System Of Self-government Research Articles

Реформа местного самоуправления: некоторые возможности и ограничения

Modern Russia is on the brink of a new municipal reform, against the backdrop of the proposed Federal Law “On General Principles of Local Self-Government Organization in a Unified System of Public Authority” (Draft Law No. 40361-8), which aims to replace the existing Federal Law No. 131 of October 6, 2003, “On General Principles of Local Self-Government Organization in the Russian Federation”. At the same time, this initiative was perceived quite ambiguously by the expert community. The most significant contention arises from the transition to a one-tier system of local self-governance, particularly due to the insufficient understanding of the organizational mechanisms necessary for its implementation. Consequently, the reforms of local self-governance, which involve the transformation of municipal districts into municipal entities, necessitate greater clarity, transparency, and justification of the effectiveness of this transformation. It is imperative to arrange a unified system of public authority in such a manner that decisions made within its framework are judicious, well-founded, and do not raise doubts regarding their potential impact. The reform of local self-governance should be conducted based on a comprehensive investigation of all possible alternatives and the search for balanced solutions. The problems and prospects associated with this reform merit further attention and analy-sis, as they hold significant implications for the governance landscape in Russia.

Seeking self-organization in self-governing systems: are we looking in the wrong place?

Seeking self-organization in self-governing systems: are we looking in the wrong place?

Traditional Governance in Nepal's Majhi Communities: A Case Study of Majhesawa in Sindhupalchok and Ramechhap Districts

Customary self-government system of the indigenous Majhi community called Majhesawa is at the stage of extinction and its remnants can be found in Sindhupalchok and Ramechhap districts. The aim of this research is to explore current situation of Majhesawa in Sindhupalchok and Ramechhap districts. The design of the study was qualitative in Nature. 70 participants were selected using a purposive sampling method from Sindhupalchok and Ramechhap districts. Primary data were collected using Focused Group Discussion and in-depth interview as data collection tools in 2024, and secondary data were collected reviewing different literatures. It is found that in both districts, forming Majhesawa committees is being conducted as a campaign with the understanding that all the problems that appear in the Majhi community can be solved at the community level by protecting and promoting the rights and interests of the Majhi. Active participation of youths, elders and women is seen in this campaign. Although Majhesawa committees have been formed in most of the Majhi settlements, all committees are inactive due to lack of written documents and knowledge about duties, responsibilities and rights. Majhesawa committees are performing their role especially during the Koshi Puja. In both districts, the Majhesawa committees have not received legal recognition from any government body so far and there has been no effort from the Majhi community to do so. It seems that organizations related to Majhi community and people related to Majhesawa should take the initiative to obtain legal recognition to operate Majhesawa and prepare necessary procedures and documents. This article can be useful to the social workers and political leaders.

FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF ENSURING THE ACTIVITIES OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES UNDER CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION IN POLAND

The purpose of the research within the scope of the scientific article is to clarify the essence of the model of building a system of local self-government in the Republic of Poland, taking into account the principles of decentralization in view of the use of certain forms of its implementation in Ukraine. To achieve the goal of the research, the following tasks were carried out: clarification of the prerequisites, forms and methods of building a model of the local self-government system in the Republic of Poland, taking into account the observance of the principles of decentralization; carrying out a comparative analysis of the construction of this model in Poland and Ukraine; identifying effective forms of implementation of the principles of decentralization of the model of local self-government in Poland and forecasting the possibility of their implementation in the process of local self-government reform in Ukraine. As a result of the study, it was established that the Polish system of local self-government is characterized by the presence of such a specific mechanism of delegation of power, such as their transfer between local self-government bodies of different levels. Within the framework of this mechanism, the powers of the self-governing bodies of the voivodship can be delegated to the relevant district bodies if necessary. It has been proven that this type of delegation of powers is a completely natural continuation of the principle of subsidiarity, as it is applied in the case when a certain administrative authority is legally assigned to a local self-government body of one level, but can be most effectively implemented by a local self-government body of another level - both higher and lower Ukrainian legislation does not allow such delegation of powers between local self-government bodies of different levels at all. That is why one of the measures of the decentralization reform in Ukraine should be the enshrining in the Law "On Local Self-Government in Ukraine" or in the prospective Municipal Code of Ukraine the provision that local self-government bodies can enter into administrative agreements with each other on the delegation of power and the transfer of necessary for them implementation of financial and (or) material and technical resources.

"MSHAK" NEWSPAPER AS A SOURCE OF DAILY RURAL SELF-GOVERNMENT (AT THE EXAMPLE OF GAZAKH DISTRICT OF ELIZAVETPOL PROVINCE)

At the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX century, not only socio-political changes took place in the Russian Empire, but also significant transformations in everyday life. In this article, we have tried to explore the peculiarities of Armenian self-government in Gazakh district of Elizavetpol province, based on information published in the newspaper "Mshak". "Mshak" was the most authoritative and widely distributed print publication of that time. It served not only as a source of information, but also as a platform where Caucasian Armenians could share their achievements and significant events. This newspaper became the voice of provincial Armenians, and the letters and notes published in its issues are valuable material for studying the daily life and local history of the Armenians of the Caucasus of that period. The object of our research is the Armenian-populated villages of Gazakh county in the late XIX - early XX centuries, and the subject is everyday problems related to the peculiarities of the self-government system, elections and appointment of officials in villages where Gazakh Armenians lived. Our goal is to analyze and evaluate how the self-government system functioned during this period. The research is aimed at a deep understanding of the daily life of the rural self-government system among Kazakh Armenians. We especially highlighted the importance of the newspaper "Mshak" as a source of information. The purpose of the work is to identify local peculiarities of the organization of self-government bodies, as well as to find out how the local community treated them and how actively it participated in the electoral processes. The system of rural self-government and related events reflected the political and economic conditions of that time. Village assemblies certainly had a significant impact on the daily life of the village, since they formed all levels of community self-government and made key decisions. The study shows that the daily life of the village revolved around the main officials - the village head and his staff. The public's attitude towards village assemblies and elected officials depended on the effectiveness of their work.

Forms of Government in Program Documents and Legal Doctrine of Russia at the Beginning of the 20th Century

Introduction. This paper analyzes the views of prominent Cadet figures regarding various forms of state structure in relation to the imperial political reality of the early 20th century. The main focus of the article is on comparing their views regarding the principle of unity and indivisibility of the Russian Empire, the process of decentralization, the essence of autonomy and federation. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The theoretical basis of the article is the program documents of the constitutional democratic party and the works of domestic pre-revolutionary lawyers devoted to the study of the territorial structure of imperial Russia. In preparing the work, both general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction) and specific scientific methods (comparative-historical, hermeneutic, historical-systemic) were used. Results. Despite the common ideological foundation and unity of opinion on the need to decentralize Russia by forming local self-government and autonomies, as well as the harmfulness of introducing a federal structure, nevertheless, a difference was revealed in the views of the Cadet ideologists regarding the concept and types of autonomy, its differences from a federal subject. Discussion and Conclusion. The Cadets believed that decentralization of the state, manifested in the formation of a system of local self-government based on national laws and under the supervision of the central government, does not violate its unity. In their understanding, autonomy is the highest form of self-government, which, due to legislative decentralization, is characterized by the presence of local laws. By self-government itself, most Cadet ideologists understood directly administrative decentralization. In addition, they recognized the need to resolve the national question that had become urgent at the beginning of the 20th century by granting a certain ethnic group cultural, but not national, autonomy.

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning: Structuring Decision-Making for Complex AI Tasks

Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (abbreviated as HRL) represents a progress in the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) focusing on handling the increasing complexity of decision-making processes effectively. By breaking down tasks into smaller sub tasks that are easier to manage and comprehend; HRL plays a key role in enhancing the learning efficiency of AI models. The hierarchical system mirrors decision making approaches by breaking down complex goals into smaller achievable steps; this allows reinforcement learning agents to effectively learn and adjust to dynamic environments, with limited rewards and long-term objectives. In contrast to the limitations faced by flat reinforcement learning techniques in terms of scalability and efficiency Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) introduces a higher-level policy that controls the series and implementation of sub tasks. This study delves into the evolution, application, and influence of reinforcement learning models in artificial intelligence. We explore HRL frameworks, such, as the Options framework and temporal adaptive models that offer a systematic decision-making method. Furthermore, the study analyzes the role HRL plays in fields including robotics, self-governing systems, and game artificial intelligence. HRL is on the brink of transforming how AI tackles challenges by shaping decision making processes in intricate settings that mimic real world scenarios. This piece explores the issue at hand along, with its solutions and applications while discussing the influence and extent of HRL in enhancing AI technologies. Keywords: Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning, AI, Reinforcement Learning, Decision-Making, Sub-tasks, Options Framework, Temporal-Adaptive Models, Robotics, Autonomous Systems, Game AI, Artificial Intelligence.

Передумови та тенденції розвитку системи професійного навчання службовців органів публічної влади в Україні

This article is devoted to the theoretical substantiation of the prerequisites and tendencies in the development of the system of professional training of civil servants and employees of local self-government bodies (public authorities) in Ukraine. Within this article is a proposal for a hypothesis that the professional training provided by the relevant system is currently becoming the only factor capable of compensating for the needs of public authorities for employees who are able to effectively perform the functions and powers assigned to these bodies. It is determined that the prerequisites for the development of the system for professional training of public authority employees are the conditions for the existence of the components (parts) of the system for professional training existing at the time of its reform (within the framework of this article, at the beginning of 2024), and the tendencies in the development of the system of professional training of public authority employees are the main directions of targeted changes in its components (parts) during certain periods of its functioning. Based on the analysis of strategic documents (strategies, concepts, plans) for the management bodies of the civil service and local self-government system, the general and specific prerequisites and tendencies in the development of the system of professional training for civil servants and local self-government officials in Ukraine are identified. Based on the analysis of statistical data (needs of public authorities' employees in vocational training for 2024–2027, the amount of funding for vocational training of employees at the expense of the state budget for 2021–2024), the author identifies the correspondence between the priority issues of training, as the needs of employees, and the use of funds for it. At the same time, it is established that the State is not able to financially meet all the priority needs of employees in professional training, which requires the search for new mechanisms for the development of the professional training system, one of which is proposed to be the receipt of an annual certificate for professional training by employees. It is substantiated that, given the prerequisites and tendencies in the development for the system of professional training for public authority employees in Ukraine, it should be based on a combination of the principles of centralisation and decentralisation for each of its parts

Agentic AI in Predictive AIOps: Enhancing IT Autonomy and Performance

The integration of Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI) within Predictive AIOps (Artificial Intelligence for IT Operations) is revolutionizing the management of IT systems, significantly enhancing IT autonomy and performance (Smith & Johnson, 2023). This article explores the potential of Agentic AI to empower AIOps platforms in proactively predicting, identifying, and resolving system issues. By leveraging predictive analytics and machine learning, AIOps not only enhances operational efficiency but also minimizes downtime and supports autonomous decision-making in complex IT environments (Lee et al., 2022). We examine the key roles that Agentic AI plays in improving performance metrics, optimizing resource allocation, and reducing the reliance on human intervention in critical system operations (Garcia & Patel, 2024). Additionally, this study investigates the implications for IT infrastructure scalability, long-term resilience, and the evolution toward self-governing systems (Chen, 2023). The findings underscore the transformative impact of Agentic AI on future IT operations, showcasing its potential to foster higher levels of automation and operational intelligence.

Деятельность Н.И. Буланова на посту городского Головы Ставропольской городской Думы

In 1873, the City Duma was established in Stavropol (now Tolyatti) as the highest body of local government. It was in charge of various issues: the formation of the external appearance of the city, the organization of cultural events, the development of education and healthcare. The functioning of the local government system remains one of the main issues today. Having studied this problem, it can be noted that, based on the accumulated experience, there is a transformation of the relationship between the government and the heads of local government. The authors made an attempt to address the history of the Stavropol City Duma of the 19th century and analyze one of the key figures in the system of self-government – the city Mayor, who occupied a fairly high status due to the concentration of both legislative and executive power in his hands. The focus of the study is on the activities of the City Head of the Stavropol Duma, Nikolai Ivanovich Bulanov, who was born into a merchant family and was able to receive a higher education, which made him very different from his fellow officers. Nikolai Bulanov worked for more than 30 years in the Stavropol city government and during this time made a significant contribution to the development of city infrastructure. The source base is includes materials from the Tolyatti archive: journals of City Duma meetings on issues of city improvement, formal lists, ballot papers for city mayor election, reports of city councils.

Reinforcement learning in autonomous defense systems: Strategic applications and challenges

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the most progressive ways to improve the efficiency of drones and robotic systems in the context of the defense and security industries. In Anomaly Detection (AD) systems, this paper discusses the potential of RL as a Model Selection Criteria (MSC) method and its associated issues. RL algorithms enable such systems to adapt to and learn from interactions with their environment, optimizing their response to complex and dynamic threats. This way, new states may be introduced with better decision-making processes, improving the effectiveness of the operations and enabling Reinforcement learning -powered systems to learn new scenarios as well as perform detailed defensive actions in a real-time context. The importance of RL in national defense can therefore be said to lie in its capacities for changing how threats are identified, how threats are responded to, and even what strategies of defense are thought of. Self-governing systems that incorporate Reinforcement learning are capable of functioning in an unpredictable environment, evaluating threats correctly, and carrying out defensive measures with the help of people practically at all. This versatility is critical in modern warfare because a preferred option is the right response to threats that were unknown a few years ago. However, incorporating RL into autonomous defense systems is not without big challenges. Some important problem areas are improved stability and accuracy of RL algorithms in various and critical situations, the legal and practical consequences of autonomous decision-making and possible threats that can arise due to adversarial manipulation of learning algorithms. In addition, such systems have to be developed and put into practice under national and international standards to meet certain requirements and build confidence in such applications. This paper explores these strategic uses and issues and presents a detailed overview of how RL can improve independent defense functionalities, as well as the significant problems relating to this approach. Thus, by providing case studies and theoretical analysis, it aims to demonstrate that RL has the potential to define the technological development of defense and benefit national security systems in the context of a growing threat.

Территориальное общественное самоуправление: новый взгляд на возможности и перспективы влияния на создание городской среды

The article considers the institution of territorial public self-government as a form of direct implementation by the population of local self-government in the administrative-territorial framework of the Rostov region as a whole and the municipalities included in it, in particular. Territorial public self-government currently has the makings for a new round of active development, both in the changing system of Russian local self-government as one of the hierarchical levels of its organization, and in the field of the urban environment, in which it acts as an important actor of change, as well as a tool in consolidating and implementing these changes.

О местном самоуправлении в Грузии в конце XX – начале XXI вв.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of local self-government in the Republic of Georgia at the end of the 20th–21st centuries. This study allows us to assess the legal development of local self-government in Georgia during the period under review and analyze the problems of interaction between central and local authorities. According to the author, in the conditions of managing society during the period under review in Georgia, elements of state administration and local self-government were combined. Throughout the 20th century, methods of public administration were predominant. However, already at the beginning of the 21st century, the process of changing the functions of managing the affairs of society actualized the problem of creating an independent system of self-government. This was partly facilitated by Georgia’s accession to the Council of Europe in 2000, and as a consequence of this, by the assumption of obligations to reduce the direct influence of the state on local governments, as well as the formation of exclusively elected local authorities. Consequently, improving the structure of local self-government in the Republic of Georgia, on the one hand, and the procedure for its interaction with government bodies, on the other, constituted the content of municipal construction at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries.

Cossacks in the Conditions of Frontier Modernization (on the example of the Far East in the late 19th – early 20th centuries)

Historically, the contacts between the Cossacks and the Chinese population were established and their particular strengthening occurred during the construction of the Chinese-Eastern Railway between 1897 and 1903. The imperial authorities devised a plan to establish the Sungurian Cossack army, which was to be augmented by the Cossacks dispatched to protect the ‘KVZhD’. These troops were to comprise the descendants of Albazin and the local population. In the context of the present circumstances, the Cossacks in the peripheral Ussuri Territory and Manchuria served as the frontiers of the system of relations with the local Chinese and Korean populations, as well as the modernizing transformation of the region. As the most mobile and passionate segment of the population, the Cossacks played a pivotal role in the socio-economic and cultural transformation of the region. Their extensive involvement in the agrarian economy and their diverse socio-class and ethno-confessional composition contributed to the diversification of the regional mosaic. During this historical period, the Cossacks served as the driving force of the Russian exploration of the Far Eastern space. Moreover, they facilitated the militarization of the newly developed territories. The format of the study permits presenting a set of relations risen along the Center–Far Eastern Cossacks axis. The objectives of this paper is to ascertain the nature of this relationship within the system and to study the dissemination of the experience of the Cossack self-government system to neighboring regions, including the process of Japanese colonization of the island of Hokkaido. The research findings indicate the efficacy of applying the Cossack administrative and economic management experience to the Far East and Manchuria, as well as in adjacent regions, such as Hokkaido. The article is intended for Cossack specialists and sinologists.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКА ХАРТІЯ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ ЯК ОСНОВА ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ОРГАНІВ УПРАВЛІННЯ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИМИ ГРОМАДАМИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines the topic of compliance of legal regulation and the actual activity of local self-government bodies with the European Charter of Local Self-Government from the point of view of the conceptual understanding of the place of the local self-government body in the system of local self-government, its authority to perform management functions, the possibility of external supervision of its activities and rights citizens to participate in local government, which is the fundamental basis that characterizes the condition and capacity of local authorities. It has been established that the competence of local self-government bodies to carry out management in the form of delegated authority provided by Ukrainian legislation does not correspond to the principle of subsidiarity, which is defined by the European Charter of Local Self-Government, and the lack of a real and effective mechanism of administrative supervision of local self-government bodies, as provided for by this international agreement, has also been revealed. In addition, the discrepancy in the approaches of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and acts of Ukrainian legislation to the conceptual understanding of the place of local self-government bodies in the local self-government system was analyzed, and the problem of involving internally displaced persons to life in new communities and their right as community residents to participate in local self-government was highlighted. The importance of developing specific proposals for full compliance with the principle of subsidiarity in part of delegated authorities and the implementation of the mechanism of administrative supervision over the activities of local self-government bodies into regulatory and legal circulation was emphasized. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the need for a unified approach to building a high-quality and effective regulatory framework on local self-government based on European standards, which is an important issue on the agenda in the context of Ukraine's movement towards the European community.

MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN GERMANY: PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UKRAINE

Establishing a municipal governance system is a long process focused on selecting the best practices that have proven to be effective and efficient. One of the methods is the transit of elements of municipal systems borrowed from other countries. The experience of ensuring democratic participation of the community formed in Germany is of interest. The purpose of the article is to identify the components of the German model of municipal governance that can be used by Ukraine to improve the efficiency of the national system of local self-government and bring it closer to EU standards. The elements of the comparative analysis in the article are the analysis of the institutional model of municipal governance and its state and political basis; determination of the specifics of the distribution of powers between the state and local governments and the nature of community participation in local self-government; characterization of the system of financial guarantees and the budget system; determination of the principles of cooperation and coordination of municipalities. The article uses the methodology of comparative analysis based on the identification and analysis of the legal, structural, organizational, political and economic components of municipal governance in Ukraine and Germany.

Development of the "main grounds of rules" for public municipal administration of capital cities and Odesa

This study is dedicated to exploring the practice of building a local self-government system in the Russian Empire, which differed from the European experience. This system was created exclusively through the government's initiatives and efforts, with minimal public intervention. The combination of methodological approaches to solving the set tasks relied precisely on the historical dimension. Combined with a functional approach, it allowed for reconstructing a systematic picture of the researched subject. This way, government measures were analysed to develop the "main grounds of rules" for public urban administration of capital cities and Odesa. Special attention was paid to the differences in the Regulation on the Public Order of the City of Odesa regarding implementing the principle of all-class inclusiveness and independence in public administration. Given the urgency of the problem of self-government for society, it was highly politicised, especially by Soviet historiography, and was far from impartial research. Therefore, the authors aimed to provide an unbiased view of the legislative process. Prospects for further research lie in seeking ways to return the self-governing traits genetically inherent to Ukrainians and to build Ukrainian statehood based on the dominance of local self-government in the political-organisational and institutional-functional aspects.

Data Visualization of Development Improvement and Budget Assistance for Village Residents Using the R Studio Program in Jombatan Village, Jombang District

Indonesia is a country that implements a regional self-government system, where each region is given the freedom to manage an exclusive area. This sovereignty does not only apply at the provincial and regional levels but also includes villages. Implementing "Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages marks the beginning of a new era in village financial management". This law increases village income by allocating the Village Budget sourced from the State Budget (APBN). Village financial management is expected to be carried out more transparently, and accountably, and involve the population's participation. Village financial management includes all activities consisting of planning, implementation, management, reporting, and accountability of village finances.

Organizational features of the reform of local self-government in 1870 in the county towns of the Central Chernozem region (on the example of the Tambov province)

Importance. Cities in Russian history have always been distinguished by their special social, political, economic and cultural status, which was also manifested in internal organizational aspects. For almost two and a half centuries, there has been a domestic city government, which has gone through many modernization stages and has become an important socio-political institution in the field. In this regard, the issues of continuity and traditions in its development remain important. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the organizational features of the urban reform of 1870 in the counties of the Central Chernozem region.Materials and Methods. The source basis of the study is the materials of the State Archive of Tambov region and published publications of the Tambov Provincial Statistical Committee. Various legal acts are used to describe the mechanisms of regulatory regulation of urban selfgovernment. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and consistency.Results and Discussion. The process of implementing the reform of urban self-government in 1870 in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region lasted for several years and was mostly completed only in 1873. This situation was explained by a number of reasons: firstly, the law did not contain norms aimed at the transition from the old system of urban governance to the new one, secondly, the legislator did not set a strict time frame related to the implementation of the reform, thirdly, urban societies themselves slowed down the process of reorganizing local government, making numerous mistakes in procedural There are internal disagreements among the electors.Conclusion. The formation of a new system of self-government in the county towns of the Central Chernozem region had a number of common legalized and arbitrary features. The “delayed” procedure for the enactment of the law made it possible to organize elections in provincial centers and form the practice of work of supervisory authorities. In some cities, the implementation of the reform was slowed down due to the incompetence of representatives of urban societies involved in the modernization of local governments. Finally, the censorship policy of the state and the unsettled mechanism for nominating candidates served as the basis for serious competition and numerous complaints that delayed the process.

THE MODEL OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE / ՀՀ ՏԵՂԱԿԱՆ ԻՆՔՆԱԿԱՌԱՎԱՐՄԱՆ ՄՈԴԵԼԸ ՄԻՋԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ՓՈՐՁԻ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ

The aim of the research is to analyze international experiences in territorial administration, comparing them with the local self-government system of the Republic of Armenia (RA), highlighting both similarities and areas for improvement. This article focuses on studying international models of territorial administration and their relevance to the context of RA. We examine various models of local self-government, their management methods, and the primary sources of community revenue formation, conducting a comparative analysis. Additionally, we explore the local self-government system in RA, examining the methods of revenue generation and highlighting its unique aspects. Within the study, we emphasize the need and significance of modernizing revenue sources within communities. We provide recommendations considering areas for improvement within communities and emerging development trends. These recommendations include the introduction of a new type of tax, the hotel tax, as well as deductions from income tax, profit tax, environmental tax, and royalties.