Self-doped Porous Carbon Research Articles

Nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon via penicillin fermentation residue (PR) hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and activation for supercapacitance

The safe disposal and resource utilization of biomass waste are of great significance. For the first time, we have prepared penicillin fermentation residue (PR) N self-doped porous carbon through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) combined with activation. Mild HTC method keeps stable carbon skeleton, rich nitrogen and oxygen functional groups. The hydrochar is activated as a precursor material to realize high specific surface area and naturally doped nitrogen. At 600 ℃, the hierarchical porous carbons obtained with KOH and ZnCl 2 as activators are BC@KOH600 and BC@ZnCl 2 600, with specific surface areas of 615.68 m 2 /g and 792.58 m 2 /g, respectively. The porous carbon prepared with ZnCl 2 as an activator has higher N content than KOH. BC@ZnCl 2 600 has 4.75% N content, among which Pyridine-N is up to 36%. The BC@KOH600 and BC@ZnCl 2 600 supercapacitors have specific capacitances of 160.3 F/g and 209.2 F/g at 1.0 A/g in the three-electrode system, respectively, which display excellent rate performance and cycle stability. The BC@KOH600 and BC@ZnCl 2 600 symmetric supercapacitor, constructed with a two-electrode configuration, shows an energy density of 8.55 Wh kg −1 and 8.79 Wh kg −1 respectively and outstanding capacitance retention of 91.01% and 87.98% after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles at 5.0 A/g in an aqueous 6 M KOH electrolyte system. These results demonstrate a very effective method for the preparation of porous carbon using antibiotic residue for supercapacitors, which also provides a solution for the treatment of similar hazardous biomass wastes. • Porous carbon was prepared by two-step method, which was activated by PR hydrochar. • The sample BC@KOH600 and BC@ZnCl 2 600 had a specific surface area of 615.68 m 2 /g and 792.58 m 2 /g. • BC@ZnCl 2 600 has 4.75% N content, among which Pyridine-N is up to 36%. • The porous carbons had good capacitance characteristics and cycle stability.

Bio-waste derived self-templated, nitrogen self-doped porous carbon for supercapacitors

The preparation of low-cost and scalable, porous activated carbon received great interest because of the huge need for electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. In this work, the porous activated carbon is prepared from shrimp shell waste by a two-step process; i.e. carbonization and KOH activation process. Moreover, the presence of inherent CaCO3 acted as a self-template to make the additional porous structure. The prepared activated carbon has been verified through various physical and chemical characterizations. The results confirm the prepared activated carbon flakes possess numerous macro and mesopores with inherently nitrogen-doped. The electrochemical performance of the prepared activated carbon has been tested in various electrolytes such as KOH, NaOH, and Na2SO4. The activated carbon electrode shows a higher specific capacitance of 225 F/g at 1 A/g in NaOH electrolyte. Finally, the symmetric supercapacitor device is fabricated using prepared activated carbon and tested its electrochemical performances. The symmetric supercapacitor device delivered a cell capacitance of 81.7 F/g with energy and power densities of 11.23 Wh/kg and 248.8 W/kg, respectively with good rate capability (80.5 %) and capacitance retention (80 %) at higher current density.

Regeneration of textile sludge into Cu8S5 decorated N, S self-doped interconnected porous carbon as an advanced bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting

The utilization of hazardous textile sludge as a precursor for energy production has broad practical application prospects for both sustainable economic and environmental development. Herein, a novel Cu8S5 decorated N, S self-doped interconnected porous carbon (Cu8S5/NSC) with abundant mass transfer channel is successfully designed through a direct pyrolysis strategy of textile sludge waste. Benefiting from the synergistic catalysis between Cu8S5 nanoparticles and the abundant mass transfer channel of the N, S self-doped porous carbon, the Cu8S5/NSC-900 catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability with small overpotentials of 313 and 137 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), respectively. Significantly, the resultant water splitting system achieves a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.64 V, outperforming the benchmark Pt/C||RuO2. Therefore, this study offers an environment-compatible route for synthesizing attractive bifunctional catalysts for water splitting directly from textile sludge waste.

Facile Synthesis of Nitrogen Self-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Cicada Shell via KOH Activation for Simultaneous Detection and Removal of Cu2+

Sensitive detection and efficient removal of heavy metal ions with high toxicity and mobility are of great importance for environmental monitoring and control. Although several kinds of functional materials have been reported for this purpose, their preparation processes are complicated. Herein, nitrogen self-doped activated porous biochar (NAC) was synthesized in a facile process via an activation–carbonization strategy from cicada shell rich in chitin, and subsequently employed as an effective functional material for the simultaneous determination and removal of Cu2+ from aqueous media. With its unique porous structure and abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, along with the presence of heteroatoms, NAC exhibits high sensitivity for the electrochemical sensing of Cu2+ in concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1000 μg·L−1, with a low detection limit of 0.3 ng·L−1. Additionally, NAC presents an excellent removal efficiency of over 78%. The maximum adsorption capacity is estimated at 110.4 mg/g. These excellent performances demonstrate that NAC could serve as an efficient platform for the detection and removal of Cu2+ in real environmental areas.

N, P Self-Doped Porous Carbon Material Derived from Lotus Pollen for Highly Efficient Ethanol-Water Mixtures Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production.

Porous biochar materials prepared with biomass as a precursor have received widespread attention. In this work, lotus pollen (LP) was used as the carbon source, a variety of the pollen carbon photocatalyst were prepared by a two-step roasting method. A series of characterizations were carried out on the prepared samples, and it was found that the average particle size was about 40 μm. They also exhibit a typical amorphous carbon structure and a porous structure with a network-like interconnected surface. The photocatalytic hydrogen production performances of lotus pollen carbon (LP-C) and commercial carbon black (CB) were measured under the full spectrum illumination. LP-C-600 showed the best hydrogen production performance (3.5 μmol·g−1·h−1). In addition, the photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurement results confirmed that the LP-C materials show better incident photon-current efficiency (IPCE) performance than the CB materials in the neutral electrolyte. This is because the unique surface wrinkling, hierarchical porous structure, and the N, P self-doping behavior of the LP-C samples are able to improve the light utilization efficiency and the carrier separation/transfer efficiency, thereby further improving the overall hydrogen production efficiency.

Structure control of heteroatoms’ self-doped porous carbon materials derived from cyclomatrix polyphosphazene for high-performance supercapacitor application

Structure control of heteroatoms’ self-doped porous carbon materials derived from cyclomatrix polyphosphazene for high-performance supercapacitor application

Ganoderma Lucidum-derived erythrocyte-like sustainable materials

The conversion of biomass waste into functional carbon materials is an environmentally friendly solution with diverse applications for a sustainable world. Here, we report an approach to fabricate the Ganoderma Lucidum waste-derived erythrocyte-like N, O self-doped porous biomass carbon (GL800) with a high graphitization degree by a facile carbonization and activation method. The prepared GL800 showed a relatively high specific surface area (2407.5 m2 g−1) and a porous structure like the red blood cell, which affords enough space to accommodate active sites and are easy for electrolytes to infiltrate. Due to the synergistic effect of the rich N, O self-doped elements and porous structures, GL800 shows strong chemical adsorption and physical confinement for polysulfide. Lithium-sulfur batteries using GL800 electrodes exhibited a high discharge capacity of 1367.8 mA g−1 at 0.1C and desirable rate performance. Furthermore, the battery has a capacity retention rate after 300 cycles at 0.5C with high coulombic efficiency (99%). Together with the good biocompatibility and biodegradability of the prepared material, it has a high potential for diverse applications in energy storage, environmental remediation, wearable electronics, biomedicine, and other areas, providing a Nature-derived solution with good sustainability.

Heteroatoms self-doped porous carbon from cottonseed meal using K2CO3 as activator and DES electrolyte for supercapacitor with high energy density

Biomass had been extensively explored and applied in many fields due to their abundance, attractive structure, low cost, renewability, and environmental friendliness. Cottonseed meal (CM), one of the by-products of cotton, consisted of much crude protein, fiber, and inorganic ions, was a potential carbon precursor. In this work, CM was used to prepare N, S, and O self-doped carbon materials by two steps (hydrothermal pre-carbonization and K2CO3 carbonization–activation) processes. The optimized material displayed high capacitive performance, which benefited from the large surface area (2361 m2/g), hierarchical porous structure and rich multi-heteroatoms doping of the prepared porous carbon. What's more, we prepared a new-type K2CO3-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte. The assembled symmetric device using DES electrolyte displayed a superior energy density (34.4 Wh/kg) at room temperature. Furthermore, the energy density could reach 36.5 Wh/kg when the temperature rose to 50 °C. Even under extreme conditions, the device delivered a not particularly bad energy density (11.8 Wh/kg at −25 °C and 8.6 Wh/kg at 105 °C). This study provided an efficient and simple method to prepare CM-based heteroatoms self-doped porous carbon materials and uncovered a new possibility for the exploitation of carbon-based supercapacitors with high energy density.

Preparation of N/O co-doped porous carbon by a one-step activation method for supercapacitor electrode materials.

Heteroatom-doped carbon materials used in supercapacitors are low in cost and demonstrate extraordinary performance. Here, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) with intrinsic N and O elements is selected as a raw material for the preparation of heteroatom self-doped porous carbon. Furthermore, N/O self-doped porous carbon with a large surface area has been successfully prepared using K2CO3 as the activator. The derived sample with a 1 : 2 molar ratio of EDTA to K2CO3 (EK-2) demonstrates a porous structure, rich defects, a large surface area of 2057 m2 g−1 and a micropore volume of 0.25 cm3 g−1. Benefiting from high N content (2.89 at%) and O content (10.75 at%), EK-2 exhibits superior performance, including high capacitance of 325 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and outstanding cycling stability with 96.8% retention after 8000 cycles at 10 A g−1, which strongly confirms its immense potential toward many applications. Additionally, the maximum energy density of EK-2 reaches was 17.01 W h kg−1 at a power density of 350 W kg−1 in a two-electrode system. This facile and versatile strategy provides a scalable approach for the batch synthesis of N/O co-doped carbonaceous electrode materials for energy storage.

Rapeseed meal-derived N,S self-codoped porous carbon materials for supercapacitors

N,S self-doped porous carbon with high specific surface area and gravimetric specific capacitance from rapeseed meal was successfully synthesized.

Semi-Coking Wastewater Derived N-O-S Self-Doped Porous Carbon for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Semi-Coking Wastewater Derived N-O-S Self-Doped Porous Carbon for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Preparation of High Performance Supercapacitors with Nitrogen and Oxygen Self-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Wintersweet-Fruit-Shell

Preparation of High Performance Supercapacitors with Nitrogen and Oxygen Self-Doped Porous Carbon Derived from Wintersweet-Fruit-Shell

Coupling nitrogen/oxygen self-doped biomass porous carbon cathode catalyst with CuFeO2/biochar particle catalyst for the heterogeneous visible-light driven photo-electro-Fenton degradation of tetracycline

The heterogeneous visible-light driven photo-electro-Fenton (H-VL-PEF) system was built to degrade tetracycline using nitrogen/oxygen biomass self-doped porous carbon (NO/PC) cathode catalyst coupling CuFeO2/biochar particle catalyst. The NO/PC possessed the H2O2 selectivity of 85.3%, and the gas diffusion electrode with NO/PC as cathode catalyst (NO/PC-GDE) exhibited fine H2O2 electrogeneration performance and stability. The generated electrons on CuFeO2/biochar by electrostatic induction and light excitation promoted Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu2+/Cu+ redox cycle, which was beneficial for HO•/O2•- formation and tetracycline degradation. The introduction of CuFeO2/biochar catalyst and visible light could reduce energy consumption and promote tetracycline mineralization. The CuFeO2/biochar loads, initial pH and current density of H-VL-PEF system were optimized. The degradation pathway of tetracycline was speculated based on the intermediates identified by HPLC/MS. Escherichia coli growth inhibition experiments and toxicity prediction analysis demonstrated that the comprehensive toxicity of tetracycline was alleviated due to the catalytic degradation of H-VL-PEF system.

Magnetic coupling N self-doped porous carbon derived from biomass with broad absorption bandwidth and high-efficiency microwave absorption

Nowadays, developing microwave absorption materials (MAMs) with thin thickness, wide-frequency effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) and strong absorbing capacity is an urgent requirement to tackle the increasingly serious electromagnetic radiation issue. Herein, we report a novel high-performance MAMs by growing Fe3O4 nanoparticles on activated porous carbon derived from egg white via a facile carbonization and subsequent hydrothermal approach. The resultant composite features three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon embedded with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Benefiting from the balanced impedance matching and the multi-loss that involve the conductive loss, dielectric loss, dipolar/interfacial polarization loss and magnetic loss, the prepared composite achieves a minimum reflection loss (RL) of −43.7 dB at 9.92 GHz and a broad EAB (RL < -10 dB) of 7.52 GHz (6.24–13.76 GHz) at a thin thickness of 2.5 mm and a low filler content of 20 wt%. This work provides new insights for exploring novel magnetic coupling porous carbon derived from biomass with high-efficiency microwave absorption performance.

Dung beetle forewing-derived nitrogen and oxygen self-doped porous carbon for high performance solid-state supercapacitors

Commercial supercapacitors are primarily assembled using carbon materials and biomass-derived carbon is one of the most promising carbon materials in the field of supercapacitors. To meet the growing market demand for energy storage devices, a dung beetle forewing-derived carbon (DBFC) material is first prepared using simple a pyrolysis method. The as-prepared DBFC possesses a hierarchical porous structure, nitrogen and oxygen self-doping, and a large surface area. To investigate its electrochemical performance, the DBFC was used to prepare a supercapacitor electrode. A DBFC electrode prepared with a KOH to biomass-derived carbon mass ratio of 3:1 at 700 °C (DBFC-3-700) exhibits a high specific capacitance of 348 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in 6 M KOH liquid electrolyte. The DBFC-3-700 electrode was further assembled into a solid-state symmetric supercapacitor that displays a high specific capacitance of 260 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, good cycle stability, and excellent rate capability. Furthermore, three solid-state supercapacitors connected in series can successfully power red light-emitting diodes, demonstrating potential applications in the field of portable and wearable devices.

Algae-Derived Nitrogen Self-Doped Porous Carbon Materials with High Supercapacitor Performances

Algae-Derived Nitrogen Self-Doped Porous Carbon Materials with High Supercapacitor Performances

Biomass seaweed-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries: Insights into the structure and electrochemical activity

Sustainable transformation and efficient utilization of biomasses and their derived materials are environmentally as well as economically compliant strategies. Biomass seaweed-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbon with tailored surface area and pore structures are prepared through carbonization and activation. The influence of carbonization temperature on morphology, surface area, and heteroatom dopants are investigated to optimize sodium-ion storage capability. Seaweed-derived nitrogen self-doped activated carbon (SAC) as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries exhibits remarkable reversible capacity of 303/192 mAh g−1 after 100/500 cycles at current densities of 100/200 mA g−1, respectively, and a good rate capability. The interconnected and porous conducting nature along with the heteroatom dopant role in creating defective sites and charge stabilization are favorable for ion storage and diffusion and electron transport, indicating the electrodes can offer improved electrochemical performances. In addition, post-mortem analysis of the cycled carbon electrodes through ex-situ tools demonstrates the sodium-ion storage mechanism.

Fabrication of Nitrogen Self-Doped Porous Carbons from Melamine Foam for Supercapacitors

Porous carbons have been widely used as electrode material for supercapacitors. However, commercial porous carbons, such as activated carbons, have low electrochemical performance. Nitrogen-doping is one of the most promising strategies to improve electrochemical performance of porous carbons. In this study, nitrogen self-doped porous carbon (NPC) is prepared from melamine foam by carbonization to improve the supercapacitive performance. The prepared NPC is characterized in terms of the chemical structures and elements, morphology, pore structures, and electrochemical performance. The results of the N2 physisorption measurement, X-ray diffraction, and Raman analyses reveal that the prepared NPC has bimodal pore structures and pseudo-graphite structures with nitrogen functionality. The NPC-based electrode exhibits a gravimetric capacitance of 153 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, a rate capability of 73.2 % at 10 A g−1, and an outstanding cycling ability of 97.85% after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Thus, the NPC prepared in this study can be applied as electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors.

Catalytic activation of peroxydisulfate by alfalfa-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbon supported CuFeO2 for nimesulide degradation: Performance, mechanism and DFT calculation

The nitrogen self-doped porous carbons (NPCs) were prepared using alfalfa as raw material by pyrolysis method without additional nitrogen sources at various pyrolysis temperatures. The NPC supported CuFeO2 (CuFeO2/NPC) composites with large BET surface area (113.18 - 517.56 m2 g−1) were successfully prepared by hydrothermal method without reductant. The NPC prepared at 600 °C (NPC-600) supported CuFeO2 (CuFeO2/NPC-600) possessed the highest catalytic performance for activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) to degrade nimesulide compared to other CuFeO2/NPC composites. The OH, SO4- and 1O2 were the main reactive species for nimesulide degradation. The oxygen-containing functional groups, pyridinic N, graphitic N, and Fe3+/Fe2+ and Cu2+/Cu+ redox cycles were demonstrated to be extremely important in activating PDS to produce reactive species. The degradation pathway of nimesulide was proposed combined with the HPLC/MS spectra and DFT calculation, and the overall toxicity of nimesulide were effectively alleviated in CuFeO2/NPC-600+PDS system according to toxicity prediction.

Preparation and electrochemical properties of MOF-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbon

MOFs have various chemical components and structures, a high-specific surface area, potential redox sites and other significant advantages, which give them broad application prospects in the field of material synthesis as precursors. In this paper, MOF materials were synthesized by the solvent method, and MOF-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbon materials were prepared by a one-step carbonization method. The effects of carbonization temperature and time on the structure and electrochemical properties of MOF-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbon materials were investigated. The results show that MOF-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon has an amorphous graphite carbon structure with a large specific surface area and various pore structures. In a 6 M KOH electrolyte solution, when the current density was 1 A g−1, the MOF-derived nitrogen-doped porous carbon material exhibited a specific capacitance of 219.4 F g−1; after 5000 cycles of constant current charging and discharging, the capacitance retention rate was still 88.94%, showing excellent electrochemical performance and good cycling stability.