Yellow Passion Fruit Seeds Research Articles

Plant growth regulators and mobilization of reserves in imbibition phases of yellow passion fruit.

The production of seedlings of the passion fruit tree, usually, is sexual, and the seeds are not uniform in the seedling emergence, and soaking treatments of seeds can provide faster and more uniform germination. It was aimed to study the action of plant growth regulators and the mobilization of reserves in the stages of soaking of yellow passion fruit seeds. The seeds were soaked for five hours in solutions containing plant growth regulators, in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 8 x 4, with four replications. The first factor corresponds to eight plant growth regulators: T1 - distilled water (control); T2 - 6-benzylaminepurine ​​500 mg L-1; T3 - 4-(3-indolyl) butyric acid 500 mg L-1; T4 - gibberellic acid 500 mg L-1; T5 - spermine 250 mg L-1; T6 - spermine 750 mg L-1; T7 - spermidine 750 mg L-1; T8 - spermidine 1250 mg L-1; and the second factor, to the four soaking times: zero, four, 72 and 120 hours, corresponding, respectively, to the dry seed, and to phases I, II, and III of the imbibition curve. It was evaluated the biochemical composition of seeds (lipids, soluble sugars and starch). The seeds showed accumulation of lipids in phase III; the content of soluble sugars increased in phase I and decreased in phase II. The starch content increased until the phase II and decreased in phase III. Starch is the main reserve in the seeds and the main source of energy used in phase III; soaking the seeds in polyamines generates an accumulation of lipids in the seeds and soaking in plant growth regulators increases the burning of starch.

Physiological quality of ‘BRS’ passion fruit seeds grown at different altitudes and storage environments

The aim of this work was to study the physiological quality of ‘BRS’ passion fruit seeds grown at different altitudes stored in cold chamber and in natural environment for six months. Hybrid passion fruit seeds (BRS Gigante Amarelo, BRS Sol do Cerrado and BRS Rubi do Cerrado) grown at three altitudes (104; 711; 1016 meters) in the southern region of the state of Espírito Santo were used. Germination was carried out in germitest paper rolls, placed in BOD-type germination chambers at temperature of 20-30 ºC. The following parameters were analyzed: germination, germination speed index, shoot and root length and dry mass of seedlings. The experimental design used was completely randomized in a factorial scheme with split plot in time 4x(3x3) (four bimonthly analyses x three hybrids x three altitudes), with two independent storage environments and three replicates of 100 seeds. Hybrid Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa seeds can be stored in natural environment or cold chamber. Hybrid yellow passion fruit seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters show higher germination and vigor percentages. Hybrid ‘Gigante Amarelo’ seeds had lower averages for variables under study, regardless of altitude. Hybrid ‘Rubi do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitude of 1016 meters and hybrid ‘Sol do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters have higher germination and vigor percentages and can be stored for 180 days in natural environment or cold chamber without viability loss. Flavicarpa can be stored in natural environment or cold chamber. Hybrid yellow passion fruit seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters show higher germination and vigor percentages. Hybrid ‘Gigante Amarelo’ seeds had lower averages for variables under study, regardless of altitude. Hybrid ‘Rubi do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitude of 1016 meters and hybrid ‘Sol do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters have higher germination and vigor percentages and can be stored for 180 days in natural environment or cold chamber without viability loss. Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa can be stored in natural environment or cold chamber. Hybrid yellow passion fruit seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters show higher germination and vigor percentages. Hybrid ‘Gigante Amarelo’ seeds had lower averages for variables under study, regardless of altitude. Hybrid ‘Rubi do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitude of 1016 meters and hybrid ‘Sol do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters have higher germination and vigor percentages and can be stored for 180 days in natural environment or cold chamber without viability loss. Hybrid ‘Gigante Amarelo’ seeds had lower averages for variables under study, regardless of altitude. Hybrid ‘Rubi do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitude of 1016 meters and hybrid ‘Sol do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters have higher germination and vigor percentages and can be stored for 180 days in natural environment or cold chamber without viability loss. Hybrid ‘Gigante Amarelo’ seeds had lower averages for variables under study, regardless of altitude. Hybrid ‘Rubi do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitude of 1016 meters and hybrid ‘Sol do Cerrado’ seeds grown at altitudes of 104 and 711 meters have higher germination and vigor percentages and can be stored for 180 days in natural environment or cold chamber without viability loss.

Assessment of Different Substrates used for Seedling Production in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa)

Research has been conducted with the yellow passion fruit crop, with emphasis on different formulations of substrates for seedling production, with good results. The appropriate substrate should present good physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, enabling, thus, the rapid growth of the seedling, a good dry matter content in the aerial and root parts, among other characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different substrates on the viability and vigor of passion fruit seeds. Brs Giant yellow passion fruit seeds were used to this end (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa) directly from the fruits, which were collected in a property located in the municipality of Peixe in the southern region of the state of the Tocantins in Brazil. After the installation of the experiment, the process of evaluation and data collection was initiated. The highest values of root length and aerial part of seedlings were obtained when the seeds were sown in the moss substrate of Earthworm Humus, intermediate values in substrates 50% Wood Sawdust + 50% Washed Sand and 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. It was also observed that the highest dry mass values of the root and shoot were obtained in the Earthworm Humus, intermediate values in substrates 50% Wood Sawdust + 50% Washed Sand, and 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. The first emergency and emergence count of seedlings, due to the different substrates once again the substrate of Earthworm Humus stood out. Intermediate results were obtained in the substrates Washed Sand and 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. The Earthworm Humus substrate of worm provided the highest values of viability and vigor in passion fruit seeds, followed by the mixture 50% Black Soil + 50% Cattle Manure. For the experiment, five types of substrates were evaluated: Washed Sand, Black soil, Wood Sawdust + Washed Sans + Black Soil + Cattle Manure, and substrate Earthworm Humus.

Incidence of fungi on yellow passion fruit seeds in the Maranhão State (Brazil)

In recent years, passion fruit orchards have suffered from the high incidence of microorganisms, causing damage from the seedling phase to the post-harvest of the fruits; among these microorganisms are the fungi that comprise the largest number of species associated with the seeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the incidence of fungi associated with yellow passion fruit seeds in the State of Maranhão. The experiment was carried out in 2014 and conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the State University of Southern Maranhão (UEMASUL), Campus Imperatriz. Fruit seeds collected from six municipalities in the state of Maranhão (Carolina, Capinzal do Norte, Estreito, Imperatriz, Vila Nova dos Martírios and São Luís) were used. A completely randomized design with four replications was adopted. A total of 400 seeds were used per municipality, 50 per gerbox, totaling the processing and analysis of 2400 seeds in general. The incidence of pathogenic agents in the seeds was determined by using the filter paper method with freezing, using four replications of 100 seeds per evaluated municipality. Seven days later, the incidence of pathogens was estimated by using a stereomicroscope, with confirmation of the genus and/or species of the fungus. The incidence of Penicillium sp. in yellow passion fruit seeds occurred in all assessed municipalities collected. The city of Vila Nova dos Martírios has presented the highest incidence of fungi, while the city of Imperatriz has had the lowest rate.

Physical properties of yellow passion fruit seeds (Passiflora edulis) during the drying process

The reuse potential of passion fruit seeds to obtain functional ingredients can find many industrial applications. This requires knowledge of their physical properties for the design of conveyors and equipment. The objective of this study was to determine the physical properties of passion fruit seeds during drying and to evaluate the feasibility of using digital images to determine the dimensional properties of seeds in comparison to caliper. Passion fruit seeds with initial moisture content, in dry basis (d.b.), of 0.402 (decimal) were subjected to drying in a cylindrical tray dryer at 45 ± 2 °C to different moisture content levels and were characterized by their physical properties. Unit specific mass, mass of one thousand seeds, and seed size and shape were evaluated. The characteristic dimensions of the seeds were obtained by caliper and digital image processing. The digital image processing method was satisfactory to obtain the characteristic dimensions of passion fruit seeds. The dimensional properties did not show significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) during the drying process, indicating low contraction of the characteristic seed dimensions. The seeds presented volumetric contraction of approximately 4 %, which was represented by the Bala & Woods adapted model. The mass of one thousand seeds showed a reduction of approximately 21 % with the decrease of moisture content. The unit specific mass ranged from 1121 to 1022 kg m-3 for moisture contents of 0.402 and 0.047 (decimal, d.b.), respectively. These results indicate that the separation of passion fruit seeds as a function of moisture content should be performed by densimetric methods.

Investigation of dormancy and storage potential of seeds of yellow passion fruit

Abstract: Passiflora actinia Hooker is a passion fruit species native to Brazil, typically found in the Atlantic and Araucaria Forests. It has economic relevance (edible fruit) and medicinal value (sedative and anxiolytic properties), in addition to being used for vegetative propagation, as rootstock for other Passiflora species. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of dormancy in P. actinia seeds, and at evaluating their storage potential. The germination test considered different combinations of temperature and lighting regimes, whereas seed dormancy was assessed using different germination-inducing treatments (tegument cutting, warm water immersion, and gibberellin application). Seed viability during storage was also appraised. The results showed that seed germination should be conducted on paper at the alternating temperature of 20-30 °C, without lighting. Also, newly-harvested seeds presented physical and physiological dormancies. The immersion of seeds in water at 40 °C or 50 °C (for 5 or 10 minutes) proved to be efficient in breaking the physical dormancy. Physiological dormancy, in turn, was successfully interrupted by applying 100 mg. L-1 of gibberellic acid on the substrate paper. The storage of seeds under refrigeration, inside hermetically sealed polyethylene packaging, preserved their physiological quality for up to nine months.

The physiological quality of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg.) seeds with different water content placed in a cold chamber room and environmental conditions

Seed quality is extremely important for the crop production system, and storage conditions are important to preserve this quality. The objective this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of yellow passion fruit seeds with different water contents placed in a cold chamber room (4°C) and in a natural laboratory environment (25 ± 2°C) for a period of eight months (240 days). Passion fruit seeds were harvested in orchards of the southern region of Espírito Santo, with water content adjusted to 10%; 14%; 18% and 22%, and placed in a cold chamber room and a natural laboratory environment. Germination, germination speed index, shoot and root length, fresh and dry mass of normal seedlings were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two environments (cold chamber room and natural laboratory environment) and with a plot experimental arrangement subdivided according to time, with four replicates of 25 seeds within each environment. Yellow passion fruit seeds placed in a cold chamber room and natural environment with 14% of water content presented a higher physiological quality during eight months of storage. Yellow passion fruit seeds placed in a cold chamber room and natural environment presented maximum germination and vigour with 60 days of storage. Yellow passion fruit seeds exhibit orthodox behaviour, and should be stored at 14% of water content, in a cold chamber room and natural environment, without loss of viability and physiological quality over eight months, presenting maximum germination and vigour after 60 days storage, without the presence of pathogens.

Development and root morphology of passion fruit in different substrates

Among the factors that contribute to better initial development of plants, it is the substrate used. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of substrate in initial formation and morphology of the roots of two species of passion fruits. The analyses were done in the nursery of the Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Regional Jataí, Brazil, with a light interception of 60%. The material used were seeds of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) and the cultivar FB 200 (Flora Brasil), harvested in the UFG experimental field. They were sown in three types of substrates: Soil I (mixture of soil, chicken manure and sand in a ratio of 2:1:1 by volume), soil II (steep bank), and Bioplant®, using for plants perforated bags with a capacity of 1.5 L. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with six treatments, eight replications and four plants per plot. After 30 days of sowing, fresh matter of root, root dry matter and morphology were evaluated. The substrate affected the initial development of yellow passion fruit, obtaining the best results with Bioplant®, showing as promising for the development of all the evaluated characteristics.

Optimization of the antioxidant polyphenolic compounds extraction of yellow passion fruit seeds (Passiflora edulis Sims) by response surface methodology.

The conditions for the solid-liquid extraction of the antioxidant polyphenol compounds from yellow passion fruit seeds were optimized by response surface methodology with the following variables as the extraction parameters: extraction time (12.8-147.2min), ethanol concentration (13-97%), and temperature (16.4-83.6°C). The polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity, which were assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity, β-carotene bleaching assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, were considered dependent variables. The association of the dependent variables was effective for explaining the effect of the independent variables within a determination coefficient (R2) range of 0.88-0.96. A moderate-to-strong correlation for the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity by the investigated methods was established, and optimized conditions were employed to maximize this response. Extraction was carried out at 80°C using 70% ethanol concentration for 30min, which was the most efficient condition to obtain an extract with high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds (3.12g gallic acid equivalent/100g seed dry basis) and a strong antioxidant capacity. The stilbene piceatannol was the major compound identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (3.68g/100g seed dry basis). These results reinforce that agro-industrial waste demonstrates potential as a source of bioactive compounds, with implications in human health as well as in food and chemical industries.

Germinação de sementes de maracujá-amarelo em extrato aquoso de tiririca e ácido giberélico

Allelopathy refers to the ability of certain plant has to interfere with the metabolism of other compounds by chemicals released into the environment. Cyperus rotundus is a typical example of such a plant, having a high IBA concentration and being able to influence and act on germination and rooting of the other plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bulbs and leaves extracts of Cyperus rotundus and gibberellic acid on the yellow passion fruit germination cycle. To obtain the aqueous extract bulbs and leaves were used along with a concentration of 1 g 10 mL-1 (p/v) (1 g of material plant to 10 mL of distilled water), forming stock solutions. Extracts were diluted in five concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) and five concentrations of gibberellic acid (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg L-1 GA3) were used. As a control treatment we used distilled water. The experimental design was completely randomized, with 16 treatments, five replicates, totaling 80 sampling units, each unit containing ten seeds. Daily counts were performed on the number of germinated seeds for subsequent calculation of germination percentage and germination speed index. Seeds of yellow passion fruit treated with concentrations of gibberellic acid had their germination inhibited and it is not recommended in the germination of the species. Concentrations of aqueous extract of leaves and sedge did not affect the germination of yellow passion fruit.

English

Brazil is the largest producer of passion fruit, having the Northeast region as the main producing region, where orchards are formed almost exclusively from seed. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of different qualities of water and four levels of liquid manure applied to the soil in the absence and presence of mineral NPK fertiliser on the physiological attributes of yellow passion fruit seeds. The seeds were produced in a field experiment conducted in Jacana county, Rio Grande do Norte State-Brazil and seed quality was assessed in the Laboratory of Seed Analysis (LSA) from Agrarian Sciences Centre of Federal University of Paraiba in Areia County, Paraiba State, Brazil. In the laboratory, the experimental design was completely randomised with 16 treatments in four repetitions. The bovine biofertiliser inhibited the seed quality obtained for plants irrigated with non-saline water, but increased the viability of seeds in plants irrigated with saline water. Characteristics evaluated were the first count of normal seedlings, and speed index germination (SIG, dry matter weight of roots and shoot). The mineral fertilisation of the soil with NPK increased the seed viabilityin plants irrigated with both non-saline and saline waters. Key words: Passiflora edulis, salinity, organic fertilization, mineral fertilisation, seed production.

Crescimento inicial de plantas de maracujazeiro amarelo submetidas à giberelina

It aimed to evaluate the effects of gibberellin action on the growth of yellow passion fruit, under foliar spray in different solutions of GA3. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Physiology and in the greenhouse of the Center for Agricultural, Environmental and Biological Sciences of UFRB. Seeds of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa Deg) and growth regulator gibberellin (4% GA3), at doses 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 mL of gibberellin per liter of solution and distilled water as control. The seeds were sown in polyethylene bags with 15cm wide x 20cm long (capacity 2 kg) containing washed sand. It was initially placed four seeds per bag in each repetition. At 15 days after sowing (DAS) it was held thinning leaving one plant per bag. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and four replications. At 40 DAS, plants were submitted to spraying with solutions of gibberellin for seven consecutive days. At 70 DAS it were recorded: length of root, stem and total (cm), number of leaves, dry weight of root, leaf, stem and total plant (g). Concentrations in the range between 90 and 100 mg GA3 L-1, given by foliar sprays, promote significant growth in stem length. The plant regulator, for concentrations in the range of 78 and 92 mg GA3 L-1, increases the dry weight of root, stem and total passion fruit plant.

Efeito do armazenamento e do progenitor masculino sobre a qualidade e micromorfologia de sementes de maracujá

A propagação do maracujazeiro é feita por sementes e há evidências de que a planta doadora de pólen pode efetivamente contribuir para a obtenção de frutos e sementes de melhor qualidade. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar a qualidade das sementes, após de doze meses de armazenamento, considerando a influência do doador de pólen (progenitor masculino) na qualidade das sementes, assim como descrever a ontogênese da micromorfologia das sementes provenientes de frutos em diferentes estádios de maturação. Os frutos foram obtidos a partir de polinização manual controlada e polinização manual colhendo-se frutos em quatro estádios de maturação: 55, 58, 61 e 64 dias após a antese (DAA). As sementes obtidas destes frutos foram armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório e em ambiente refrigerado por 12 meses e, após este período, submetidas a testes de germinação e vigor. Verificou-se que o controle do progenitor masculino não influenciou a qualidade das sementes e que o armazenamento das sementes por um ano em ambiente refrigerado promoveu aumento na germinação e vigor das sementes de maracujá, obtendo-se melhor qualidade quando os frutos foram colhidos aos 61 e 64 DAA. Houve decréscimo na germinação das sementes armazenadas em ambiente de laboratório quando comparadas às sementes armazenadas em ambiente refrigerado. A ontogênese na superfície da semente é variável nos diferentes estádios de maturação.

Secagem de sementes de maracujá em camada delgada

Utilizou-se do modelo matemático de secagem proposto por Page (1949) para se derivar uma equação de secagem em camada delgada para sementes de maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Degener.). Para a obtenção da equação, foram coletados dados experimentais em um protótipo de secador de leito fixo, utilizando-se de três níveis de temperatura do ar de secagem (30; 37 e 40ºC), três níveis de fluxo de ar para secagem (24; 48 e 71 m³ min-1 m²) e um nível de teor médio de água inicial (30,4±2,0% b.u.). Todos os experimentos foram realizados em ambiente com temperatura de 28,4±1,0 ºC e razão de umidade de 0,0138±0,0016 kg kg-1. Os valores dos resíduos obtidos com a equação desenvolvida por meio de análise de regressão não-linear foram considerados inadequadas para fins de engenharia, o que sugere a necessidade de avaliar outros modelos, teóricos ou empíricos, para a secagem de sementes de maracujá em camada delgada. Observou-se que o tempo de secagem diminuiu em função do aumento da temperatura; porém, não houve influência da vazão específica do ar de secagem sobre o tempo necessário para reduzir o teor de água de sementes de maracujá-amarelo para 9,9±0,4% b.u..

ESTUDOS SOBRE A CULTURA DE TECIDOS MARACUJAZEIRO AMARELO (Passiflora edulis F. Flavicarpa DEG.)

Com o objetivo de estudar as técnicas de propagação vegetativa in vitro do maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) vários ensaios foram propostos. Iniciou-se com o cultivo de explantes foliares e microestacas de material adulto. Foi utilizado o meio de cultura MS com várias concentrações de BAP: 0,5; 0,75; 1,0; 1,25; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3 mg.L-1 e o acesso '156 x 180' de maracujazeiro, para realizar regeneração de gemas adventícias. Determinou-se a concentração de 2 mg.L-1, a qual foi testada para os demais acessos. A porcentagem de explantes com gemas ocorreu na seguinte proporção: '156 x 123' - 64%; '156 x 180' - 40%; '352' - 30%; ('156 x 123') x ('118 x 204') - 28%; '309' - 0%. Porém, as gemas formadas eram pequenas, não alongaram e tornaram-se cloróticas. Na microestaquia com material adulto, foram testados meios com e sem auxinas, o enraizamento foi obtido com AIB 3mg.L-1 e 0,5 mg.L-1 de ANA na proporção de 60% para o acesso '352' -; 40% para '309' e ('156 x 123') x ('118 x 204') para - '156 x 123' e '156 x 180'; porém não houve desenvolvimento da parte aérea. Realizou-se também ensaios de germinação de sementes in vitro de maracujá amarelo. Para estes ensaios foram avaliados os efeitos de diferentes substratos e temperaturas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial (3 x 3) e três repetições. Avaliou-se a porcentagem de germinação após 18 dias. O melhor resultado foi obtido com o tratamento de pré-embebição das sementes por 48 horas e o regime de temperaturas alternadas de 23-30ºC em substrato de algodão (86.7%). Foi avaliado também o efeito de diferentes complexos vitamínicos na regeneração in vitro do maracujá, utilizando folhas cotiledonares. Quatro tratamentos foram testados. Dois testaram o complexo vitamínico MS, e outros dois testaram o complexo vitamínico do meio B5 ambos suplementados com 1 e 2 mg.L-1 de BAP. Os meios foram solidificados com 2,6 g.L-1 de Phytagel. Cada ensaio foi substituído de 10 plantas de petri, totalizando 60 explantes por meio de cultura testado. Plântulas in vitro foram utilizadas para um ensaio de microestaquia sendo 10 tubos de ensaio com meio e vitaminas MS e 10 tubos com meio MS com vitaminas do complexo B5, com 1 microestaca em cada. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A regeneração de plantas ocorreu via organogênese direta. Meios suplementados com complexo vitamínico B5 demonstraram aumento na capacidade regenerativa de maracujazeiro amarelo em ambas as doses de fitorreguladores, tanto em relação ao número de explantes com gemas, quando ao número de gemas por explante. O enraizamento dos brotos regenerados variou de 80-93%. A fase de aclimatação ocorreu sem perdas. As microestacas desenvolveram-se e enraizaram sem a necessidade da adição de fitorregularoes aos meios de cultura. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os resultados deste ensaio. O número de cromossomos das plantas regeneradas foi determinado pelo método de Feulgen. As plantas regeneradas apresentaram 2n=18 cromossomos.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE MARACUJAZEIRO-AMARELO OBTIDAS DE SEMENTES EXTRAÍDAS POR FERMENTAÇÃO

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da fermentação na obtenção da semente do maracujá-amarelo sobre a emergência de plântulas e o desenvolvimento de mudas, foi conduzido um experimento em casa de vegetação no Departamento de Fitotecnia da Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró, Mossoró-RN, Brasil. O delineamento experimental usado foi em blocos casualizados completos com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. As características avaliadas foram porcentagem de emergência; número de dias para atingir 50% de emergência; vigor das sementes, avaliado pelo número médio de dias para atingir o máximo de emergência; altura das plântulas; diâmetro do caule; número de folhas; comprimento da raiz pivotante; peso da matéria seca da parte aérea e raiz. O desenvolvimento das mudas não foi influenciado pela extração das sementes por fermentação. A fermentação do arilo durante 3 a 6 dias promoveu maior vigor de sementes e emergência de plântulas em menor tempo que as sementes obtidas sem fermentação.