Tamarind Seeds Research Articles

A Combination of Coconut Fiber Suture and Tamarind Seed Gel with Dehydrated Human Amnion Membrane for Wound Surgery in Rats

Today, there are over 2,000 different biomaterials used for various medical applications, but none of these biomaterials are 100% compatible with all human beings. Coconut fiber is widely available but has not been tested as a safe natural alternative for sutures. Immature coconut fiber is nonabsorbable and is effective for cuts and open wounds when used in combination with dehydrated human amnion membrane (dHAM). Immature coconut fiber, tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP), and dHAM were prepared to test their combinational effect on wound healing in rats. TSP enhanced cell viability, proliferation, and migration in human skin cells and cured wounds both individually and in combination with dHAM. An antibiotic‐free combination of the human amniotic membrane with intact epithelium, tamarind seed polysaccharide, and immature coconut fiber provided faster wound healing. Significantly higher wound healing was seen on the 11th day based on an initial 10 mm biopsy punch surgery in Wistar rats compared to control groups. Histological studies revealed thickened dermis edges with more neutrophil infiltration. Collagen deposition in the dermis was homogeneous across the excised skin tissue in the test group, again attesting to the utility of this procedure. This research signifies the use of TSP gel together with the amnion membrane representing a “smart patch” with wound healing potential, which would encourage further research on the smart patch made using a combination of plant and animal biological materials.

An Energy and Power Dense Aqueous Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitor with Low Leakage Current and Long Cycle Life

Imparting high energy density to already power dense capacitor leads to hybrid supercapacitor (SC), which is most sought after in automobile, heavy-duty electronics application, and internet of things. The hybrid SCs with lithium or sodium ion chemistry demand organic electrolytes for their operation, which is environmental unfriendly and poses fire-hazard. As an alternative, here we report a low cost and highly safe energetic hybrid SC based on zinc-ion chemistry operated in 3 M ZnSO4 with high surface area (1018 ± 4 m2 g−1) hierarchical porous carbon cathode material derived from the Tamarindusindica seeds (ACTS-800), a bio-source. The hybrid SC demonstrates a maximum energy density of 127 (± 3) Wh kg−1 (254 μWh cm−2) at 0.1 A g−1 and power density of 7920 (± 24) W kg−1 (15.84 mW cm−2) at 10 A g−1. Besides having excellent power/energy density values, ∼ 100% capacity retention over 5000 galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles was observed. The most interesting feature of this SC is its low open-circuit voltage decay (34% in 60 h) and low leakage current density (11 mA g−1), which allows it to hold charge for longer duration qualifying it as one of the best aqueous SC known in the literature.

Tamarind Multifunctional Protein: Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Potential in Intestinal Mucosa and Adipose Tissue in a Preclinical Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

Introduction: Obesity has emerged as one of the main public health problems. This condition triggers a series of hormonal and metabolic changes related to a low-grade chronic inflammatory condition. The trypsin inhibitor purified from tamarind (TTIp) seeds is a promising anti-inflammatory molecule, but its safety needs to be evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate TTIp bioactive dose effects on organs involved in its metabolism (liver and pancreas) and affected tissues (small intestine and perirenal adipose tissue) in an obesity model. Methods: Three groups of adult male Wistar rats were used (n = 5). Two of these groups had diet-induced obesity, and a third group was eutrophic. TTIp was administered by gavage in one of the obese groups for 10 days, while the remaining groups received a vehicle. The chromatographic profile and the inhibition assay corroded the purification of the inhibitor. Physical and behavioral changes, liver enzymes, and stereological and histopathological analyses of tissues were evaluated. Results: TTIp did not cause visible signs of toxicity, nor caused changes in liver enzymes, the liver, and pancreatic tissues. TTIp did not cause changes in the intestinal mucosa, showing improvement in the villi’s histopathological characteristics compared to the group of animals with obesity without treatment with TTIp (p = 0.004). The analysis of perirenal adipose tissue showed that the average sectional area of animals with obesity that received TTIp did not differ from the control. There was a difference between the high glycemic load diet group and the group treated with the inhibitor (351.8 ± 55.5) (p = 0.016). In addition, the group that received TTIp had no inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusion: Based on histological and stereological analysis, the use of TTIp is potentially safe and anti-inflammatory in the evaluated obesity model and can be investigated as a possible adjuvant in obesity therapy.

The scope of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) kernel powder in diverse spheres: A review

In today’s milieu the awareness on the ingredients used in making a food product is on the rise. Consumers especially from the middle and upper socio economic status are becoming health conscious and are keen to get enlightened about the foods they consume. Food colours, hazardous chemicals, fats and sugar components if any added, uses by date are read from the food labels. Food additive is an imperative term in food labels which comprise the substances which are added in food preparations to enhance appearance, colour, consistency, taste, texture and even as a preservative to enhance the shelf life. Though salt and sugar act as natural food additives most of them are synthetic makes. The literate populace prefer organic and natural foods as additives as they are believed to reduce health risks such as obesity, and other metabolic disorders like cancer and diabetes. The concept of food from waste is also rising. The World Organisations also encourage and support such concepts as waste disposal is a distressing issue globally. Tamarind, being an enormous produce in most of the tropical countries pedestals voluminous quantity of tamarind seeds which are disposed off as waste. Hence, in this context, the possible usage of tamarind kernel powder in various spheres is reviewed.

The Implementation of traditional games based on nature in RA (Raudatul Athfal) in Bangkalan Madura

This research is located at the Early Childhood Education Unit (Roudlotul Athfal) in Bangkalan Regency by examining traditional games that use natural ingredients. Traditional games are games that use traditional tools and are characteristic of certain regions or have become a distinctive feature in Indonesia. Traditional games use simple tools derived from simple materials and natural materials available in the environment. The purpose of this study was to describe traditional games using natural materials in Bangkalan. Researchers used a qualitative research approach with a type of case study. The data collection methods used by researchers were interviews and observations and the stages of data analysis used an interactive model. The results of this study indicate that the tools used to play traditional games are very dependent on the area where they are played, namely when playing traditional games in coastal areas, the tools used come from the sea such as shells, small corals, tamarind seeds that grow near the beach , and if you play traditional games located near rice fields and plantations, the game tools used use leaves and bamboo trees. Traditional games using natural materials can optimize children's development, such as communication skills, creativity, fine and gross motives.

The Implementation of traditional games based on nature in RA (Raudatul Athfal) in Bangkalan Madura

This research is located at the Early Childhood Education Unit (Roudlotul Athfal) in Bangkalan Regency by examining traditional games that use natural ingredients. Traditional games are games that use traditional tools and are characteristic of certain regions or have become a distinctive feature in Indonesia. Traditional games use simple tools derived from simple materials and natural materials available in the environment. The purpose of this study was to describe traditional games using natural materials in Bangkalan. Researchers used a qualitative research approach with a type of case study. The data collection methods used by researchers were interviews and observations and the stages of data analysis used an interactive model. The results of this study indicate that the tools used to play traditional games are very dependent on the area where they are played, namely when playing traditional games in coastal areas, the tools used come from the sea such as shells, small corals, tamarind seeds that grow near the beach , and if you play traditional games located near rice fields and plantations, the game tools used use leaves and bamboo trees. Traditional games using natural materials can optimize children's development, such as communication skills, creativity, fine and gross motives. Keywords: traditional games, natural ingredients, child development

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF TAMARIND SEEDS (Tamarindus indica L.)

Tamarind is used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, and its seed is the main means for the reproduction of this species, thus justifying studies that ensure its post-harvest viability. This research aimed to study the thermodynamic properties of tamarind seeds as a function of the equilibrium moisture content. The experimental data of the water activities were obtained by the indirect static method. The Cavalcanti Mata model was used to determine the thermodynamic properties of tamarind seeds, as it was the model that best fitted the experimental data of the desorption isotherms. The results showed that the thermodynamic properties are influenced by the moisture content and temperature, with an increase in the energy required to remove water from the product with a decrease in moisture content. The net isosteric heat of desorption increases with a reduction of moisture content ranging from 2,618.85 to 2,510.25 kJ kg−1 for the moisture content range of 10.52 to 21.10% db. The latent heat of vaporization, the differential enthalpy, and the Gibbs free energy increase with a reduction of the moisture content of tamarind seeds.

Antioxidant or pro-oxidant and glutathione transferase P1-1 inhibiting activities for Tamarindus indica seeds and their cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cancer cell line

BackgroundThe multidrug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells is a major obstacle to cancer treatment. Glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP1-1) catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione with anticancer drugs and therefore reduces their efficacy. Phenolic compounds have the potential to inhibit GST P1-1 activity, which is a promising goal to overcome MDR and increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. ResultsThree fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) were prepared from Tamarindus indica seeds to determine their phenolic and flavonoid properties as well as their antioxidant/pro-oxidant properties. The n-butanol fraction displayed the highest levels of phenol ( 378 ± 11.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g DW) and flavonoids (83 ± 6.0 mg rutin equivalent/g DW). Inhibiting effects on purified GSTP1-1 activity in human erythrocytes (eGST), placenta (pGST), and hGSTP1-1 have been studied. The n-butanol fraction was the most effective in inhibiting eGST, hGSTP1-1, and pGST with IC50 values of 3.0 ± 0.7, 4.85 ± 0.35, and 6.6 ± 1.2 μg/ml, respectively. Cellular toxicity was investigated for the T. indica n-butanol fraction on various human cancerous cell lines. The only ones affected were MCF-7 cell lines (72%) and HePG2 (52%) indicated cytotoxicity. The value of IC50 is 68.5 μg/ml of T. indica n-butanol fraction was observed compared to 1.7 μg/ml tamoxifen in MCF-7 cell lines. The combination of treatment of T. indica extract with the medicinally approved drug tamoxifen had unexpected effects; complete elimination of the cytotoxic inhibition effect of tamoxifen and the plant extract was observed. ConclusionsHowever T. indica extract has a cytotoxic effect on the MCF-7 cell line; in certain situations, plant products can have an opposite effect to the intended drug, which decreases the impact of the drug.

Strategic biorefinery platform for green valorization of agro-industrial residues: A sustainable approach towards biodegradable plastics

The production of cellulose reinforced bio-composites has emerged as an efficient bio-sustainable alternative for high-quality functional polymeric materials to replace the presently dominated petroleum-based plastics. Also because, lignocellulose biorefinery from waste agro-industrial residues has attracted widespread attention for combating increasing environmental pollution caused by incineration of such wastes. In this prospect, the fractionation of tender coconut husks (TCH) to yield cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin fractions has been investigated by different pretreatment methodologies using conventional and novel reaction media. Excellent outcomes were obtained with the use of the deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate that led to the dissolution of 95.5% of the initial lignin in TCH to yield a cellulose fractional recovery of 87.5% at the optimal conditions attained by parametric variations. Interestingly, the same eutectic mixture also functionalized the obtained cellulose to cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) with 69% yield, crystallinity index of 88.6% and average particle size of 146 nm. Further, isolated starch from waste tamarind seeds was used as the polymer matrix wherein the CNC was added as a suitable bio-filler to cast bioplastic films using biodiesel byproduct glycerol as a plasticizer. The characterization of the biodegradable films revealed a tensile strength of 21.8 MPa along with outstanding thermal and moisture barrier properties. The results elucidate that the huge dependence for petro-plastics could be reduced with the integrated valorization of solid wastes that can aid wide-ranging industries and align with the rising motto of a bioeconomy.

PROMOTION OF ORGANIC AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE THROUGH THE USE OF BIO-FERTILIZERS

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is commonly growing in tropical and subtropical regions now and is one of the most important plant resources as cuisine materials. Antioxidative activity of tamarind seeds was investigated. An ethanol extract prepared from the seed coat contained antioxidative activity as measured by the thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Essential oils are highly odorous droplets found in minimal quantities in the flowers, stems, leaves, roots and barks of aromatic plants. They are not recognized as true oils as the vegetable oils, but highly fluid and volatile. Experts recognize an essential oil by its aroma and test the oil characteristics such as vaporization and crystallization point using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). DSC has emerged as a powerful experimental technique for determining thermodynamic properties of biomacromolecules. Volatile components of tamarind leaves and seed locally grown will be isolated by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The presence of essential oil as the volatile components will be investigated to determine whether this method is effective or not to extract the oil from tamarind leaves and seed. The parameters that will be measured are the time for the oil droplets formation and the optimum temperature for the extraction of oil. At the end of the extraction, amber color oil was obtained. Results showed that the time for the oil droplets formation increasing with the increasing weight of sample for both tamarind leaves and seed samples. The optimum temperature for the extraction obtained was 125ºC with the yield of 1.2 mL of seed oil. The vaporization and crystallization point of oil are presented in the DSC curve and the specific heat capacity of the oil are calculated.

Evaluation of antioxidant potential of nonconventional plant sources for the enhancement of shelf life of ghee

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of selected nonconventional plant sources in ghee. Total phenolic content among the various plant sources was found to be significantly (p < .05) higher in tamarind seeds (59.47), catechu (59.41), and harde (58.79) as expressed as Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of tamarind seeds (89.62%), catechu (88.37%), harde (86.15%), areca nut (83.79%), jamun seeds (76.41%), chicory (72.37%), and nagkesar (71.41%) was superior compared to other plant sources. The ghee samples added with catechu, harde, nagkesar, and tamarind seed were sensorily accepted with high flavor and color scores during the accelerated storage study. Moreover, the peroxide value of the ghee samples incorporated with catechu, harde, nagkesar, and tamarind seed was significantly (p < .05) lower compared to other plant sources as well as control ghee. Practical applications Plant-based ingredients are widely used in various food systems which are believed to be natural and health boosting along with providing benefit of shelf life increment. Nonconventional plant sources have been used since long in various medicinal and therapeutic fields, however, their food application is limited and emerging area of research. There are numerous health benefits of adding natural substances in food, as they do not alter the chemical characteristics of food and are generally recognized as safe. Ghee has substantially higher shelf life, however, its desirable properties may alter when exposed to improper storage conditions such as high temperature, light, contact with metal contaminants, etc. Tremendous work has been done for the enhancement of shelf life of ghee by incorporation of natural plant materials, however, the reports on use of nonconventional plant sources are limited.

EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM TAMARIND LEAVES AND SEED USING MICROWAVE EXTRACTION

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) belongs to the family Leguminosae. It is commonly growing in tropical and subtropical regions now and is one of the most important plant resources as cuisine materials. Antioxidative activity of tamarind seeds was investigated. An ethanol extract prepared from the seed coat contained antioxidative activity as measured by the thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. Essential oils are highly odorous droplets found in minimal quantities in the flowers, stems, leaves, roots and barks of aromatic plants. They are not recognized as true oils as the vegetable oils, but highly fluid and volatile. Experts recognize an essential oil by its aroma and test the oil characteristics such as vaporization and crystallization point using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). DSC has emerged as a powerful experimental technique for determining thermodynamic properties of biomacromolecules. Volatile components of tamarind leaves and seed locally grown will be isolated by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). The presence of essential oil as the volatile components will be investigated to determine whether this method is effective or not to extract the oil from tamarind leaves and seed. The parameters that will be measured are the time for the oil droplets formation and the optimum temperature for the extraction of oil. At the end of the extraction, amber color oil was obtained. Results showed that the time for the oil droplets formation increasing with the increasing weight of sample for both tamarind leaves and seed samples. The optimum temperature for the extraction obtained was 125ºC with the yield of 1.2 mL of seed oil. The vaporization and crystallization point of oil are presented in the DSC curve and the specific heat capacity of the oil are calculated.

PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MANILA TAMARIND SEED OIL EXTRACTED BY THE SOXHLET METHOD

This work mainly presents an experimental investigation of the extraction of oil from Manila tamarind seeds (Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth) using a Soxhlet-assisted solvent extraction method. Different factors that affect the extraction of oil were analyzed and optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). Three process variables, namely, solvent volume, extraction time, and powder weight, were adopted in a three level Box-Behnken design. Based on the experimental design, 17 experimental runs were performed to evaluate the effect of selected variables on the oil yield. A polynomial model is suggested and found to be significant. From the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), it is found that the powder weight and solvent volume significantly affect the yield of the produced oil. The results showed that the oil yield could be maximized under the optimized conditions of powder weight, solvent volume, and extraction time of 40 g·s, 314 mL, and 6 h, respectively. The physicochemical properties of extracted oil showed that it is brownish yellow liquid with specific gravity and refractive index of 0.92 and 1.4631, respectively. Similarly, the moisture content, acid value, unsaponifiable matter, iodine value, free fatty acid, saponification value, and peroxide value were found to be 0.12%, 8.32 mg/g KOH of oil, 0.4%, 83.9 g I2/100 g of oil, 4.16 mg/g KOH of oil, 175.4 mg/g KOH of oil, and 6.10 meq O2/kg, respectively. The results also revealed that the presence of stearic fatty and saturated palmitic acids were the major fractions in the Manila tamarind seed oil (MTSO) along with other unsaturated fatty acids.

Hydrodynamic Compatibility of Hyaluronic Acid and Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide as Ocular Mucin Supplements.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) has been commonly used in eyedrop formulations due to its viscous lubricating properties even at low concentration, acting as a supplement for ocular mucin (principally MUC5AC) which diminishes with aging in a condition known as Keratoconjunctivitis sicca or “dry eye”. A difficulty has been its short residence time on ocular surfaces due to ocular clearance mechanisms which remove the polysaccharide almost immediately. To prolong its retention time, tamarind seed gum polysaccharide (TSP) is mixed as a helper biopolymer with HA. Here we look at the hydrodynamic characteristics of HA and TSP (weight average molar mass Mw and viscosity ) and then explore the compatibility of these polymers, including the possibility of potentially harmful aggregation effects. The research is based on a novel combination of three methods: sedimentation velocity in the analytical ultracentrifuge (SV-AUC), size-exclusion chromatography coupled to multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS) and capillary viscometry. HA and TSP were found to have ) kg/mol and ) kg/mol respectively, and and ml/g, respectively. The structure of HA ranges from a rodlike molecule at lower molar masses changing to a random coil for Mw > 800 kg/mol, based on the Mark–Houwink–Kuhn–Sakurada (MHKS) coefficient. TSP, by contrast, is a random coil across the range of molar masses. For the mixed HA-TSP systems, SEC-MALS indicates a weak interaction. However, sedimentation coefficient (s) distributions obtained from SV-AUC measurements together with intrinsic viscosity demonstrated no evidence of any significant aggregation phenomenon, reassuring in terms of eye-drop formulation technology involving these substances.

Facile green route sol–gel synthesis of nano-titania using bio-waste materials as templates

Titania semiconductor is being used in a wide range of fields; however, the poor surface properties and meagre visible light absorption capacity of it stand as barriers for being used as an effective visible light active photocatalyst. To overcome these limitations, various strategies have been adopted, among which the usage of templates has been the topic of research for the past 10 years. Usage of the template during the synthesis of titania increases the surface area by reducing the agglomeration of nanoparticles and also shifts the absorption edge to the visible range. Nowadays, green synthesis has gained substantial attention as an effective, safe and environmentally friendly practice for the synthesis of nano-titania. Bio-waste pista shells, corn pith, and tamarind seeds which are regarded as unproductive have been used in the sol–gel synthesis of Pista Shell Templated Titania (PST), Corn Pith Templated Titania (CPT) and Tamarind Seed Templated Titania (TST). The synthesized templated titania was subjected to morphological, crystallite, surface characteristic and photocatalytic studies. XRD results of synthesized CPT, PST and TST exhibited that they possessed anatase form. The crystallite size of PST, CPT and TST was found to be 12.26 nm, 12.28 nm and 15.55 nm, respectively, proving the reduction in crystallite size than in non-templated titania. Efficient photocatalytic activity of templated titania was observed via the degradation of methyl orange, which proved the larger surface area of templated titania than that of non-templated titania. Pista shells, corn pith and tamarind seeds were found to grant a decisive support in the controlled growth of titania and in photocatalytic applications which stands out as a reason to be looked upon as an effective bio-waste green template in the synthesis of nano-titania.

Data Envelopment Analysis and Decision Maker Models: An Innovative Approach for Optimization of Reaction Variables of Graft Copolymerization of Poly(butyl acrylate) to Tamarind Seed Xyloglucan

AbstractThis article presents a novel methodology using a combination of non‐parametric frontier analysis models, data envelopment analysis (DEA), and decision maker (DM) model to optimize real‐time reaction variables, that is, concentration of butyl acrylate, time duration of the reaction, and temperature for precision synthesis of poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) and xyloglucan (tamarind seed polysaccharide) graft copolymers.The copolymer samples (units) obtained by a different set of reaction variables and conditions are ranked using DEA to identify the efficient units. An appropriate minimum weight restriction is imposed by the DM on the chosen inputs and output by linear programming models that are designed in such a way that each DEA efficient unit can get “maximin” weight. The model predictions for reaction parameters and experimental data obtained are found to be very close to each other.

Safety and potential functionality of nanoparticles loaded with a trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind seeds

The trypsin inhibitor isolated from tamarind seeds (TTI) presents satietogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, TTI encapsulation by nanoprecipitation in purified chitosan and whey protein isolate (ECW) was performed to maintain TTI's integrity and protection through the gastrointestinal tract. The interaction between TTI and the encapsulating agents was determined by filtration monitoring the antitrypsin activity. Cytotoxicity was evaluated at different concentrations (0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL) in Caco-2 and CCD-18Co cells. Subacute blood toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats (12.5 mg/kg) for ten days. The particles presented a smooth surface, with 118.00 (17.27) nm of diameter, 0.37 (0.02) of polydispersity index, -38.26 (0.15) mV (neutral pH) of surface charge, and 95.31 (0.31)% of incorporation efficiency. At neutral pH, there was a strong interaction of the encapsulating agents and TTI, and a gradual release of TTI at pH 3.0. Cell viability (> 70%) evaluation, in vivo biochemical and hepatic parameters of Wistar rats showed the absence of toxic effects of the nanoparticles with TTI. The study showed that TTI nanoparticles are potentially safe and represent a promising formulation for the clinical application of TTI and may become an option as a novel ingredient in food.

Organic substrates and their effects on the emergence and initial growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings

The reuse of organic waste and destination as alternative substrates becomes an important strategy for the production of economically viable and ecologically sustainable forest seedlings. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of different substrates and compositions (proportions) on the emergence and initial growth of Tamarindus indica seedlings. For this, nine different substrates were formulated: bovine manure (EB), buriti paú (PB) and carnauba residue (RC) in the proportions of 75%, 50% and 25% complemented with washed sand and an additional treatment only with washed sand, considered as control. T. indica seeds were sown and conducted for 50 days. The following were evaluated: emergency speed index; mean emergence time, height of the shoot, diameter of the stem, number of leaves, length of the root system, dry mass of the shoot, dry mass of the root system, total dry mass and Dickson's quality index. For the variables of emergence of tamarind seeds, treatments with bovine manure and 25% buriti paú more efficient. In the growth of the seedlings, the best results of diameter, number of leaves, production of dry mass of the root system, aerial part or total part of the seedlings, in addition to Dickson's quality index were found in the proportion of 50% of bovine manure, followed by buriti paú. These results indicate that the substrates bovine manure and paú de buriti in the proportion 50% are the most suitable for the preparation of substrate for the production of T. indica seedlings.

Investigation of Tamarind Seed Oil biodiesel with aluminium oxide nanoparticle in CI engine

Because of increasing automobiles, power plants and factories, increasing of this automobiles, power plants produce the more emissions like CO, HC and NOx. So that the world is searching for the alternative fuel, which will not create any harm to the environment and also it would be less in cost. Biodiesel is one of the main solutions to the global energy crisis. In this present work studied the performances and emission characteristics of Tamarind Seed Oil Bio-diesel (TSO). Use of additives for better combustion characteristics to the biodiesel. The blends of Tamarind Seed oil (TSO) with the additives Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are B10 + 20 PPM Al2O3, B20 + 20PPM Al2O3, B30 + 20 PPM Al2O3. This blends were analyzed and their performance and emissions characteristics compared with performance and emission characteristics of diesel. Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine exhaust gas emissions are reduced with increase biodiesel concentration.

Pengaruh Koagulan Biji Asam Jawa (Tamarindus indica) Terhadap Efisiensi Penurunan Zat Organik Pada Air Gambut

Organic substances in peat water cause smell, have a brown color and taste, in addition to that it can interfere the processing process by forming carcinogenic trihalomethane which is produced from the reaction between organic compounds and chlorine. Peat water used in this study came from the village of Tuah Indrapura, Siak Regency with a concentration of organic matter of 95.2 mg/L. Based on Permenkes No. 492 of 2010 the concentration of organic substances exceeds the quality standard, so it needs to be treated before being used as a source of clean water. Therefore, in this study, uses the coagulation method of flocculation by utilizing natural coagulants, namely tamarind seeds (Tamarindus Indica). The study was conducted using variations in the size of biokoagulan by 200 mesh, 230 mesh, and 270 mesh with a dose variation of 1 gr, 2 gr, 3 gr, 4 gr dan 5 gr. The result showed that using 270 mesh biokoagulan particle size as much as 2 grams can set aside organic matter by 64%. This allowance is not large enough because tannins only form aggregates with organic substances in the form of proteins and alkaloids.