Segara Anakan Lagoon Research Articles

Composition and Abundance of Phytoplankton in Segara Anakan Lagoon and Cibeureum River, Central Java

Segara Anakan Lagoon and Cibereum River are located south of Java Island, precisely on the border between West Java Province and Central Java. This study aimed to reveal phytoplankton community structure related to water quality. Observations were made in May 2021 at seven locations. Ten liters of water were filtered using a plankton net with a mesh size of 53 μm and preserved using Lugol. The parameters observed were the abundance and composition of phytoplankton, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and salinity. Phytoplankton community structure was analyzed using the Diversity Index, Evenness Index, and Dominance Index. The phytoplankton found consisted of Bacillaryophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Dinophyta, and Euglenophyta. Bacillaryophyta had more diversity of species than other phyla, with an abundance range from 38–4,037 individuals/L. Station 7 (at Cibereum River) had a different phytoplankton composition, with a higher abundance and species number, and Oscillatoria sp. as a dominant species. This station has low diversity and evenness index values (0.649 and 0.054, respectively), and the dominance index close to 1 (0.858) indicated unstable habitat for the phytoplankton community. Dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, and salinity were lower, while turbidity was higher than other stations.

Diversity and distribution of fish species in Upper Watershed of Citanduy, West Java, Indonesia

Citanduy is one of the major rivers in West Java, Indonesia, which empties into the Segara Anakan Lagoon. This river has streams originating from the Galunggung and Sawal Mountains. Information about freshwater fish in this area has not been fully documented and explored regarding fish diversity and distribution. This study aims to assess the fish diversity, abundance, distribution, and potential uses. The survey method was conducted upstream of the Citanduy River in the Regency of Tasikmalaya and Ciamis from 2012 to 2013. The sampling stations were grouped into the primary forest (1), secondary forest (2), shrubs (3), and (4) rice fields or plantations. In total, there are four stations in Sawal Mount and three groups of stations in Galunggung Mount. The collected fish were caught using electrofishing equipped with cast nets at each station. The results showed that there were 12 families with 24 species. Cichlidae is the dominant family with six species, followed by Cyprinidae with five species, and the remaining families only have one or two species. Both the Sawal and Galunggung Mountains have diverse habitats in rice fields or plantations. Based on the species, Barbodes binotatus was the most abundant species (128 ind./st.), followed by Nemacheilus fasciatus (64 ind./st.), Rasbora lateristriata (48 ind./st.) and the rest species with a range of 1-38 ind./st. Barbodes binotatus and Poecillia reticulata were widely distributed at 85.7%, followed by Channa gachua 71.4%; and the remaining species with a range of 14.3-57.1%. Most species have the potential as consume fish. Based on the species authenticity status, nine species (37.5%) were detected as introduced species.

Distribution of heavy metals (Ag, Hg, Cd) concentration and the pollution status in the western part of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia

Segara Anakan lagoon has continuously gained pressures as a result of human activities. Unsustainable land use and forest destruction in the upper river areas have brought about erosion bringing also heavy metals into the lagoon. This study investigated the distribution of heavy metals (Ag, Hg, and Cd) concentration and determined the pollution status in the western part of Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. The study was conducted for six months, from June to November 2016, with a sampling interval of once a month. The study was located in six stations spread over from the rivers to the estuary area. The distribution of Ag content tended to be stable at every station (except in August). Low Ag content was found in June, July, September, and October, while the highest was in November. The higher Ag content was found in the estuary area. The distribution of Hg varied and mostly increased toward the estuary area. Low Hg content was found in November, while the highest was in October. The distribution of Cd tended to be stable at every station (except in July). Low Cd content was found in June, while the highest was found in August-October. A higher concentration of Cd was obtained in the channel area up to the confluence area of several rivers. According to the pollution index, the western part of Segara Anakan Lagoon was moderately polluted.

Struktur Dan Komposisi Vegetasi Mangrove Di Kawasan Laguna Segara Anakan Cilacap

In coastal areas, mangrove communities have many functions economically, physically, and ecologically. One of the mangrove forest areas that is experiencing rapid decline in area is the Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and composition of mangrove vegetation. Vegetation data was collected by purposive sampling method and each station was made 9 sampling plots. The results found that there are 12 species consisting of 4 major mangrove families, 1 minor mangrove family and 2 associated mangrove families. In general, the mangrove tree vegetation in the eastern part of Segara Anakan is dominated by Aegiceras corniculatum with an INP ranging from 38.99-67.23%, the middle part is dominated by Nypa fruticans with an INP ranging from 47.80-70.18% and the western part is dominated by Sonneratia alba with an INP of 56.32%. Environmental quality measures include water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, soil pH, water pH, TSS, total soil N, organic C, soil phosphate still support mangrove life.

Aquatic Resources Management Program and Magister of Aquatic Resources, Fisheries and Marine Sciences Faculty-Jenderal Soedirman University, Kampus Perikanan UNSOED Karangwangkal, Jl. dr. Suparno, Purwokerto, Indonesia 53123

The mangrove zoning and landscape express the correlation between mangrove vegetation (density, biodiversity and species distribution) with environment factors like as water inundation, seatide, and soil properties. The research was conducted in Segara Anakan Lagoon to analysis community structure and mangrove landscape based on species distribution, biodiversity, environment factors, and mangrove zoning. The results showed that (a) Segara Anakan Lagoon had 4 mangrove zone's were dominated by Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora styllosa, and Nypa frutican; (b) the structure of ecosystem was showed by trend of mangrove ecosystem with equation y = 35.34x2 923.85x + 12817 with x = time (year) and y = mangrove area (ha), mangrove density between 1333367 ind ha-1 (West Segara Anakan) and 899–567 ind ha-1 (East Segara Anakan), dominated species were Nypa frutican, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, and Aegiceras corniculatum and mangrove biodiversity between 2,572,65 (moderate); (c) structure of environment factor showed single and semi double-type tides, water debit between 0.360.73 m s-1; water depth between 0.20–23.7 m and water inundation between 480cm; soil texture was clay and loam, soil nitrate of 1.5 mg 100 g-1, soil phosphate of 1.5 mg 100 g-1, C organic of 1.31%, soil pH of 6–7, and soil salinity of 6.5–10 ppt.

The application of Landsat imageries and mangrove vegetation index for monitoring mangrove community in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap, Central Java

The only place for estuarine-mangroves in Java Island, Segara Anakan Lagoon, experiences the vast decline of mangrove cover. Satellite remote sensing has a critical role in monitoring that change as it allows to record vast areas over time. However, most studies tend to utilize satellite data to investigate the change of mangrove areas into other land-use types rather than identify the mangrove community’s shifting. This study utilized the mangrove vegetation index (MVI) for monitoring the changes of mangrove communities at the life-form level using satellite data. The study used multi-temporal Landsat images as it has historical systematic archive data. The threshold value of the index for each class is defined by referring to the field data. The class referred to the life-form classification consisting of mangrove trees, Nypa, and understorey. The image analysis was conducted using Google Earth Engine (GEE), while R software was used for determining threshold values through statistical analysis. The result shows that the MVI can differentiate between some life forms of mangroves, with the overall accuracy reaching 78.79% and a kappa coefficient of 0.729. Further, the multi-temporal maps showed the decline of mangrove tree areas, which the understorey and Nypa community have replaced.

Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Siregar AS, Sulistyo I, Mahdiana A, Junaedi T, Muslih, Pertiwi RPC, Samudra SR, Prayogo NA. 2021. Tannins in mangrove plants in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 3508-3516. Mangrove tannin is polyphenol compound and extractive matter in mangrove vegetation. Mangrove tannins have the potentials to support paint industry, animal feed, tanners and wood adhesives industry. This research is aimed to investigate the mangrove species in Segara Anakan, Central Java, Indonesia that produce tannins, and to analyze the distribution and contents of tannin in the part of mangrove plant. A total of 342 samples from 19 mangrove species was collected from 37 sampling points in Segara Anakan. UV-Visible Spectrophotometry was used to analyze the tannin content in the samples. The results showed that the tannins contained in bark and stems were higher (66.6%) than those in leaves (33.4%). Mangrove vegetation can be classified into five classes in terms of tannin percentage with Heritiera littoralis, Nypa fruticans, and Rhizophora mucronata had highest tannin percentage. The clustering analysis of mangrove tannin showed that Ceriops decandra-Ceriops tagal, Acacia auriculiformis-Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris-Xylocarpus granatum, and Avicennia marina-Rhizophora apiculata had high similarity of tannin percentage. The distribution of tannins in mangrove species is as follow: 0.59-10.14 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) and 0.20-3.74 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 10 cm) until 8.84-158.96 kg trees-1 (bark and stem of mangrove diameter > 40 cm) and 4.60-91.65 kg trees-1 (leaves of mangrove diameter > 40 cm). R. mucronata and R. apiculata had the highest total tannin content, ranged between 386.60-460.38 kg trees-1.

The Ecological Studies of Shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 (Penaeidae) in The Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL), Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of environmental variables by combining information about the immigration of juveniles during one year. The study of population structure, growth, and morphometric relationships of Penaeus monodon Fabricius in 1798 was carried out in four zones of the Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL(Zone I (mesotrophic/in two main rivers Cibereum and Citanduy): Zone II (eutroph/in the northeastern part of the lagoon): Zone III(eutroph/in the south-eastern part of the lagoon): Zone IV (mesotrophic/near the western channel) for one year (December 2016 - January 2017). The average carapace length (CL) during the rainy season was 36.35 mm in October and 28.61 mm in December, reflecting changes in shrimp size in the population. The morphological relationship, in terms of total length (TL, mm) and carapace length (CL, mm) of male and female shrimps were significantly correlated with TL = 15,825 + 3,225 CL (r = 0,960) and TL = 25,462 + 2,897 CL (r = 0,978), each. The allometric equations for carapace length (CL mm) and weight (W, g) are Wmale = 10-3 2.834 CL2.528, and Wfemale = 10-3 1.520 CL2, The local distribution of the shrimps suggested that the SAL represent an important nursery ground in its life history.

Evidence of Micropollutants in Sediment and Mud Clams (Polymesoda erosa) from One of Mangrove Biodiversity Hotspots in Indonesia

This study aims to explore persistent microorganic pollutants (Poly chloro byphneyls (PCBs) and Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)) in sediment and mud clams (Polymesoda erosa) in Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL). In addition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the mud clams were evaluated their risk consumption and Bioaccumulation factor in sediment. Concentrations of seven PCBs in the sediment were found in the range 0.11 ± 0.05 to 2.63 ± 0.1 μg kg−1 sed dw. OCPs levels were found in the range of 0.2 ± 0.05 and 2.9 ± 0.01 μg kg−1 sed dw. In P. erosa, 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (USEPA) were found in the range from 103.34 ± 2.01 to 1348.31 ± 18.21 μg kg−1 tissue dry weight (dw), PCBs content was found only in one station at concentration 2.34 ± 1.72 μg kg−1 tissue dw and OCPs content was found in the range 0.87 ± 0.03 to 24.79 ± 1.30 μg kg−1 tissue dw. The disturbance matrices have been evaluated with the appropriate samples according to the extraction yield and yield analysis. Several guidelines evaluate the quality of sediment on PCBs and OCPs (i.e. pp-DDE). The consumption evaluation shows that this mud clam P. erosa has been contaminated of PAHs and not recommended for human consumption. They were potentially as site-specific bioaccumulation in sediment for organic micropollutants which receives from any untreated sewage, industrial waste discharge into the canal system of river of Segara Anakan Lagoon.

Diversity, density, and Importance Value Index of mangroves in the Segara Anakan lagoon and its surrounding area, Cilacap Regency, Indonesia

Coastal mangrove forest habitats in the Segara Anakan Lagoon have become an important area for estuarine fisheries which should be preserved for sustainability. This study aims to analyze diversity, density, and the importance value index of the mangrove in the area. The method used was a plot and path (combination method). To conduct this study, the nine purposely sampled stations ranged from the western Segara Anakan Lagoon to the eastern mangrove area adjacent to the Donan River. The nine station was grouped into 3 (three areas) namely; Mangrove Eastern Area (river influence), Mangrove Middle Area, Mangrove Western Area (seawater influence. The results show the average mangrove density overall stations were dominated by seedlings with 39881 individuals/ha with fraction 75%, followed by saplings with 12311 individuals/ha (23%), and tree category with 711 individuals/ha (1%). Because of the average mangrove density of tree category less than 1000 trees/ha so, the mangrove forest in the Segara Anakan Lagoon and its surrounding area was categorized to be damaged. Meanwhile, the highest Importance Value Index (IVI) was at 221 for R. apiculata and at 220 for Sonneratia caseolaris for all stations.

Mangrove cluster as adaptation pattern of mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon

Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) as the specific ecosystem is arranged by the mangrove ecosystem and lagoon ecosystem. The mangrove ecosystem in SAL needs high adaptation to reduce the impact of water tide, water inundation, water salinity, and other factors. This research aimed to analyze mangrove clustering in Segara Anakan Lagoon. The method of this research used Hierarchical Clustering Methods based on mangrove density to analyze cluster adaptation of the mangrove ecosystem. The result showed that (1) The mangrove density (diameter > 4 cm) to analysis mangrove clustering showed that East Segara Anakan had density between 900 – 5425 trees ha-1 (low-very high density ) and West Segara Anakan had density between 133 – 3.367 (low – high density). (2) the mangrove clustering showed that West Segara Anakan had three clusters. The first cluster was arranged by clustering of stations {((15.18),(9.17),(3.6)),8)); ((1.2),5)}. The second cluster was arranged by clustering of stations {(((4.10),14,12))}. And the third cluster was arranged by clustering of stations{(((11.20)16));(7.19))}. (b) East Segara Anakan also was formed by three clusters were the first cluster was formed by clustering of stations (2-(((4, 13), 6) ((1.12), ((4.13) ((5.10) (7.11)))) The second cluster was arranged by clustering of stations (9; ((8.15), (19, (20.21)))) The third cluster was formed by clustering of stations (18 (17, (14,16))).

Heavy metal (Pb, Hg, Cu) contamination level in sediment and water in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap, Indonesia

Segara Anakan lagoon in Indonesia receives a variety of contaminants from numerous and various human activities. One of these was heavy metals, which were dangerous pollutants and will accumulate in the environment. This study aimed to determine the heavy metals content in sediment and water in the Segara Anakan lagoon. Those data were then scrutinized, whether they were toxic to the aquatic biota. Sampling was conducted at six observation stations every month. The heavy metals content was compared to the quality standard (set out by CCME and ANZECC & ARMCANZ for sediment, and the Decree of the Minister of Environment Number 51 of 2004 for water). The heavy metals in sediments were below the minimum limit (Pb (30.2; 50.0), Hg (0.13; 0.15), Cu (18.7; 65.0), all in mg.kg−1 units), except Cu showing higher value than quality standard at one observation. Other results, Pb and Cu in water, showed exceeding the quality standard (both were 0.008 mg/l). However, it was still within safe limits for most types of aquatic biotas. Overall, the three types of heavy metals in sediment were safe for aquatic biotas, while in water, only Hg can be clearly stated that it was safe.

The Sedimentation Impact for the Lagoon and Mangrove Stabilization

Sedimentation causes land accretion, silting river water, lagoon, and mangrove degradation. The current study aims to analyze the potential and the impact of sedimentation toward the potential of the lagoon and mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon. The research methods used mapping analysis, total suspended solid analysis (TSS), sedimentation rate analysis, biodiversity analysis, and mangrove covering. The result showed that (1) the value of TSS between 0.25-1,16 g L-1 (2) sediment flux between 6,8 - 257,7 g m-2s-1 (3) annual rate of sedimentation in West Segara Anakan Lagoon (W-SAL) between 13.82 – 15.49 m yr-1. (4) The effects of sedimentation were (a) the remaining lagoon of West Segara Anakan Lagoon (W-SAL) which was 1.200 ha, (b) land accretion in W-SAL between 27.24 – 160.18 m (1994 – 2003) and 20.91 – 107.55 m (2003 2014), (c) the remaining mangrove of SAL less than 2594 ha (d) the mangrove diversity ranged between 0.48 – 1.71 (low – moderate), (e) the mangrove density of trees were 46 - 205 trees ha-1 (degraded) (5) mangrove landscape was developed to reduce the impact of sedimentation, especially the first zone of mangrove landscaping was dominated by Aegiceras Floridum, Avicennia Alba, Avicennia Marina, Sonneratia Caseolaris, and Sonneratia alba.

DIVERSITY AND ECOLOGY OF UNDERSTORY PLANT IN SEMPU ISLAND, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

As indicator for environmental disturbances, the understory is an important structural and functional component of forests ecosystems. Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the diversity and composition of understory plants in the lowland forests adjacent to the trekking paths along Semut Bay (dock entrance) to Segara Anakan Lagoon and some coastal areas in Sempu Island, and to detemine their association with the underlying environmental factors as disturbance indicators by the presence of understory invasive alien species (IAS). Sixty six plots of 2 x 2 m2 were established to analyze the understory vegetation, the site profiles and the environmental variables. A total of 135 understory plant species belonging to 108 genera and 60 families were recorded within the 66 plots of the study areas. Poaceae was the dominant family, followed by Compositae, Phyllanthaceae, Sterculiaceae, Rubiaceae, Putranjivaceae and Cyperaceae. The understory communities in the lowland forest adjacent to Semut Path were dominated by tree seedlings and had a relatively fewer composition of shrubs. Coastal areas, which have more open canopies, were dominated by grasses and shrubs. Some dominant native understory species include Ckistanthus ohlongifolius, Pterocymbium javanicum, lschaemum muticum, Guettarda spedosa, etc. Indicating disturbance, 12 understory IAS were found in the study areas. Four of these are among the world’s worst invaders (Chromolaena odorata, Imperata tylindrica, Lantana camara and Spathodea campanulata), and three are noxious weeds (Cyperus rotundus, Eleusine indica and Imperata cylindricd). The light intensity and air temperature were strongly positively associated with disturbed sites, while relative humidty, soil pH, and elevation were associated with less disturbed sites. These study results provide the scientific basis for management and recommendations on the current diversity status of the understory plant species at Sempu Island, hoping that these would justify further conservation of indigenous species and their protection from these disturbances.

Macrozoobenthos Diversity as a Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Pollution in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap District, Indonesia

Various methods are available for monitoring pollution levels in surface water and sediments, including using organisms as bioindicators. Segara Anakan Lagoon is an estuarine ecosystem that could be affected by contaminants transported by rivers. Pollution sources include pesticides and fertilizers from upstream agricultural areas, domestic waste, and shipping traffic. Macrozoobenthos are among the organisms commonly used as bioindicators of environmental pollution. Macrozoobenthos live at the bottom of the water column, and as deposit feeders, they lend themselves to use as bioindicators. The structure of the macrozoobenthos community in Segara Anakan has changed, as evidenced by the diversity and abundance of benthic species. Furthermore, environmental pollution parameters, such as heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments, are relatively high in the lagoon. Concentrations of Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cr varied among collection sites, with average concentrations of 0.04, 4.4, 1.2, and 1.4 ppm, respectively. In general, the abundance of macrozoobenthos was low at collection stations with high heavy metal concentrations, demonstrating that heavy metal pollution has occurred in Segara Anakan. Correlation tests between macrozoobenthos and heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments yielded r-values of > 0.8225 and 0.7473, respectively.

Co-existence between Scylla serrata and Scylla transquebarica in the lagoon of Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Indonesia

In the Laguna Segara Anakan, there are two species of mangrove crab such as: Scylla serrate and Scylla transquebarica. Both of these species are always in the same water conditions in the Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap. The purpose of this study was to examine the co-existence both species populations (S. serrate and S. transquebarica) in the Segara Anakan Lagoon. Sampling were carried out on April and June 2019 in three locations namely Klaces, Panikel and Sapuregel. Traps were used to collect crab samples. According to the research result that in the Klaces, the number of S. serrata (n=17) is greater than the number of S. transquebarica (n=4). Whereas in Panikel and Sapuregel, the number of S. transquebarica was more than the number of S. serrata. The presence of S. serrata and S. transquebarica in mangrove habitat is always side by side.

Anthropogenic Signatures in the Context of Landscape Evolution: Evidence from Citanduy Watershed, Java, Indonesia

The impact of humans on landscapes may differ across regions because anthropogenic intervention on the respective landscapes occurs in different human-induced contexts. This study was designed to assess the human-induced landscape evolution of the Citanduy Watershed, Java, Indonesia, and determine its anthropogenic signatures. Several approaches were used, namely anthropogenic landscape identification, anthropogenic soil development, sediment analysis, and monitoring of changes to Segara Anakan lagoon at the mouth of the Citanduy Rier. Five types of anthropogenic landscapes were observed in the research area, from a slightly modified landscape to a fully anthropogenic landscape. The anthropogenic signature was also found in the sediment of the lagoon. Present and recent environmental evolution of the lagoon was reconstructed based on series changes in the lagoon area. This reconstruction was then linked to the governmental program and anthropogenic intervention to reveal the complexity of the human-induced landscape evolution. Anthropogenic phenomena were found to strongly influence the evolution of Segara Anakan lagoon, as recorded approximately through three phases of its evolution: 1) natural processes occurring continuously until 1960, 2) human-induced landscape evolution, the boundary of which occurred in 1960–1980, and 3) the recent anthropogenic evolution that has existed since 1980.

Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of endophytic bacteria isolated from mangrove species

Mangroves have proven to possess strong bioactivities to survive their complex environmental condition. However, apart from the primary function of mangroves as an ecosystem keeper, mangroves are often overexploited for construction materials. Hence, their medicinal purposes are often overlooked, and the direct exploration of pharmacologically active compounds derived from mangrove species seems illogical. Endophytic bacteria are found capable of producing secondary metabolites similar or even the same as their host plant. Therefore, exploration of endophytic bacteria from mangroves becomes an excellent alternative for bioproduction of certain plant-specific bioactive compounds. Moreover, mangroves live in an extreme living environment, and therefore, may contain interesting endophytic bacteria that possess remarkable bioactivities, particularly antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from mangrove species collected from the Segara Anakan Lagoon, on the south coast of Java, Indonesia. Isolated bacteria were cultivated to produce secondary metabolites. Fermentation liquid was then extracted and investigated for its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity. Secondary metabolites from isolated bacteria showed to have potentials to be used as an antioxidant as well as a cytotoxic agent.

Antioxidant Activities of Mangrove Fruits Endophytic Fungus from Segara Anakan Lagoon, Indonesia

Mangrove derived endophytic fungi are particular interest because they constitute the second-largest environmental group of marine fungi and are adapted to extreme conditions, which make them a rich source for novel metabolite and enzyme discovery. Especially the bioactivities of endophytic fungi from mangrove’s fruits have not been explored yet. We took our samples from The Segara Anakan lagoon which is situated at the southern coast of Central Java. The mangrove forest is semi-enclosed because there were Nusa Kambangan Island and its connection to the Indian Ocean. The endophytic fungus from 4 species mangrove’s fruits which are Acacia mangium Wild, Avicennia alba Blume, Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam have been isolated, and antioxidant analysis have been done. Its resulted that the extract from endophytic fungi isolated from Bruguiera gymnorhiza showed the highest antioxidant activities among others even though the extract yield showed the opposite. From profiling of secondary metabolite from endophytic fungi extract, we obtained data that the extract contained Cyclohexane, 1-hexadecanol, 1H-Indene as and farnesene that might be contributed to antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extract from isolated fungi from Bruguiera gymnorhiza fruits

Women’s role in raising sheep activities through sharing system at Kampung Laut, Cilacap

The ecological degradation of Segara Anakan Lagoon due to sedimentation has an impact on the lives of the Kampung Laut communities, who depend on their livelihoods on the lagoon’s natural resources. To adapt to that condition, the community carries out sheep livestock as another livelihood through the sharing system. The women’s role in agriculture and livestock activities can increase family income and achieve family food security. This research was conducted in The Ujunggagak Village, Kampung Laut, with a census of 32 households raising sheep. Determination of the location by purposive sampling. The result shows that the women’s role in raising sheep activities in Kampung Laut is only to help the husband’s activities. Besides, women are less involved in decision making related to livestock activities.