of communication and technical resources to ensure the high-quality implementation of these events.After analyzing the organization of extracurricular activities of higher education students, we consider it necessary to: expand the forms and directions of extracurricular activities in accordance with the modern value orientations of modern youth; to improve cooperation with student self-government bodies regarding the systematic holding of various activities; continue work on attracting well-known speakers and experts to conduct master classes, trainings, etc.; to encourage extracurricular activities that take into account the various needs and opportunities of higher education students.

Комунікаційні стратегії в державному управлінні: стан реалізації та проблеми

The article defines the current state of implementation of communication strategies by public administration bodies in Ukraine and identifies systemic problems. An analysis of the positive aspects and shortcomings in the development and implementation of communication strategies in the field of public administration is provided, as well as the requirements and factors that have a more significant impact on the content of communication processes in public administration are determined. The favorable perception of the public sphere was influenced not only by the information space formed by the Ukrainian mass media and officials, but also by the informational messages of Russian propaganda. The author provides suggestions for improving the communication strategy in the public sphere. It was established that when developing communication strategies, public authorities should ensure the reduction of uncertainty and the risk of failure when making strategic management decisions. It was determined that the essence of the interaction of public authorities with target audiences is to ensure an effective state policy and adaptation of state reforms to possible future changes in the external environment. Achieving these tasks is possible by: increasing citizens’ trust in state institutions and improving their image; raising citizens’ awareness of the processes taking place in state institutions; ensuring active participation of citizens in the processes of making management decisions and establishing feedback; establishing cooperation with national and international mass media, it is emphasized that this is impossible without improving the public sector, strengthening the presence of public institutions at the international level, optimizing internal communication and information exchange in public institutions. The development of relations with the public as a new social institution for Ukrainian society, bodies of public authority and local self-government, that is, the creation of conditions for ensuring communication with the community and significant participation of the community in solving local problems, defining the conceptual apparatus, principles and rules of institutional analysis, and as well as identifying the rules used by local self-government bodies. Keywords: communications in public administration, information, strategic communications, communication risks, communication channels, communication policy, communication infrastructure.

Local Self-Government Autonomy in Saint Petersburg

In modern history, public authority has expanded its political and legal interpretation. By an amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation from 2020 on improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public authority, the bodies of local self-government were included among the bodies of public authority. Based on Article 132 of the RF Constitution, LSG bodies entered the unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation and began to cooperate with state authorities for the most effective resolution of tasks in the interests of the population residing in the respective territory.The European Charter on Local Self-Governance defines and the Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the historical and legal basis for the establishment of local self-governance in a particular territory — its autonomy. The cultural and historical peculiarities of the inhabitants of these territories must be taken into account.The people of St Petersburg exercise their constitutional right to exercise power through local government. It has its own cultural code, which is expressed in special history, local customs and traditions, a multinational population, and a multitude of confessions. Local self-government is represented by 111 inner-city municipalities and 1 Council of Municipalities. Local government is regulated by the law on organization of local government in St Petersburg. The degree to which the residents’ right to power, and thus political stability in the region, depends on the quality of the local government’s performance of its powers.The 2019 municipal elections changed the quality of the representative bodies by supplementing them with independent, non-systemic deputies. This circumstance allowed for a different perspective on the specifics of local government and the functioning of LSG bodies. In the opinion of the authors, this renewal is not so much the desire of the population of the metropolis to change the composition of the representative bodies, but rather the consequence of a consistent government policy of centralizing local self-governance. After the incorporation of local self-governance into the system of public authorities and the artificial subordination of its legal nature to the needs of state power, the managerial principle of federal megacities of urban unity became the main reason, exploiting which, as a screen, the state power consistently deprives LSG bodies of independence, reducing the financial basis, the number of issues of local significance, and traditionally local functionality.The article attempts to determine the level of autonomy of LSG bodies of St. Petersburg, the direction of the vector of normative-legal regulation of state power in relation to the constitutional institution, to analyze the results of the findings, to draw conclusions and to assess the level of autonomy of local self-government in the political aspect, as well as the possible consequences of such state policy on the ground.The aim of this article is to provide scientific substantiation of necessity of certain decisions of state power bodies with the aim of preventing governmentalization of local self-government in St. Petersburg, to offer concrete measures for decision-making by state power bodies.

Формування та реалізація стратегій сталого розвитку територій на засадах проєктної діяльності

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of strategies for the sustainable development of territories based on project activities. It was determined that, by its very nature, project activity in public administration can be considered in two conventional planes: 1) as a documented complex of organizational-technical, socio-economic, material-resource and informational-communicative justification and planning of time-limited activities specially created for this purpose temporary organizational unit of the authority or local self-government to achieve a clearly set goal; 2) as the direct activity of such a unit as a part of a public governance body with a clear internal hierarchy and close interaction both within the project team and between the project group, the local council and the external community, the existence of which is limited to a defined time and ends from the moment of the final realization of the set goal of the project. It was determined that the design activity can be used for the implementation of any projects in all areas and directions of territorial development, solving the problem of attracting investments in local development and control both by state bodies and the public regarding the targeted use of funds, terms and costs for implementation of project ideas. In a strategic plan, the project activity provides an opportunity to direct the efforts of the relevant public authorities to solve the urgent problems of the future development of the united territorial community, region, and state in its key directions. It was established that the content and essence of aspects of project analysis are not always adequately understood, which leads to insufficient quality of substantiation of the social utility of projects, incomplete consideration of the risks of their implementation. It is proved that the issue of implementation of project management in local self-government bodies is relevant, where the real result of work is evaluated not only by higher authorities and controlling bodies, but also directly by residents of the territories. Keywords: project activity, strategy of sustainable development of territories, effectiveness of project activity, united territorial community, level of community readiness for project activity, financial capacity.

Сучасні тенденції та проблеми диджиталізації публічного управління в Україні

An important motive for the progress of digitalization is the desire to improve public administration. The article aimed to study modern trends and problems related to digitalizing public administration in Ukraine in modern conditions. In global and domestic practice, digitalization of public administration can cover changes in the provision of administrative services and the processes of formation of state policy, management of state property, and administrative activities. As a result of the analysis determined the main directions of digitization of public administration in Ukraine, which considers the features of modern conditions (electronic document flow and electronic services; Open Data, electronic identification, and digital signature; e-governance; artificial intelligence, and data analytics). The advantages and disadvantages of these processes in the context of the implementation of regional strategies are also investigated. The component strategies of digitization of public administration and indicators of its effectiveness are outlined, which will allow us to adjust the directions of development and control points of such a strategy in the future. The list of conditions for successful digitization of public administration in Ukraine is substantiated: the development and availability of information and communication technologies as the basis of digitalization; development of digital capabilities of civil servants; digitization of territorial communities and local self-government bodies; financial support for the development of public administration bodies; digital literacy of the population. Based on generalized information about the advantages and disadvantages of using digital technologies, the actions regarding the formation and implementation of territorial development strategies in practice can be adjusted in the future. It is noted that the success of this process depends on the extent to which the universal requirements of management by results are considered and the degree of compliance with the conditions of successful digitalization of public administration considering the post-war recovery of Ukraine’s economy. Keywords: digitalization of public administration, interaction of government and business, digitalization strategy, electronic services, digital development of communities and territories.

Trends in the Development of the Public Administration System

The paper considers specifics of narrow and broad approaches to public administration that existed in the USSR and the Russian Federation, as well as the modern concept of public administration related to the exercise of public power. The causes and periods of the emergence of these concepts are determined. Since public power unites state bodies and local self-government bodies, it is proposed to understand the term «public administration» integrally — as joint, coordinated managerial actions of state and municipal bodies. It is argued that, despite the differences in these concepts, the directions of development of the public administration system are determined by the same trends. Based on the analysis of the mechanism of development of this system, three similar trends are identified. It is shown that the first trend causes a permanent increase in the number of governing bodies (subjects) included in the public administration system. It is determined that at the same time, information communications in the public administration system are growing. Given this circumstance, it is concluded that the second trend in the development of the system is the complication of the architectonics of information communication channels during the transition from one system of public administration to the next generation system, which makes it possible to increase the efficiency of management in new socio-economic conditions. It is argued that public administration is carried out through the simultaneous implementation of different management approaches, in particular, centralization and decentralization of management, the use of cybernetic and synergetic tools. In this regard, the third trend in the development of the system under consideration is the transition to a new ideology of convergence of various management mechanisms.

Оценка органов местного самоуправления как органов публичной власти

Comprehension of the results of the reform of the Constitution of the Russian Federation allows us to conclude that the bodies of state power and local self-government bodies, united in a single system of public power by this very fact, are not transformed into public authorities. With regard to local self-government bodies, in the cases cited in the article, they are supposed to acquire identity as a public authority through a change in the model of financial and budgetary security.

Координационные связи с участием глав (губернаторов) субъектов Российской Федерации и органов местного самоуправления: проблемы конституционно-правового регулирования

This article is devoted to the consideration of the constitutional and legal aspects of building coordination ties with the participation of heads (governors) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments. It is noted that connections of this kind in a unified system of public authority arise in order to facilitate the development of local self-government and correspond to the nature of coordination, however, the scope of powers granted to the heads (governors) of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation requires critical reflection from the position of presence (absence) objective opportunities for the formation of coordination relations of the quality and content that are more consistent with the regional specifics and the needs of the organization of public power structures in a single subject of the Russian Federation. The conclusion is substantiated that in the relationship between the highest official of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (coordinator) and local self-government bodies (coordinated persons), a transition to building, mainly, organizational relations to support the rule-making, organizational, financial activities of municipalities, ensuring monitoring of the state of protection is necessary. respect for human and civil rights and freedoms and national security. It is proposed to modify the legal status of councils of municipalities through recognizing them as an independent type of non-profit organizations in the field of public administration, establishing a requirement for the obligatory consideration of the posi-tion of the council by public authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the listed areas.

Legal Framework of Medical Service in the City of Osijek During the First Half of the 19th Century

The aim of this research work is to gain insight into how the medical service was legally regulated in the city of Osijek, the main Slavonian center to which a large number of people immigrated after the Great Turkish War, and which consequently spread the fear of the appearance of new infections in that area. At the same time, special attention was paid to medical regulations after the city of Osijek received the status of a Free Royal City in 1809. Despite the jurisdiction of the Royal Hungarian – Protectoral Council and the Royal Hungarian Court Chamber, the Liberation Charter enabled the city of Osijek to establish its own self-governing bodies. Thus, along with the City Council and its representatives, a lesser- known physical department was founded, which was headed by a physicist. In particular, it was a physician with the highest level of responsibility, who had the authority to protect the public health of the population of the Free Royal City of Osijek.

Implementation of the principle of competition in the course of pre-trial investigation

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of implementing the adversarial principle in the course of pre-trial investigation. Adversariality determines the image of the entire criminal process, since it implies its construction in which the functions of prosecution, defense and case resolution are separated from each other. This, in turn, gives the court’s verdict a special power of persuasion, increases its legal and social significance.
 The adversarial principle in the course of pre-trial investigation has its own structure, which consists of four interrelated elements: 1) the presence of the prosecution and the defense; 2) the presence of equal procedural rights for the prosecution and the defense; 3) the presence and clear separation of the functions of public prosecution, defense and trial; 4) the presence of an objective and impartial court.
 At the stage of pre-trial investigation, the adversarial nature of the parties is characterized by a number of circumstances, one of which is that the officials conducting the proceedings have power and administrative authority, unlike the defense. In the course of the study, the author substantiates the position that it is necessary to expand the powers of defense counsel with a view to intensifying his/her activities in implementing the principle of adversariality at the pre-trial investigation stage. In this regard, the author suggests that the CPC of Ukraine should include the following: a protocol form for recording the results of questioning of persons by the defense; provide for the liability of public authorities, local self-government bodies, enterprises, institutions, organizations, officials and individuals for failure to comply with the defense’s requests for the provision of necessary items and documents; supplement the CPC of Ukraine with a rule imposing on the investigator, prosecutor the obligation to timely notify the defense counsel of the time and place of the investigative (search) action in which he or she has the right to participate.

Губернское и уездные земства Уфимской губернии: опыт взаимодействия в сфере кадровой политики в конце XIX – начале XX в.

The article analyzes practices of interaction between provincial and district zemstvos of the Ufa province with regard to personnel policy. Depending on the source of salary payment, zemstvo employees were divided into two categories: district and provincial. All personnel decisions concerning zemstvo employees were made by the local self-government bodies of the relevant district. The analysis of the correspondence of the Ufa zemstvo boards allows to assert that the attempts of the provincial zemstvo to influence the invitation or relocation of district employees were not successful. The districts autonomy increased the flexibility of the zemstvo personnel policy, but prevented establishing the social security system for employees. Certain staff categories (veterinarians, agronomists, technicians, insurance agents) received salaries from the provincial tax charges and, accordingly, were subordinate to the provincial zemstvo. At the same time, the professional responsibilities of such employees were related to a particular district. As a result, at the early XX century, the Ufa provincial zemstvo delegated part of its personnel powers to the district level.

SPECIFICITY OF MOTIVATION OF POPULATION PARTICIPATION IN IMPROVEMENT OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

The activity of the population in improving the urban environment is an important intangible resource for the formation of urban space. The active participation of the population in decision-making on the transformation of the territory is the key to the effectiveness of coordination of opinions between citizens and city authorities, which minimizes conflicts of interest and becomes the basis for social security and reduces the risk of protest sentiments. An important component for developing mechanisms for involving citizens in improvement practices is a detailed analysis of the motivation for the participation of current activists. The article examines two forms of participation in the improvement of the urban environment and, accordingly, two groups of activists: formal participation in the activities of territorial public self-government bodies and informal participation in the improvement of a house or yard. The theoretical and methodological basis for the study of social participation was the work of E.S. Azarova, M.S. Yanitsky, Kh.K. Anheier, L.M. Salamon, M.V. Nikonova and V.N. Stegniy. Idealistic, personal growth, expansion of social contacts, and compensatory motives are taken as basic. As an empirical basis, we used data from a survey of the population of the city of Cherepovets and the results of in-depth and expert interviews with representatives of the bodies of the TOS “Zarechny” in the city of Cherepovets and activists of this microdistrict. Based on the results of the study, it was proven that the significant incentives of activists taking part informally are focused on interaction, on the sphere of common interests, the motivation is solving problems of society, communication, and changing the surrounding space. The leading motives in the structure of motivation of TOS employees, with also quite pronounced idealistic motives, are significantly focused on the manifestation of personal initiative and are determined by the desire for self-realization.

Правовой статус органов местного самоуправления в Аргентине

The article examines the status of local self-government bodies in Argentina. Due to the lack of unified federal regulation of the institution of local self-government, the author analyzes the legislation of the constituent entities of the federation. The procedure for the formation of local self-government bodies, the nature of the relationship between various local selfgovernment bodies, the procedure for resolving conflicts, and the peculiarities of the status of local self-government bodies in some subjects of the federation are also studied.

Понятие и правовая природа публичной власти в России

In this article, the author examines the features of the legal regulation of the institution of public power in Russia, reveals its characteristic features, and examines the legal nature. The author analyzes the content of the system of public power, basing his conclusions on the conclusions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The author reveals the features of public power before it was officially enshrined at the legislative level, analyzes the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, in which the signs of public power were revealed. The analysis of the concept and signs of public power is given in the historical aspect, it is concluded that in the federal territory public power can be characterized as mixed, in which the signs of the regional level of government and local self-government bodies are intertwined, it is concluded that a new level of power has been formed in Russia — public power.

Object of criminal offenses of Chapter XV of the Special part of the Criminal code of Ukraine: the issue of definition

The article analyzes the issue of defining a generic object criminal offences, responsibility for the commission of which to be provided in Chapter XV of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine «Criminal offenses against the authority of state bodies authorities, local self-government bodies, associations of citizens and criminal offenses against journalists». It is noted that according to the name the generic object of the specified criminal offenses is the following to recognize the body of state authorities, local bodies self-government, association of citizens.
 It was established that there is no unanimity in the definition of the generic object criminal offenses provided for by Chapter XV of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is proved that the generic object of the specified criminal offenses in the scientific literature are recognized order management, while scientists recognize it as a structural element of order management authority of state authorities, local authorities self-government and associations of citizens; social relations that provide authority and normal activity of state and local authorities self-government and associations of citizens, as well as protection of professional activity journalists; social relations formed in the sphere of protection of authority and normal activity of state authorities regulated by law, bodies of local self-government, associations of citizens, any others enterprises, institutions, organizations, authorized individuals on the basis implementation of administrative and organizational and economic tasks functions.
 Uncertainty in the relationship between the concepts «authority of bodies» has been proved state authorities, local self-government bodies and citizens’ associations» and «management activity». The meaning of the concept of «authority» is established a mandatory element of power and one of the necessary conditions for implementation authoritative powers. Expressed suggestion about necessity renaming of Chapter XV of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as «Criminal offenses against the authority of state bodies authorities, local self-government bodies, citizens’ associations, criminal offenses against journalists and against the order of public administration».

General secondary education in Bulgaria: administrative law aspects

In the article, the author analyses the system of general secondary education in the Republic of Bulgaria from the perspective of administrative law and also examines the regulatory framework for education in this country with a view to identifying the specific features of school education which determine its efficiency and quality.
 The fundamental rights of Bulgarian citizens to education are enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria. Education in Bulgaria is a national priority, and therefore educational policy is formed and implemented on the following principles: a unified state educational policy to ensure the right to preschool and school education; focus on the interest and motivation of the child and pupil, on age and social changes in life, as well as on the ability to apply the acquired competences in practice.
 Having analysed the fundamental law of the Republic of Bulgaria “On Preschool and School Education”, the author notes that it is supplemented by a significant number of legal acts issued in the form of resolutions of the Council of Ministers, orders of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria and a number of other ministries on specialised education programmes.
 The author pays particular attention to the distribution of administrative powers in the field of education between the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Bulgaria, regional education departments, local self-government bodies and educational institutions.
 In the author’s opinion, the activities of bodies for consideration and addressing of a wide range of issues at the school level are worthy of further study: these are pedagogical councils, public councils established at each school, and boards of trustees established to attract additional financial and material resources to support school activities and control their intended use.
 Based on the study, the author concludes that public administration of the general secondary education in Bulgaria is characterised by deep democratization and decentralization, as well as expansion of the autonomy given to schools. While the main subject of public administration in the field of general secondary education in Bulgaria is the Ministry of Science and Education, a significant role is also played by regional education departments and local governments, where the former provide methodological support to educational institutions, and the latter supervise and control directly the educational institutions.

Self-taxation as a form of participation of citizens in expenditures of the territorial community: the experience of the Republic of Poland

The article is devoted to the analysis of the Polish experience of legal regulation of self-taxation as a form of citizen’s participation in local community expenditures. It is shown that the Institute of self- taxation in the Republic of Poland has a long history. Borrowed in the 1950s in the USSR, it continues to be successfully used today as a tool to further mobilize financial resources to address local issues. The peculiarities and mechanism of establishing self-taxation are disclosed. It is shown that today the mechanism of establishing self-taxation is significantly complicated and the only acceptable form of its introduction is a local referendum. The author emphasizes the existence in Polish law and the financial and legal doctrine of a clear position on the distinction between self-taxation and taxes. Self-taxation is intrinsic to the target character, its own form of legalization, its own entity and its voluntary nature.
 It is substantiated that self-taxation is an independent form of non-taxable compulsory payment and is used to resolve issues of local importance, its size and order of introduction and use are determined independently by the population in a local referendum. At the same time, local referendums for Poland remain a rare occurrence. This is due to both the cost and the complexity of the procedure. In addition, the widespread use of self-tax referendums was blocked by court decisions and the opinion of financial law experts, who stated that the self-tax institute in its current form had no legal basis.
 The analysis shows that the Polish communities most often use self-taxation of the population for the purposes related to the construction of infrastructure networks (water and sewerage networks) or municipal waste management (sorting, disposal and storage). Introducing self-taxation is essential for the development of territorial communities. Self-taxation allows territorial communities to receive additional funds, increase civic activity of residents, and increase the level of responsibility of local self-government bodies.

The Dualistic Nature of the Competence of Civil-Military Administrations: On the Formulation of the Problem

The article highlights the controversial issues of executive branch dualism in Ukraine and highlights the problems of the dualistic nature of the competence of civil-military administrations. It is noted that since the proclamation of Ukraine’s independence and up to now, political and legal discussions have been taking place around the problems of executive power organization. It is emphasized that the origins of the problem of executive dualism should be sought from the formation of the system of public authorities in Ukraine in the 90s of the twentieth century. During this period, there was a rather complicated political struggle and a search for the most optimal model of building a system of state authorities, which certainly affected the construction of the executive branch, and gave rise to a number of problems related to the dualism of power. The author emphasizes that the problems of dualism in the sphere of higher authorities have caused the same problems in the system of executive authorities and their relations with other types of public authorities, in particular, with local self-government bodies. The author analyzes and summarizes the problems in the field of relations between local public authorities (local executive authorities and local self-government bodies) and identifies the following: conceptual problems of delimitation of powers between certain executive authorities and local self-government bodies, legal problems of delimitation of powers between certain executive authorities and local self-government bodies; institutional problems. It is emphasized that dualism was also observed in the course of functioning of civil-military administrations, although in this case it was of a slightly different nature, which is due to the special legal status of the latter. The author identifies the peculiarities of such dualism. The author emphasizes the need to improve the legal framework for the functioning of civil-military administrations, to carry out institutional changes (search for a model, structure, etc.), to organize work, to apply new forms and methods of management, and to conduct further scientific research.

E Grampanchayat

E-Gram Panchayat leverages digital technologies to streamline and improve the efficiency of administrative processes within rural local self-government bodies. It enables the automation of various tasks and reduces paperwork. The use of technology ensures transparency in decision- making and resource allocation. Citizens can access information related to Panchayat activities, budgets, and projects online, fostering greater accountability among local representatives. E-Gram Panchayat platforms often include citizen-centric services, allowing villagers to participate in governance actively. This includes online grievance redressal systems and public feedback mechanisms. It enhances the delivery of essential public services such as birth and death certificates, land records, and social welfare schemes. These services become more accessible to rural residents through online portals