Turnip Seeds Research Articles

Algae Extracts in Horticulture: Characterization of Algae-Based Extracts and Impact on Turnip Germination and Radish Culture

Algae are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, playing a crucial role as biostimulants for plants, enhancing growth and resilience. Four algae-based extracts were tested: the raw extract of red macroalgae Calliblepharis jubata (CJ), Ulasco (UA), Grasco (GR) and “AgriAlgae Foliar” (AA), the latter with microalgae. The extracts were evaluated for their physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity and solids), macro and microelements, phenolic compounds and antioxidants. Afterwards, seed germination trials were carried out with turnip seeds (Brassica rapa var. cymosa L.), and pot trials were carried out with Cherry Belle (Flora Lusitana, Cantanhede, Portugal) radish plants (Raphanus sativus L.), to verify the biostimulant potential of the extracts in horticulture. In the pot trials, all the treatments led to better yields and nutritional quality. The UA 0.12 extract influenced the heaviest roots (40.32 ± 11.89 g), on average, and the GR 0.10 extract in roots with the highest percentage of proteins (1.866 ± 0.004% dm), phenolic compounds (0.12121 mg eq. gallic acid/g fm) and antioxidants (0.0754 ± 0.0000 mg eq. ascorbic acid/g fm). The radishes treated with the AA 0.003 extract showed the greatest uniformity, the healthiest leaves, with the highest flavonoid content and the heaviest aerial part (19.52 ± 5.99 g). All the extract treatments resulted in a visible mitigation of abiotic stress and consequently better results, showing that these can be crucial for sustainable agriculture.

28-Homobrassinolide Primed Seed Improved Lead Stress Tolerance in Brassica rapa L. through Modulation of Physio-Biochemical Attributes and Nutrient Uptake.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) influence a variety of physiological reactions and alleviate different biotic and abiotic stressors. Turnip seedlings were grown with the goal of further exploring and expanding their function in plants under abiotic stress, particularly under heavy metal toxicity (lead stress). This study's objective was to ascertain the role of applied 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) in reducing lead (Pb) stress in turnip plants. Turnip seeds treated with 1, 5, and 10 µM HBL and were grown-up in Pb-contaminated soil (300 mg kg-1). Lead accumulation reduces biomass, growth attributes, and various biochemical parameters, as well as increasing proline content. Seed germination, root and shoot growth, and gas exchange characteristics were enhanced via HBL treatment. Furthermore, Pb-stressed seedlings had decreased total soluble protein concentrations, photosynthetic pigments, nutrition, and phenol content. Nonetheless, HBL increased chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b levels in plant, resulting in increased photosynthesis. As a result, seeds treated with HBL2 (5 µM L-1) had higher nutritional contents (Mg+2, Zn+2, Na+2, and K+1). HBL2-treated seedlings had higher DPPH and metal tolerance indexes. This led to the conclusion that HBL2 effectively reduced Pb toxicity and improved resistance in lead-contaminated soil.

ISOLATION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYSACCHARIDES IN THE SEEDS OF TURNIP BRASSICA RAPA

The aim of this research is the isolation and physicochemical characterization of water-soluble polysaccharides in the seeds of the turnip Brassica rapa of the family Brassicaceae cultivated in Uzbekistan.
 For the first time, water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from turnip seeds by sequential water extraction. Polysaccharides are deproteinized and separated by ion exchange chromatography, purified on a Sephadex G-100 column. Two polysaccharide fractions BSP-1-1 and BSP-2-1 were obtained. The results of IR spectroscopic studies showed that the isolated polysaccharides consist mainly of α-linked pyranose units. Analysis of the monosaccharide composition showed that the composition of the neutral polysaccharide BSP-1-1 is represented by monosaccharides in the following composition: ribose – 5.05%, arabinose – 56.38%, mannose – 5.87%, glucose – 8.63% and galactose – 24.05%. The composition of the anionic polysaccharide BSP-2-1 is represented by monosaccharides: ribose – 6.35%, arabinose – 60.15%, mannose – 7.19%, glucose – 4.12% and galactose – 22.16%. It was determined that the isolated polysaccharides consist mainly of arabinose (BSP-1-1 – 56.3%, BSP-2-1 – 60%) and galactose (BSP-1-1 – 24%, BSP-2-1 – 22%). Based on the data obtained, it can be assumed that the studied polysaccharides from the seeds of the turnip Brassica rapa belong to the type of arabinogalactans.

Fluid dynamic analysis and residence time distribution determination for rectangular based spouted beds

Fluid dynamic characterization for a set of three serial rectangular based spouted beds (RBSB) using sawdust or turnip seeds, were made. In batch experiences, the minimum spouting velocity (Ums) and the maximum pressure drop (ΔPmax) were determined based on the bed height and moisture content. With respect to the continuous solid feed experiences, initially the conditions that allowed the stationary operation for 1, 2 and 3 beds connected in series, were determined. Following, injecting colored particles and with an image analysis it was possible to determine the residence time distribution (RTD). When compared with expressions from literature, good agreement was found for Ums, whereas for ΔPmax an expression is proposed that includes the sphericity of the particles. The RTDs were adjusted with the tank in series model, finding that the effects of solids feed rate, air flow and moisture content are significant for each solid RTD.

FEATURES OF BRASSICA RAPA'S GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPENDING ON THE TERRITORY OF SOWING THE SEED

In order to study the effect of the time of sowing seeds on the passage of morphogenesis and productivity of rapeseed, the scheme included experiments where the seeds were sown in I, II, III in April, I and II in May. The experiment used varieties of Golden Ball, Purpurleopop, Purpurov and Geisha, and control was the variant in which the seeds of the Golden Ball varieties were sown in the second decade of April with a row spacing of 45 cm. laboratory - to determine the total yield; statistical - to establish the reliability of the investigated factors. Seed germination analysis used in the experiment ranged from 78.9% to 81.1% on average. The highest indicator of seed germination was characterized by the Purpulepop variety, where the studied value was 83.2%, which was dominated by the seed germination of the control variant by 2.1%. In the early stages of sowing seeds, the period of seedling formation was shorter. Seeding of seeds in the first two decades of April on the surface of the soil was observed for 8 days. The short sprouting period was characterized by all varieties of turnips. As a result of sowing turnip seeds at a later date, namely in the third decade of April - the first and second decade of May and the setting of a higher soil temperature, the period of germination was extended and ranged from 8 to 10 days. By using the term of sowing seeds I-II decade of April, the short interphase period was characterized by Purpleupop and Purpurova varieties, where the specified period was only 22 days. The sowing of turnip seeds at a later date ensured the formation of an interphase period of "seedlings - leaf rosette" in 23-25 days except Purpulopop variety. The interphase period "leaf rosette - the beginning of rooting" and "the beginning of rooting - technical maturity" determined the benefits of early seeding, namely in the first decade of April on varieties Purpulopop and Purpurov.The short vegetation period was characterized by the Golden Ball plants for sowing seeds in the first and third decades of April and the first of May. During the specified seeding period the duration of the growing season was only 40 days. A longer vegetation period was characterized by plants of the Geisha variety for sowing seeds in the first two decades of April. As a result of the use of the researched elements of technology to grow turnips in open soil, the total yield varied from 11.0 t / ha to 24.0 t / ha. The most productive is the first sowing of rapeseed, where its value ranged from 20.6 t / ha to 22.7 t / ha. At the same time, when sowing seeds in the first decade of April, the yield of turnip varieties Purpulepop was the highest and was 22.7 t / ha, or the increase was 2.4 t / ha.

Protective and Treatment Effect of Germinated Turnip Seeds (Brassica Rapa L.) and Radish Seeds (Raphanus sativus L.) against Carbon Tetrachloride - Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Protective and Treatment Effect of Germinated Turnip Seeds (Brassica Rapa L.) and Radish Seeds (Raphanus sativus L.) against Carbon Tetrachloride - Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Photodegradation of 2-Chlorophenol in TiO2/UV System: Phytotoxicity Assessment of Treated Solutions Against Seedling Growth of Turnip and Tomato

The photodegradation and detoxification of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) in TiO2 suspensions were studied using monochromatic UV-lamp. The effect of pH on the photodegradation of 2-CP was investigated. Removal of 98% of initial 2-CP was achieved within 210 under optimum concentration of 2-CP (60 mg/L) and TiO2 (80 mg/L). The apparent first-order rate constant kapp of 2-CP is estimated to be 0.0043 min–1 at pH 4, while a 3-fold increase in kapp was observed at pH 9. Phytotoxicity effects of treated 2-CP on seed germination, root elongation and plant growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and turnip (Brassica rapa) seeds were also carried out with the aim of water reuse and environment protection. No statistically differences have been also found to exist for seed germination of tomato and turnip between deionized water (control) and phototreated 2-CP solution, indicating a significant removal of the overall toxicity. In the 10th day of germination, the average root elongation increases at 210 min of photocatalytic degradation yielding 7.1 ± 0.9 and 5.6 ± 0.66 cm for turnip and tomato seeds, respectively. Turnip plants irrigated with the phototreated 2-CP solution grow in a similar manner as the plant irrigated with the tap water. The phototreated 2-CP can be used in the irrigation of agriculture garden but only after further treatment.

Inhibition of DNA oxidative damage and antimutagenic activity by dichloromethane extract of Brassica rapa var. rapa L. seeds

The current study was designed to evaluate the inhibition of DNA oxidative damage and antimutagenic activity by dichloromethane extract of Brassica rapa var. rapa L. (Turnip) seeds belonging to family Brassicaceae, via DNA oxidative damage assay and Ames assay. The hydroxyl radical mediated oxidative damage of DNA was effectively inhibited by the seed oil extract at 1000μg/ml concentration. The extract was assessed for its antimutagenic activity against direct acting mutagens (sodium azide and 4 nitro-o-phenylenediamine) and indirect acting mutagen (2-aminofluorene), with TA100 and TA98 strain of Salmonella typhimurium. It was found that there was more significant antimutagenic effect against S9 dependent indirect acting mutagen than direct acting mutagens. The results showed better desmutagenic effect with pre-incubation mode of experimentation, as compared to the co-incubation mode, with lowest value of IC50 0.0008μg/0.1ml/plate with TA98 strain against S9 dependent mutagen. The GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of two major compounds, namely phenylethylbrassinin and 3-phenylpropionitrile, in the seed oil extract. These compounds might be the main contributors for inhibition of hydroxyl radical mediated DNA strand breaking and antimutagenic effect by extract. The study indicates the presence of strong antimutagenic factors and hydroxyl radical scavengers in Turnip seeds enabling its possible therapeutic effect. Also, to the extent of our knowledge this is the first study that enlightens the antimutagenic effects of extracted seed oil from B. rapa var. rapa L.

<b>Thermodynamic properties of water desorption of forage turnip seeds

The purpose of this study was to determine the thermodynamic properties of the process of water sorption in forage turnip seeds. The equilibrium moisture content of forage turnip seeds was determined by the gravimetric-dynamic method for different values of temperature and water activity. According to the results, increasing the moisture content increases the energy required for the evaporation of water in forage turnip seeds, and the values of integral isosteric heat of desorption, within the moisture content range of 3.33 to 11.30 (% d.b.), varies from 4,222.70 to 2,870.34 kJ kg-1. With the elevation in the equilibrium moisture content, there is an increase in differential entropy and Gibbs free energy, which has positive values, demonstrating non-spontaneity in the process of desorption in the seeds. The theory of enthalpy-entropy compensation can be satisfactorily applied to the sorption phenomenon, and the process of water desorption of forage turnip seeds is controlled by enthalpy.

Quality of Vegetable Seeds Collected from Mymensingh Region in Bangladesh

Seed quality and health status of 11 vegetable crop seeds of viz. Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. capitata), Indian cabbage (Brassica oleraceae var. indica), Indian spinach (Basella alba), Spinach (Beta vulgaris var. bengalensis), Red amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor), Bitter gourd (Momordic acharantia), Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Sweet gourd (Cucurbita moschata), Carrot (Daucuscarrota var. sativa), Radish (Raphanus sativus), and Turnip (Brassica rapa) collected from the greater Mymensingh region of Bangladesh were tested. The germination percentage of seeds of the collected samples ranged from 11 to 100. The highest germination was recorded in indian cabbage (100%) followed by carrot (92%) and radish (90%), while the lowest was recorded in indian spinach seeds (11%). Altogether 10 fungi were found associated with the seeds which were Alternaria spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Chaetomium funicola, Curvularia spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Phoma spp. and Rhizopus spp.. The highest total seed-borne fungal infection was found in bottle gourd (155%) followed by sweet gourd (145%). The lowest infection was found in turnip seeds (6%). The maximum number of dead seeds was found in indian spinach (89%) and no dead seed was found in indian cabbage. Among the vegetables seed samples, seedling vigour ranged from 59 to 3083, where the highest seedling vigour was observed in sweet gourd (3083) and the lowest was in indian spinach (59). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9926 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(1): 103-108

Trypsin inhibitors in turnip (Brassica rapa L.) seeds

A method of trypsin inhibitors isolation from turnip seeds is described. Inhibitors were extracted with 0.01 N HCI, concentrated by salting out with ammonium sulfate, and purified using ion-exchange chromatography on Sp-Sephadex C-25, QAE-Sephadex A-25 and affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsin. Among the three isolated inhibitors, ITR I of molecular weight 15.9 kDa, pl. 6,4, inhibited trypsin activity only. Inhibitors ITR II and ITR Ill inhibited also chymotrypsin activity, they had similar molecular weight (about 10 kDa), but their pI is 7.5 and over 10, respectively. Arginine residue occurred in P, position of the reactive site of inhibitors ITR I and ITR III, while in ITR 11 this position was occupied by lysine residue. Electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel revealed that each inhibitor possessed two protein fractions, probably a virgin and modified form, with the reactive site peptide bond broken by trypsin.

Evaluation of the joint effect of glyphosate and dimethoate using a small-scale terrestrial ecosystem

In the present work a small-scale terrestrial ecosystem (STEM) containing a soil collected from an agricultural field in Central Portugal was used to evaluate the effects of the combination of the herbicide glyphosate and the insecticide dimethoate. Earthworms ( Eisenia andrei), isopods ( Porcellionides pruinosus), turnip seeds ( Brassica rapa), and bait-lamina strips were placed in the STEM. The results showed that the application of the recommended field dose of both pesticides did not cause any effect on the weight variation of earthworms and growth of the plants. The application of the herbicide, even at 5 and 10 times the field dose, increased feeding activity in soil (bait-lamina test), although the application of dimethoate led to a decrease in feeding activity in all concentrations tested. The binary mixtures performed showed that according to the Independent Action model, synergism (higher effect than expected from the single exposures) was observed in both the shoot length and fresh weight of B. rapa at 5 times the field dose, but antagonism was observed at 10 times the field dose. Regarding the germination success, synergism was observed at the field dose, but antagonism was detected at 5 times and 10 times the field dose. There was a decrease on the earthworm's weight in all concentrations tested, although no statistical differences were observed in any of the treatments made. Regarding depth distribution of E. andrei, worms were found in the upper layer more than it was predicted for all concentrations. In the mixtures with the field and 5 times the field dose there was a decrease in the feeding activity (bait-lamina consumption) by the soil fauna. From the four biomarkers assessed on the isopods (Catalase, Acetylcholinesterase, Glutathione- S-transferase, and Lipid peroxidation), only a significant decrease in the Acetylcholinesterase activity upon dimethoate and the binary mixtures exposures performed with the field dose was observed and on Lipid peroxidation at the field doses of single and binary exposures.

Evaluation of the combined effects of dimethoate and spirodiclofen on plants and earthworms in a designed microcosm experiment

Most studies in soil ecotoxicology are designed to assess the effects of individual chemicals on individual test species, using a reference soil (e.g. LUFA 2.2, OECD soil). There is therefore an urgent need for a more comprehensive and integrated approach in order to assess the impact of chemical pollutants on soil ecosystems. In this study, a more realistic scenario in ecotoxicity evaluation was achieved through the use of microcosm-based experiments, using a small-scale terrestrial ecosystem (“STEM”) containing Mediterranean agricultural soil. Earthworms ( Eisenia andrei) and turnip seeds ( Brassica rapa) were introduced into the microcosms, in order to examine the effects of the acaricide spirodiclofen and the insecticide dimethoate, both in single and binary combination exposures. Results showed that for plants and earthworms the recommended application dose of both pesticides did not cause impairment of growth, although increasing concentrations resulted in a biomass decrease for both species. Earthworms were found to alter their depth distribution as a response to the combined application of the two pesticides, with this parameter being more sensitive than body mass. The various binary mixtures tested resulted in antagonistic effects on B. rapa shoot length and fresh weight. Regarding the depth distribution of earthworms, antagonism was observed at field dose, as well as at five times the field dose for both pesticides, while synergism occurred at ten times the field dose.

Microbiological examination of vegetable seed sprouts in Korea.

Sprouted vegetable seeds used as food have been implicated as sources of outbreaks of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. We profiled the microbiological quality of sprouts and seeds sold at retail shops in Seoul, Korea. Ninety samples of radish sprouts and mixed sprouts purchased at department stores, supermarkets, and traditional markets and 96 samples of radish, alfalfa, and turnip seeds purchased from online stores were analyzed to determine the number of total aerobic bacteria (TAB) and molds or yeasts (MY) and the incidence of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and Enterobacter sakazakii. Significantly higher numbers of TAB (7.52 log CFU/g) and MY (7.36 log CFU/g) were present on mixed sprouts than on radish sprouts (6.97 and 6.50 CFU/g, respectively). Populations of TAB and MY on the sprouts were not significantly affected by location of purchase. Radish seeds contained TAB and MY populations of 4.08 and 2.42 log CFU/g, respectively, whereas populations of TAB were only 2.54 to 2.84 log CFU/g and populations of MY were 0.82 to 1.69 log CFU/g on alfalfa and turnip seeds, respectively. Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected on any of the sprout and seed samples tested. E. sakazakii was not found on seeds, but 13.3% of the mixed sprout samples contained this potentially pathogenic bacterium.

Horizontal pneumatic conveying from a fluidized bed

In this paper the feasibility of feeding a horizontal pneumatic conveying line directly from a fluidized bed is explored by investigating the relationships governing the solids mass flow rate in such a pipe as a function of both pressure drop and pipe length. Three different materials were fluidized by air and discharged though a 25 mm internal diameter pipe. Materials used were turnip seeds of mean diameter 1.5 mm, carbon steel shot of mean diameter 0.73 mm and plastic pellets of mean diameter 3.76 mm. Several pipe lengths were used, from 0.75 to 1.77 m. The experiments showed that it is feasible to feed directly from a fluidized bed to a horizontal pneumatic conveying line. The flow regime in the pipe was that of dense phase conveying also called slug flow. The data collected show that there is a clear relationship between the pressure drop down the conveying line and the discharge rate of solids from the line. The discharge rate is also dependent on the pipe length. In previous studies of pneumatic conveying, the solids and gas mass flow rates have been independently set, which cannot be done if the conveying line is fed from a fluidized bed. For a pipe fed from a fluidized bed, the solid and gas mass ratio are coupled and this was modelled using the theory for air-augmented granular discharge through an orifice in a hopper or silo of Nedderman et al. [1983. The effect of interstitial air pressure gradients on the discharge from bins. Powder Technology 35, 69–81], but as modified by Thorpe [1984. Air-augmented flow of granular materials through orifices. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge] for horizontal discharge. This was then combined with a modification of the theory of Konrad [1981. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge] to give a prediction of the total pressure drop and the gas and solid mass flow rates. This combined model for dense-phase conveying from a fluidized bed was found to give an excellent fit to the data using the standard values for the constants in every equation. The predictions of the combined model also agree well with the experiments of Konrad [1981. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge] for discharge from a hopper into a horizontal conveying line.

Drying of Turnip Seeds with Microwaves in Fixed and Pulsed Fluidized Beds

This article presents experimental and modeled drying kinetics of turnip seeds as a function of the type of air-particle contact (fixed bed, pulsed fluidized bed), humidity of the air, and three levels of microwave irradiation. The effects of those factors on the drying time required to reach a moisture content of 0.1 kg/kg d.b. were determined with an experimental design of 12 experiments by using the software Statgraphics. It was found that in drying, a significant factor was the application of microwaves to a pulsed fluidized bed. The effect of the humidity of the air only became noticed when the moisture contents of the seeds was below 0.2 kg/kg d.b. The simplified variable diffusivity model (SVDM) gave the least deviations for the experimental data. The effective diffusivity values determined in this work are similar to those informed in the literature for experiments without microwave application. The application of microwaves in combination with pulsed fluidization of the turnip seeds resulted in a fourfold increase of the effective diffusivity.

Cocurrent Downflow Fluidized Bed Dryer: Experimental Equipment and Modeling

ABSTRACT Product damage, high energy consumption, and nonhomogeneous final properties are present in typical drying operations such as pneumatic drying, fluidized-bed dryers, and upward circulating fluidized-bed dryers. The downer bed has been shown to be a good technique for this processes. The objective of this work is to test an experimental downflow dryer and model its operation. The equipment consists of a 5-m-high stainless steel duct with 0.17 m i.d. Gas velocity was varied between 0.3 and 8 m/s in co-current solid flow varying between 0 and 50 kg/m2s. Drying rates, pressures, and total flux for solid and gas are determined. Temperature profiles for gas and solid along the radial and axial directions are determined and tested with model predictions. The solid particles were previously dried turnip (Brassica napus) seeds. The equipment shows good operational conditions and facilities for parameter determination, but must be complemented with better equipment for particle concentration determinations. The model's predictions of pressure, gas velocity, solid concentration, and temperature are compared with our experimental values or those reported in the literature.

Loss of viability correlates with membrane damage in aged turnip (Brassica rapa) seeds

Loss of viability correlates with membrane damage in aged turnip (Brassica rapa) seeds

A First Principles–Neural Networks Approach to Model a Vibrated Fluidized Bed Dryer: Simulations and Experimental Results

: This article presents the modeling and simulation of a batch pilot-scale vibrofluidized bed dryer. The model considers the effect of back-mixing by establishing interconnected drying zones. The model's equations consist of the mass and energy balances for each zone in the solid phase, while a complete mixing is assumed in the gas phase. The drying and heat transfer parameters are correlated with the operating conditions by means of three neural networks that have been adapted from data obtained experimentally. The system of algebraic-differential equations provides the solid's moisture content and temperature profiles as a function of time. The model was validated by experiments with turnip seeds. Good fit was obtained using only four drying zones.

DETERMINATION OF PHASE VELOCITIES IN MULTI-PHASE FLOWS IN HOPPERS USING DUAL PHOTON GAMMA-RAY TOMOGRAPHY

The temporal and spatial variations of the relative fluxes in a binary mixture flow consisting of particles of different size but almost equal density are investigated using a dual photon gamma-ray transmission technique. Experiments are carried out using the dual photon gamma-ray technique in a mass flow hopper containing a binary mixture of 20% per weight turnip seeds (fine phase) and 80% per weight ABS particles coarse phase of size ratio 2.11:1 and of nearly equal densities. Measurements are taken in a ‘snap-shot’mode to identify the solids fraction of the individual components in the mixture and a statistical analysis is applied to the solids fraction values to calculate self-diffusion velocities for each of the individual components of the mixture. Significant phase separation is observed within zones of high bulk shear gradients such as close to the hopper walls and close to the hopper outlet. Large interstitial voidage changes observed during the initial transient stage of flow are also found to give rise to significant self-diffusion velocities.