Response To Selection Research Articles

Persistently boosted TEA sensing performance of In2O3 hollow spheres by sequentially modified with Bi2O3 and Pt nanoparticles

Exploring rational and feasible strategies to boost the gas sensing performance of metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) has attracted a growing concern because it is an inevitable path for advanced gas sensor. Herein, a Bi2O3 and Pt co-modification approach was proposed to upgrade the triethylamine (TEA) sensing performance of In2O3. To expound it, a series of hollow spheres (HSs) with different compositions including In2O3, Bi2O3-modified In2O3 (Bi2O3/In2O3), and Bi2O3 and Pt co-modified In2O3 (Pt/Bi2O3/In2O3) were prepared through a solvothermal-calcination route combined with subsequent chemical reduction. After the evolution from In2O3 to binary Bi2O3/In2O3 and ternary Pt/Bi2O3/In2O3 composites, the sensor exhibited a persistently boosted sensing performance to TEA, particularly of higher sensitivity (increased from 0.0219 to 0.0369 and 1.0319/ppm within 1–30 ppm), better selectivity (STEA/Methane increased from 17.6 to 23.7 and 257.2), and faster response speed (response time decreased from 7 to 3 and 1 s for 100 ppm TEA). Additionally, the best Pt/Bi2O3/In2O3 sensor also presented good repeatability and stability. The sensitization effects of Pt and Bi2O3-In2O3 p-n heterojunction were discussed in detail.

Ni(II)/Yb(III)-metallogels for distinctive fluorescent ‘turn-on’ detection of m-phenylenediamine: Toward construction of multiple logic gates

New versatile Schiff base gelator (HL) and its highly selective Ni(II)-and Yb(III)-based metallogels 1–2 have been synthesized and characterized by spectral techniques. Gelator HL in presence of triethylamine (Et3N) with Ni(NO3)2·6H2O and anhydrous Yb(NO3)3 in DMF/MeOH(1:1) solvents forms MG1 and MG2 supramolecular gels, respectively at room temperature (rt). Rheological results show thermal stability up to 100 ℃ and structurally rigid nature of MG1 and MG2. Remarkably, MG1 and MG2 were examined for identification of cations, anions, nitroaromatics and aromatic amines (AAs) but unable to recognize any analytes except for m-phenylenediamine (MPD) by using MG1. Metallogel MG1 shows highly selective response to MPD environmental pollutant with a limit of detection (LoD) of 7.58 × 10-7 M, without any interference of competing analytes. Interestingly, depending upon fascinating fluorescent On-Off-On switching behavior, molecular logic device has been fabricated with AND and IMPLICATION-logic gates function by employing the chemical inputs (i) HB, Ni(II) (MG1), Yb(III) (MG2) and (ii) HB, MG1 and MPD based on emission change at different wavelengths as output signal.

Moisture-wicking Janus-structure electronic knitted fabric for multimodal wearable mechanical sensing

Multimodal mechanical sensors that can recognize bending direction and exhibit excellent wearable performance are crucial for the fields of physical exercise and healthcare. This study fabricated a knitted multimodal sensor with porous and wetting gradients using hydrophobic core-spun yarns and hydrophilic CNT/WPU conductive yarns in plain stitch and partial tuck stitch. The electronic fabric demonstrated reliable strain sensing unaffected by compression disturbances and displayed a selective response to directional bending. The sensor exhibits a 50% sensing range with a GFmax of −4.41 during strain deformation detection. In terms of bending detection, one side achieves a 10% sensing range (−51.68°) with a GFmax of −6.89, while the other side achieves a 20% sensing range (73.72°) with a GFmax of 8.64. Encouragingly, deep learning incorporated with the sensor achieves an impressive recognition rate of 98.16% for mixed signals with different force levels. Furthermore, it possesses excellent wearable properties such as breathability, moisture permeability, perspiration remove, quick-drying and washability, suitable for applications like activity monitoring, medical rehabilitation evaluation, and gesture recognition. This work presents a promising pathway for the advancement of next-generation multifunctional electronic textiles.

Effect of current probe location on response law of shielded multi-core wire

Abstract Bulk current injection (BCI) is a commonly used method in electromagnetic compatibility testing. In order to enhance the injection efficiency of the current probe, the interference process into the internal core wire is analyzed. Theoretical calculations indicate that the shielded multi-core wire exhibits a frequency selective response under BCI conditions. The-peak of the terminal load response voltage occurs at frequencies corresponding to the integral multiples of half the relative length of the cable. The position of the current probe along the cable only affects the amplitude of the distributed current on the shielding layer, but not its distribution pattern. The response of the internal core wire at the resonant frequencies is positively correlated with the distribution pattern of the distributed current on the shielding layer. The probe position has a significant effect on the magnitude of the wire-to-terminal response. Placing the current probe at both ends of the cable results in high injection efficiency and significant power savings.

Electrical and fluorescence in situ monitoring of tumor microenvironment-based pH-responsive polymer dot coated surface

A boronate-ester structure forming a pH-responsive polymer dot (Plu-PD) coated biosensor between carbonized-sp2 rich dopamine-alginate [PD(Alg)] and boronic acid-grafted Pluronic (BA-Pluronic) was developed for the electrochemical and fluorescence detection of cancer cells. The reduced fluorescence (FL) resulting from fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mediated by π-π interactions within Plu-PD was successfully reinvigorated through the specific cleavage of the boronate-ester bond, triggered by the acidic conditions prevailing in the cancer microenvironment. The anomalous variations in extracellular pH levels observed in cancer (pH ∼6.8), as opposed to the normal cellular pH range of approximately 7.4, serve as robust indicators for discerning cancer cells from their healthy counterparts. Moreover, the Plu-PD coated surface demonstrated remarkable adaptability in modulating its surface structure, concurrently exhibiting tunable electroconductivity under reduced pH conditions, thereby imparting selective responsiveness to cancer cells. The pH-modulated conductivity change was validated by a reduction in resistance from 211 ± 9.7 kΩ at pH 7.4 to 73.9 ± 9.4 kΩ and 61.5 ± 11.5 kΩ at pH 6.8 and 6.0, respectively. The controllable electrochemical characteristics were corroborated through in vitro treatment of cancer cells (HeLa, B16F10, and SNU-C2A) via LED experiments and wireless output analysis. In contrast, identical treatments yielded a limited response in normal cell line (CHO–K1). Notably, the Plu-PD coated surface can be seamlessly integrated with a wireless system to facilitate real-time monitoring of the sensing performance in the presence of cancer and normal cells, enabling rapid and accurate cancer diagnosis using a smartphone.

The Contribution of Cognitive Control Networks in Word Selection Processing in Parkinson's Disease: Novel Insights from a Functional Connectivity Study.

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients are impaired in word production when the word has to be selected among competing alternatives requiring higher attentional resources. In PD, word selection processes are correlated with the structural integrity of the inferior frontal gyrus, which is critical for response selection, and the uncinate fasciculus, which is necessary for processing lexical information. In early PD, we investigated the role of the main cognitive large-scale networks, namely the salience network (SN), the central executive networks (CENs), and the default mode network (DMN), in word selection. Eighteen PD patients and sixteen healthy controls were required to derive nouns from verbs or generate verbs from nouns. Participants also underwent a resting-state functional MRI. Functional connectivity (FC) was examined using independent component analysis. Functional seeds for the SN, CENs, and DMN were defined as spheres, centered at the local activation maximum. Correlations were calculated between the FC of each functional seed and word production. A significant association between SN connectivity and task performance and, with less evidence, between CEN connectivity and the task requiring selection among a larger number of competitors, emerged in the PD group. These findings suggest the involvement of the SN and CEN in word selection in early PD, supporting the hypothesis of impaired executive control.

Stimuli‐Responsive Nanocarriers as Active Enhancers of Antitumoral Immunotherapy

AbstractIn recent years, the understanding of the role of the immune system in tumor progression and metastasis is paving the way for the development of antitumoral strategies based on the delivery of immunotherapeutic agents. The engineering of stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers able to release their payload in a controlled manner being able to boost potent and sustained immune responses against tumors has provided a powerful tool to eradicate tumors with extreme precision. Paramount advantages to trigger the immune system against tumors are the high selectivity and memory effect of immune response, which allows not only to eradicate primary and metastatic malignancies but also to avoid their relapse. In this review, the recent advances carried out in the development of smart nanocarriers for immunotherapy are presented.

Dissolution‐Recrystallization: A Novel Mechanism for Fluorochromic Detection of Th4+ Using Color‐Tunable Luminescent Metal–Organic Frameworks

AbstractThorium, a predominant actinide in the Earth's crust, presents significant environmental and health risks due to its radioactive nature. These risks are particularly pronounced during the mining and processing of monazite for rare earth elements (REEs), which contain substantial thorium concentrations. Current instrumental analysis methods for thorium, offer high accuracy but require laborious sample preparations and expensive instruments, making them unsuitable for on‐site analysis. Herein, we present a class of color‐tunable luminescent lanthanide‐based metal–organic frameworks (Ln‐MOFs) as fluorochromic sensors for Th4+ cations. Utilizing a heterobimetallic Eu3+/Tb3+ doping strategy, the luminescence colors of EuxTb1‐x‐BDC‐OH can be finely tuned from red, to orange, and to green. More intriguingly, the higher Lewis acidity of Th4+ facilitates the transformation of EuxTb1‐x‐BDC‐OH into a UiO‐type Th‐MOF via a dissolution‐recrystallization mechanism. This process results in a gradual reduction of characteristic Ln3+ emissions and the emergence of blue color ligand‐based fluorescence, thereby leading to selective fluorochromic responses with increasing Th4+ concentrations and enabling visible detection of Th4+ cations. Additionally, a custom‐built portable optoelectronic device is fabricated, which directly converts luminescence colors into red‐green‐blue (RGB) values. This device enables easy quantification of Th4+ concentrations without the need for complex instrumentation.

Dissolution-Recrystallization: A Novel Mechanism for Fluorochromic Detection of Th4+ Using Color-Tunable Luminescent Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Thorium, a predominant actinide in the Earth's crust, presents significant environmental and health risks due to its radioactive nature. These risks are particularly pronounced during the mining and processing of monazite for rare earth elements (REEs), which contain substantial thorium concentrations. Current instrumental analysis methods for thorium, offer high accuracy but require laborious sample preparation and expensive instruments, making them unsuitable for on-site analysis. Herein, we present a class of color-tunable luminescent lanthanide-based metal-organic frameworks (Ln-MOFs) as fluorochromic sensors for Th4+ cations. Utilizing a heterobimetallic Eu3+/Tb3+ doping strategy, the luminescence colors of EuxTb1-x-BDC-OH can be finely tuned from red, to orange, and to green. More intriguingly, the higher Lewis acidity of Th4+ facilitates the transformation of EuxTb1-x-BDC-OH into a UiO-type Th-MOF via a dissolution-recrystallization mechanism. This process results in a gradual reduction of characteristic Ln3+ emissions and the emergence of blue color ligand-based fluorescence, thereby leading to selective fluorochromic responses with increasing Th4+ concentrations and enabling visible detection of Th4+ cations. Additionally, a custom-built portable optoelectronic device was fabricated, which directly converts luminescence colors into red-green-blue (RGB) values. This device enables easy quantification of Th4+ concentrations without the need for complex instrumentation.

Liquid Metal Aerogel With Janus Architecture for Selective Direction Recognition and High‐Efficiency Moisture Energy Harvesting

AbstractLiquid metal (LM) micro‐nano droplets show the superiority in reducing the high surface tension applicable in conductive inks for flexible electronics. However, the dynamic surface makes LM droplets susceptible to be oxidized, facing challenges in storage and applications. Herein, a bifunctional groups cross‐linking strategy is adopted to encapsulate LM droplets into a robust shell. During sonicating LM in carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) solution with bifunctional groups (i.e., carboxyl and amino groups), a robust interface shell is constructed by anchoring effect, thereby providing high chemical stability (>7d). When directionally freezing‐drying LM dispersions, aerogel with Janus architecture is produced driven by the gravity of LM droplets. Due to the unique heterogeneous structure, the resultant aerogel exhibits a selective multifunctional response toward directional bending. In addition, owing to the gradient distribution of CMCS within aerogel, moisture electricity generator can be built with a high output voltage of 460 mV. Thus, this bifunctional groups cross‐linking strategy not only improves the chemical stability of LM micro‐nano droplets, but also renders a new method for producing multifunctional aerogel with energy harvesting and selective directional recognition, and applicable in smart sensors and power supplying devices.

Chromogenic probes featuring hydroxyethyl acetate as metal ion binding site: Selective dual-mode response and quantitative analysis of Ag+ at micellar interface

This study presents the design and synthesis of Charge Transfer-based chromogenic probes utilizing hydroxyethyl acetate (HEA) as a metal ion chelating site, and anthraimidazoldione (1) and bisindolyl methane (2) as signalling moieties. Both compounds demonstrated pH-sensitive nanoaggregate formation in aqueous solutions, as confirmed by various spectroscopic studies, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) imaging. Despite containing the HEA unit, compound 1 displayed no interaction with metal ions either in water or acetonitrile medium. However, in Brij-58 micelles, compound 1 exhibited a selective color-changing response to Ag+ ions accompanied by fluorescence enhancement. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Ag+ ions bound to the HEA unit, altering the charge transfer state of the probe. Compound 2, with bisindolyl methane as signalling moiety, demonstrated a superior response to Ag+ ions, attributed to differences in the pKa values of coordinating tertiary nitrogen centers and aggregation behavior. The developed sensory system was applied for silver ion estimation in Silverex ionic gel and diluted human urine samples, demonstrating high recovery values (~100 %) with low standard deviation (<5 %). These results suggest suitability of the present method for quantitative analysis of real-life samples.

Bacterial allelopathy: an approach for biological control of weeds.

Weed infestation is one of the most damaging biotic factors to limit crop production by competing with the crop for space, water, and nutrients. Different conventional approaches are being used to cope with weed infestation, including labor intensive manual removal and the use of soil-degrading, crop-damaging, and environment-deteriorating chemical herbicides. The use of chemicals for weed control has increased 2-fold after the green revolution and their non-judicious use is posing serious threats to mankind, animals, and biodiversity. The detrimental effects of these approaches have shifted the researchers' attention from the last two decades towards alternate, sustainable, and eco-friendly approaches to cope with weed infestation. The recent approaches of weed control, including plant and microbial allelopathy have gained popularity during last decade. Farmers still use conventional methods, but the majority of farmers are very passionate about organic agriculture and describe it as a slogan in the developed world. The effectiveness of these approaches lies in host specificity by selective bacteria and differential response towards weeds and crops. Moreover, the crop growth promoting effect of microorganisms (allelopathic bacteria) possessing various growth promoting traits, that is, mineral solubilization, phytohormone production, and beneficial enzymatic activity, provide additional benefits. The significance of this review lies in the provision of a comprehensive comparison of the conventional approaches along with their potential limitations with advanced/biological weed control approaches in sustainable production. In addition, the knowledge imparted about weed control will contribute to a better understanding of biological control methods.

Towards ZnO-Based Near-Infra-Red Radiation Detectors: Performance Improvement via Si Nanoclusters Embedment

Si nanoparticles embedded in a ZnO matrix were produced by a sequential deposition of ZnO/Si/ZnO layers, by radio frequency sputtering. Sample growth temperatures of 25 °C, 300 °C, and 500 °C were used to deposit ZnO/Si/ZnO layers on soda lime glass and p-type silicon substrates; ZnO layers were deposited by reactive radio-frequency sputtering employing a mixture of Ar/O2, with a ratio of 66/33, as working atmosphere. The type of substrate and the growth temperature affect the first ZnO layer roughness, promoting the formation of silicon nanoparticles, matrix characteristics, and as consequence, spectral response. The roughness of the initial ZnO layer is transferred to the top layer of ZnO, and it can be tailored between 65 and 370 Å, depending on the sample growth temperature. Transmission electron microscopy show that substrate temperature mainly affects the density of silicon nanoparticles rather than their size. ZnO/Si/ZnO films deposited on p-type silicon substrate were processed and photosensors were obtained, showing a selective response in the 950 to 1150 nm wavelength range, making them suitable candidates for near infrared detectors.

An estimate of fitness reduction from mutation accumulation in a mammal allows assessment of the consequences of relaxed selection.

Each generation, spontaneous mutations introduce heritable changes that tend to reduce fitness in populations of highly adapted living organisms. This erosion of fitness is countered by natural selection, which keeps deleterious mutations at low frequencies and ultimately removes most of them from the population. The classical way of studying the impact of spontaneous mutations is via mutation accumulation (MA) experiments, where lines of small effective population size are bred for many generations in conditions where natural selection is largely removed. Such experiments in microbes, invertebrates, and plants have generally demonstrated that fitness decays as a result of MA. However, the phenotypic consequences of MA in vertebrates are largely unknown, because no replicated MA experiment has previously been carried out. This gap in our knowledge is relevant for human populations, where societal changes have reduced the strength of natural selection, potentially allowing deleterious mutations to accumulate. Here, we study the impact of spontaneous MA on the mean and genetic variation for quantitative and fitness-related traits in the house mouse using the MA experimental design, with a cryopreserved control to account for environmental influences. We show that variation for morphological and life history traits accumulates at a sufficiently high rate to maintain genetic variation and selection response. Weight and tail length measures decrease significantly between 0.04% and 0.3% per generation with narrow confidence intervals. Fitness proxy measures (litter size and surviving offspring) decrease on average by about 0.2% per generation, but with confidence intervals overlapping zero. When extrapolated to humans, our results imply that the rate of fitness loss should not be of concern in the foreseeable future.

Selection environment impacts genetic gains for persistence in three temperate perennial forage grasses

Grasses and legumes are regularly grown in association, despite often being unbalanced or incompatible. This study was intended to conduct selection for persistence in three perennial grass species that have compatibility issues with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and are poorly adapted to management-intensive rotational grazing. Five cycles of selection for persistence were conducted over a 24-year period for three grass species (reed canarygrass, smooth bromegrass, and timothy) in each of five selection environments: alfalfa mixture, red clover mixture, monocultures with a three-harvest hay management, tall fescue mixture with frequent defoliation, and monocultures with frequent defoliation. Selection in the two legume mixtures led to significant increases in persistence only when evaluated in legume mixtures. Selection responses were strongest when evaluated under the same legume as in the selection environment, indicating some species specificity. Selection for persistence under frequent defoliation was successful under both conditions (monoculture and tall fescue mixture), but led to no changes when evaluated with legumes. For these three grass species, cultivar development for use in mixture with legumes or for use in management-intensive rotational grazing should be based on a selection environment that mimics, as close as possible, the target production environment.

MeCP2 Deficiency Alters the Response Selectivity of Prefrontal Cortical Neurons to Different Social Stimuli.

Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the MeCP2 gene, is characterized by cognitive and social deficits. Previous studies have noted hypoactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) pyramidal neurons of MeCP2-deficient mice (RTT mice) in response to both social and nonsocial stimuli. To further understand the neural mechanisms behind the social deficits of RTT mice, we monitored excitatory pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic region of the mPFC during social interactions in mice. These neurons' activity was closely linked to social preference, especially in wild-type mice. However, RTT mice showed reduced social interest and corresponding hypoactivity in these neurons, indicating that impaired mPFC activity contributes to their social deficits. We identified six mPFC neural ensembles selectively tuned to various stimuli, with RTT mice recruiting fewer neurons to ensembles responsive to social interactions and consistently showing lower stimulus-ON ensemble transient rates. Despite these lower rates, RTT mice exhibited an increase in the percentage of social-ON neurons in later sessions, suggesting a compensatory mechanism for the decreased firing rate. This highlights the limited plasticity in the mPFC caused by MeCP2 deficiency and offers insights into the neural dynamics of social encoding. The presence of multifunctional neurons and those specifically responsive to social or object stimuli in the mPFC emphasizes its crucial role in complex behaviors and cognitive functions, with selective neuron engagement suggesting efficiency in neural activation that optimizes responses to environmental stimuli.

All-Solid-State PVC-Membrane Cu(II)-Selective Potentiometric Microsensor Based on a Novel Calix[4]arene Derivative

In this study, 25,27-dihydroxy-26,28-bis(ethoxycarbonylbutyoxy)-5,11,17,23-p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene was used as an ionophore for the preparation of a novel all-solid-state type microsensor to make a selective potentiometric response towards Cu(II) ions. The optimum membrane composition of the microsensor was determined as 2% (w/w) ionophore, 67% (w/w) bis (2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS), 30% (w/w) polyvinylchloride (PVC), and 1%(w/w) potassium tetrakis 4-chlorophenyl borate (KTpClPB). The Cu(II)-selective microsensor exhibited a highly selective Nernstian response of 31.3±2.1 mV slope (R2: 0.997) with a short response time (15 s) over the concentration range of 10−5 to 10−1 mol L−1 of Cu(II) ions for 8 weeks with no significant difference in potentials. The microsensor was effectively performed in the pH range of 5.0–8.0, with low detection limit as 7.63×10−7 mol L−1, and a temperature range of 15−40 °C. The prepared microsensor was successfully used both as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Cu(II) ions with EDTA and also in the determination of the Cu(II) content of environmental water samples. When the potentiometric results were compared with ICP-OES, they were found to be in good agreement with ICP-OES results at a 95% confidence level.

Photon upconversion immunoprobe based on resonance energy transfer for brain natriuretic peptide – A prognostic biomarker for heart failure

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) holds significant clinical importance as a biomarker for heart-related conditions aiding in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of heart failure, providing valuable insights for timely intercession and patient management. Photon upconversion nanomaterials exhibit captivating ability to convert low energy photons to high energy ones, enabling enhanced sensitivity in sensing application. In this perspective, we develop a new photon upconversion based immunosensor for the detection of a heart failure biomarker, Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) by Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) between Polyacrylic acid capped Mn2+ ions doped NaYF4:Yb/Er Upconversion Nanoparticles (PAA@Mn-NaYF4:Yb/Er UCNPs) as the donor and gold nanostar (AuNS) as the acceptor. BNP antibody was conjugated on the surface of PAA@Mn-NaYF4:Yb/Er UCNPs. The immunosensor can produce strong turn on luminescence intensity in proportional to increasing BNP antigen concentration through specific antigen–antibody interactions. The proposed photon upconversion based immunosensor can achieve turn on behaviour in the linear range from 30 pg/mL to 303 pg/mL with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 1.76 pg/mL. The immunosensor exhibited appreciable selective and sensitive response towards BNP.

A Transient High-dimensional Geometry Affords Stable Conjunctive Subspaces for Efficient Action Selection.

Flexible action selection requires cognitive control mechanisms capable of mapping the same inputs to different output actions depending on the context. From a neural state-space perspective, this requires a control representation that separates similar input neural states by context. Additionally, for action selection to be robust and time-invariant, information must be stable in time, enabling efficient readout. Here, using EEG decoding methods, we investigate how the geometry and dynamics of control representations constrain flexible action selection in the human brain. Participants performed a context-dependent action selection task. A forced response procedure probed action selection different states in neural trajectories. The result shows that before successful responses, there is a transient expansion of representational dimensionality that separated conjunctive subspaces. Further, the dynamics stabilizes in the same time window, with entry into this stable, high-dimensional state predictive of individual trial performance. These results establish the neural geometry and dynamics the human brain needs for flexible control over behavior.

Shifting the paradigm in personalized cancer care through next-generation therapeutics and computational pathology.

The incorporation of novel therapeutic agents such as antibody-drug conjugates, radio-conjugates, T-cell engagers, and chimeric antigen receptor cell therapies represents a paradigm shift in oncology. Cell-surface target quantification, quantitative assessment of receptor internalization, and changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are essential variables in the development of biomarkers for patient selection and therapeutic response. Assessing these parameters requires capabilities that transcend those of traditional biomarker approaches based on immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and/or sequencing assays. Computational pathology is emerging as a transformative solution in this new therapeutic landscape, enabling detailed assessment of not only target presence, expression levels, and intra-tumor distribution but also of additional phenotypic features of tumor cells and their surrounding TME. Here, we delineate the pivotal role of computational pathology in enhancing the efficacy and specificity of these advanced therapeutics, underscoring the integration of novel artificial intelligence models that promise to revolutionize biomarker discovery and drug development.