Segments Of Humerus Research Articles

The conundrum of olecranon aperture and its relation to the distal end of the humerus in a modern Indian population: An anatomical and surgical perspective

We aimed to clarify the morphology of the olecranon aperture (OA) of the humerus with its relationship to the distal end of the humerus (epicondylar width) and the width of the medullary canal. In total, 156 dry adult humeri were examined for the presence of OA. When present, we reported their shape, measured transverse (TD) and vertical diameter (VD), the distance from its medial border to the tip of medial epicondyle (D1), lateral border to the tip of lateral epicondyle (D2) and lower border to the tip of trochlea (D3). The epicondylar width (EW) and the width of the medullary canal were also measured in all the humeri. OA was reported in 32 humeri (20.6%) with left side predominance, translucent septum in 35.8%, and opaque septum in 43.6%. The most typical shape noted was oval. On right side, mean VD and TD was 4.30±0.54mm and 5.85±0.45mm, respectively, whereas on left, these value were 4.21±0.56mm and 5.64±0.43mm, respectively. The mean of D1, D2 and D3 was 25.86±0.43mm, 26.50±0.28mm and 15.07±0.53mm on right and 24.80±0.41mm, 26.84±0.21mm and 15.81±0.31mm on left with significant difference (P<0.05). The medullary canal was significantly smaller in humeri with OA. Topographic location of OA may have possible role in determining safe zone for retrograde nailing in supracondylar humeral fractures. Since OA has a direct relation to the size of the intramedullary canal, it is crucial during preoperative planning and choosing an adequate surgical approach involving lower segment of humerus.

Органосохраняющие операции у кошек со спонтанными опухолями скелета грудной конечности

The article presents 4 clinical cases organ preservation surgery in cats with primalar bone tumors of thoracic limb. Cats had osteosarcoma (n =1), fibrosarcoma (n =2) and chondrosarcoma (n =1). Segmental bone resection was performed, bone defect replacement was performed with polymethyl methacrylate, Kirschner wires and bone plates. Treatment result for cats, that had tumors in proximal segment of humerus and distal segment of radius, was excellent. In 2 clinical cases tumors was localized in distal segment of humerus and lateral condyle of the humerus. Elbow arthrodesis was performed for this cats. It was reason of poorer limb function.

Bilateral symmetrical anterior fracture dislocation of shoulder

&lt;p&gt;The incidence of simultaneous bilateral shoulder joint dislocation is rare and is almost always posterior usually caused by violent muscle contraction as in patients with seizure disorders or who experience electric shock or undergo electroconvulsive therapy. simultaneous bilateral fracture-dislocation is even rarer, with a few cases reported in the literature. We report an unusual case with dislocation of the both shoulder joints in anterior direction after a seizure episode, With symmetrical unifocal 2-part extraarticular vertical fracture of proximal end segment of humerus (11A3) both sides. Although there have been a few reports of bilateral symmetrical fracture dislocations of the shoulder in the past, an injury pattern resembling our case has, to the best of our knowledge, not been described in the literature so far. Our report describes regarding the mechanism of injury in a case of a bilateral symmetrical anterior fracture dislocation following a seizure episode that treated with open reduction internal fixation using proximal humerus internal locking system (PHILOS). At final follow-up, the patient had healed fractures, painless near normal range of motion.&lt;/p&gt;

Estimation of stature from left upper limb anthropometry in North Karnataka population: A cadaveric study

Estimation of stature from left upper limb anthropometry in North Karnataka population: A cadaveric study - IJASHNB- Print ISSN No: - 2581-5210 Online ISSN No:- 2581-5229 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijashnb.2019.028, IP Indian Journal of Anatomy and Surgery of Head, Neck and Brain-IP Indian J Anat Surg Head Neck Brain

Right humerus; An equation to estimate the length from its fragments

Introduction: Many professionals including anthropologists, medical scientists and anatomists had been using the anthropometric technique to estimate the body size since decades or even centuries. The study which we have conducted in North Karnataka of South Indian was to estimate the length of the right humerus from the dimension of proximal and distal segments of humerus using a regression equation. This is absolutely essential for archeologists, anthropologists and forensic investigators, even when a fragment of bone is available. The current study was therefore focused on the measurement of proximal and distal segments of humerus from which the length of the humerus was estimated. Materials and Methods: The maximum lengths of the right humeri (MHL) were measured and the mean values were calculated. The different measurements of proximal and the distal segments of 53 right humeri were noted and used in our study. Maximum length of humerus, vertical and transverse diameter of proximal segment, transverse diameter and biepicondylar width of distal segment were measured using anthropometric techniques. A regression equation was formulated to calculated the length of the entire humerus provided we can access the measurements of different fragments available. Results: With the measurements obtained analysis was done using descriptive statistics. Regression equation for right humeri was derived to estimate the length of the right humerus. On applying the regression analysis, among 53 right humeri, it was proved that, the vertical diameter of superior articular surface had significant role in estimating the maximum humeral length with maximum correlation coefficient of 0.94(p Conclusion: Thus we can conclude that the length of the right humerus can be estimated from the measures of proximal and distal segments of right humerus. Keywords: Regression equation, Right humerus, Estimation of length, North Karnataka.

A practical clinical kinematic model for the upper limbs.

A novel clinically practical upper limb model is introduced that has been developed through clinical use in children and adults with neurological conditions to guide surgery to the elbow and wrist. This model has a minimal marker set, minimal virtual markers, and no functional joint centres to minimise the demands on the patient and duration of data collection. The model calculates forearm supination independently from the humerus segment, eliminating any errors introduced by poor modelling of the shoulder joint centre. Supination is calculated by defining the forearm segment twice, from the distal and proximal ends: first, using the ulna and radial wrist markers as a segment defining line and second using the medial and lateral elbow markers as a segment defining line. This is comparable to the clinical measurement of supination utilising a goniometer and enables a reduced marker set, with only the elbow, wrist, and hand markers to be applied when only the wrist and forearm angles are of interest. A sensitivity analysis of the calculated elbow flexion-extension angles to the position of the glenohumeral joint centre is performed on one healthy female subject, aged 20 years, during elbow flexion and a forward reaching task. A comparison of the supination angles calculated utilising the novel technique compared to the rotation between the humeral and forearm segments is also given. All angles are compared to a published kinematic model that follows the recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics.

A study on segments of humerus and its clinical importance

Background: The humerus is the both the largest bone in the arm and the only bone in the upper arm. Many powerful muscles that manipulate the upper arm at the shoulder and the forearm at the elbow are anchored to the humerus. Movement of the humerus is essential to all of the varied activities of the arm, such as throwing, lifting, and writing. A humerus fracture is a break of the humerus bone in the upper arm. Fractures of the humerus may be classified by the location into proximal region, which is near the shoulder, the middle region, and the distal region, which is near the elbow. These locations can further be divided based on the extent of the fracture and the specific areas of each of the three regions affected. For better understanding the humerus facture the segmental morphometry is important. Materials and Methods: The materials for the present study included 200 adult dry humeruses of unknown sex and obtained from various medical colleges from Karnataka. The morphometric details of different humerus segments viz. Maximum length of humerus, Mean distances between the articular segment of the humeral head and the greater tuberosity of humerus, Mean distance between caput humerus and callum of humerus, Mean distance between proximal and distal point of olecrane of humerus, Mean distance between distal part of olecrane process and trochlea of humerus, Mean distance between proximal edge of olacrane fossa and proximal part of trochea of humerus were carried out using Vernier callipers. Results: The results were, maximum length of humerus was 302.8±25.6mm on right and left was 296.75±19.6mm, the mean distances between the articular segment of the humeral head and the greater tuberosity was 6.7±1.5mm on right and 7.5±1.6mm on left, between caput humerus and callum anatomicum was 40.8±7.8mm on right and 40.3±8.2mm on left, between proximal and distal point of olecrane fossa was 39.6±2.3mm on right and 41.1±2.9mm on left, between distal part of olecrane process and trochlea of humerus was 22.6±1.3mm on right and 21.7±1.8mm on left and between proximal edge of olacrane fossa and proximal part of trochlea of humerus was 24.12±2.3mm on right and 26.92±2.2mm on left. Conclusion: The present study findings helps in orthopaedic surgery practice, for the treatment of proximal and distal humerus fractures and for their reconstruction.

The Morphometric Measurement of Segments of Humerus

The Morphometric Measurement of Segments of Humerus

Regression equation for estimation of total humeral length using measurements of its proximal segments among Indian population

Abstract Background: The aim of the present study was to calculate regression equation for the estimation of total length of the humerus using the measurements of its proximal fragments in Indian population. This equation is essential for forensic investigators for estimating the humeral length and also height of individual using humeral length when fragments ofhumerus are available in forensic investigation. Materials and Methods: In the present study 150 (75 left and 75 right) adult, fully ossified, dry and processed humerii were taken to analyze the morphometric details of the humeral segments which were measured using osteometric board and scale. The distance between three different segments namely, from most proximal point in the head to most distal point of the circumference of the head (segment­1), from most distal point of the circumference of the head to the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment (segment-2), the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment to the deltoid tuberosity (segment-3) and maximum length of humerus were measured to the nearest millimeter. The association between the humeral segments and maximum humeral length was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and later linear regression was applied considering left and right humerii separately. Results: The regression equation of humerus segments -1, 2 and 3 were MHL­ Maximum humeral length= 175.05 + [3.58(Hl)], MHL = 185.80 + [2.18(H2)], MHL = 161.44 + [2.18(H3)] on left and MHL = 171.91 + [3.74(Hl)], MHL = 195.54 + [1.95(H2)], MHL = 229.03 + [1.24(H3)] on right side of humerus respectively. This regression equation of Mean total length of humerus using its proximal fragmentary bone length will help for the stature estimation of individual Conclusion: This study helps in forensic, anatomic and archeological fields in order to identify human remains of unknown persons.

Morphometry of adult humerus bone in Moradabad region

Background: Morphometric examination of upper and lower limb can be useful to medical anthropologists, archaeologists, forensic experts and medico legal studies. The aim of our study was to determine length of humerus and humerus segment.

Biomechanical Comparison of Parallel Versus 90-90 Plating of Bicolumn Distal Humerus Fractures With Intra-Articular Comminution

To compare the biomechanical properties of 90-90 versus mediolateral parallel plating of C-3 bicolumn distal humerus fractures. We created intra-articular AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association C-3 bicolumn fractures in 10 fresh-frozen matched pairs of cadaveric elbows. We determined bone mineral density of the metaphyseal region with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The matched pairs of elbows were randomly assigned to either 90-90 or parallel plate fixation. We tested anteroposterior displacement at a rate of 0.5 mm/s to a maximum load of ± 100 N for both the articular and entire distal humerus segments. We tested torsional stability at a displacement rate of 0.1 Hz to a maximum torque of ± 2.5 Nm. After cyclical testing, we loaded the specimens in torsion to failure. There was no significant difference in the bone density of the paired specimens. Compared with parallel fixation, 90-90 plate fixation had significantly greater torque to failure load. Both plating constructs were equally sensitive to bone density. Both techniques had the same mode of failure in torsion, a spiral fracture extending from the medial plate at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction. There was no significant difference in the stiffness of fixation of the articular fragment or the entire distal segment in anteroposterior loading. This study demonstrated that 90-90 and parallel plating had comparable biomechanical properties for fixation of comminuted intra-articular distal humerus fractures, and that 90-90 plating had greater resistance to torsional loading.

Reimplantation of an Extruded Humeral Segment into an Intact Periosteal Envelope in a Child: A Case Report.

Traumatic bone extrusion followed by successful bone-segment reimplantation is uncommon1-4. When bone loss is minimal, open fractures may heal by stabilization alone, and small amounts of bone loss can generally be treated with an autogenous or allogenic bone graft. Large segmental bone defects may occur at the time of injury or after surgical debridement of devitalized bone, and may require large grafts, multiple grafts, vascularized bone grafts, or bone transport5-7. The benefits of reimplanting an extruded segment include maintenance of the original skeletal structure, avoidance of morbidity associated with autogenous bone harvesting, and avoidance of allograft bone procedures or prolonged bone transport procedures. Regardless of the sterilization method used, reimplantation of a devascularized bone segment after meticulous wound debridement and sound bone stabilization is associated with an elevated risk of infection. However, the literature lacks guidelines regarding the sterilization, timing of reimplantation, and stabilization of extruded bone segments1-4. We describe a case of early reimplantation of an extruded humeral segment in a child. The patient and her family were informed that data from this case would be submitted for publication, and they provided consent. A three-year-old girl fell from a third-floor balcony of an apartment and sustained an injury to the right arm and elbow. Her general condition was good, and she was alert and oriented. Other injuries included only a small scalp laceration and multiple superficial abrasions over the lower extremities. Physical examination revealed a 3-cm transverse laceration on the posterior aspect of the distal part of the right arm (just proximal to the olecranon) with moderate contamination, and gross motion indicating skeletal instability. A missing segment of humerus measuring 7.5 cm was retrieved by the parents from the scene approximately sixty minutes after the accident. The …

EVALUATION OF CONTINUOUS VERSUS INTERRUPTED ABDOMINAL FASCIA CLOSURE IN PATIENTS WITH PERITONITIS WITH DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE OF SKIN

Background: Morphometric examination of upper and lower limb can be useful to medical anthropologists, archaeologists, forensic experts and medico legal studies. The aim of our study was to determine length of humerus and humerus segment.

Comparison between upper and lower limb lengthening in patients with achondroplasia

Lengthening of the humerus is now an established technique. We compared the complications of humeral lengthening with those of femoral lengthening and investigated whether or not the callus formation in the humerus proceeds at a higher rate than that in the femur. A total of 24 humeral and 24 femoral lengthenings were performed on 12 patients with achondroplasia. We measured the pixel value ratio (PVR) of the lengthened area on radiographs and each radiograph was analysed for the shape, type and density of the callus. The quality of life (QOL) of the patients after humeral lengthening was compared with that prior to surgery. The complication rate per segment of humerus and femur was 0.87% and 1.37%, respectively. In the humerus the PVR was significantly higher than that of the femur. Lower limbs were associated with an increased incidence of concave, lateral and central callus shapes. Humeral lengthening had a lower complication rate than lower-limb lengthening, and QOL increased significantly after humeral lengthening. Callus formation in the humerus during the distraction period proceeded at a significantly higher rate than that in the femur. These findings indicate that humeral lengthening has an important role in the management of patients with achondroplasia.

Morphometric Study of the Humerus Segments in Indian Population

El objetivo del estudio fue obtener las medidas de diferentes segmentos del humero y calcular la longitud del humero a partir de ellos. Fueron seleccionados 100 (51 izquierdos y 49 derechos) humeros adultos secos, separados por sexo, de poblacion india para analizar los detalles morfometricos de los segmentos dle hueso. La distancia entre cinco segmentos diferentes fueron establecidos: punto mas proximal de la cabeza humeral y la tuberosidad mayor (HA), cabeza del humero y cuello quirurgico del humero (HB), punto proximal y distal de la fosa olecraneana (HC), punto distal de la fosa olecraneana y la troclea del humero (HD), punto proximal de la fosa olecraneana y punto distal de la troclea del humero (HE) y, finalmente, la longitud maxima del humero (HL) medidas obtenidas por medio de una tabla osteometrica y un caliper analogo. Se realizaron regresiones lineales simples para correlacionar cada segmento con la longitud total del humero. Se obtuvieron resultados positivos en los segmentos de HB y HE de humero derecho. Formulas de regresion se obtuvieron para definir estimativos. En conclusion, nuestro estudio demostro que la longitud del humero puede estimarse a partir de las medidas de los diferentes segmentos del hueso, ayudando en casos forenses, anatomicos y arqueologicos con el fin de identificar cuerpos desconocidos o para determinar la estatura de la persona, asi como a cirujanos ortopedicos para el tratamiento de las fracturas proximales y distales del humero o para su reconstruccion.

Nerfs du lambeau brachial externe. Etude anatomique

The lateral arm flap is located on the lower lateral portion of the arm. The blood supply is via the profunda brachii artery. The flap is based on the lateral intermuscular septum of the arm, the septum being always taken with the flap; the flap can be composite and include the anterior skin of the arm or a segment of humerus, or the nerve of passage, which can be used as a vascularized nerve graft. The lateral arm flap has an important relation with three nerves: the radial nerve, which should always be preserved, the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm, which can give a sensory innervation for the flap, and the posterior cutaneous nerve of the forearm, which can be used as a vascularized nerve graft. The authors recount the anatomic variations of the artery of the flap and describe the variations of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the arm and the forearm. The knowledge of the relation between these nerves is very important, when one wants to use one of the nerves for sensory innervation of the flap and the other as a vascularized nerve graft. The practical application of this principle is illustrated by the example of one clinical case.