Crop Seeds Research Articles

Research of the crop seed unloading process from the treatment chamber of a rotary seed treater

Purpose. Enhancing the productivity of the process of layer-by-layer application of protective agents on the seeds of agricultural crops through the justification of the shape of the unloading window of the seed treatment chamber of rotary batch treaters. Methods. The research uses an analytical and experimental methods using Microsoft Office software environments. Results. The analytical dependence of the ratio of the width of the live cross-section of the seed flow to the width of the unloading window on the central angle of the window girth and the experimental dependence of the seed unloading time from the processing chamber on the mass of its portion and the rotor rotation frequency were obtained. Conclusions. The ratio of the width of the live section of the flow of processed seeds to the width of the unloading window increases proportionally with the increase in the central angle of the window. The throughput of an unloading window with a larger window width is greater than the throughput of an unloading window with a smaller window width for the same area. The time of discharge of processed seeds depends on both the mass of its portion and the frequency of rotation of the rotor. At the same time, the seed unloading time from the processing chamber increases with the increase in the weight of its portion and at a rotor speed of 250 rpm is 4.3 s for a seed portion weight of 3.5 kg and 6.9 s for 14 kg portion weight. The time of seed discharge from the processing chamber decreases with an increase in the rotor rotation frequency, and for 10.5 kg seed portion weight, it is 5.4 s at a rotor rotation frequency of 150 rpm and 4 s at a rotor rotation frequency of 250 rpm. Keywords: seeds, treatment chamber, seed treater, layer treatment, protective preparations, unloading.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ КОМБИНИРОВАННОГО АНКЕРНОГО СОШНИКА В ЛАБОРАТОРНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ

The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the design and technological parameters of the developed combined anchor coutler on the energy intensity of the technological process. As a parameter for assessing the energy intensity of the technological process, the traction resistance of the coulter was chosen. To determine the traction resistance of the combined anchor coulter, experiments were carried out in laboratory conditions on a soil channel. The article presents the conditions for conducting experiments, the results of measuring the traction resistance of the developed combined coulter. The results obtained make it possible to substantiate the rational design and technological parameters of the combined anchor coulter for sowing seeds of grain crops in technologies of zero tillage with simultaneous application of liquid fertilizers.

Государственная поддержка как основной инструмент технологической модернизации отечественного АПК

The article is devoted to the economic aspects of the problem of technological modernization of the domestic agro-industrial complex in conditions of unprecedented external constraints. The complex of tasks related to effective and timely state support of branches and sub-sectors of the agricultural sector of the country’s economy, as well as a set of measures to support Russian agricultural producers in the field of providing technical means, seeds of agricultural crops, pesticides and other means of production is substantiated. The forms and methods of state support for innovative development of the material and production base of agriculture are considered. Mechanisms and tools to ensure technological sovereignty in the agricultural sector of the economy are proposed: an optimal balance between the interests of the state and business, a simplified import regime for a number of means of production, the development of domestic machine-building, breeding, genetic and chemical production, reducing administrative pressure and eliminating duplication of supervisory state functions. The considered directions should be reflected in the measures being developed for the innovative development of agricultural sub-sectors.

Preference of Bandicota bengalensis Rats for Seeds and Seedlings, Consumption of Different Varieties and Gaucho-Treated Seeds of Different Crops under Simulated Laboratory and Field Conditions

Preference of Bandicota bengalensis Rats for Seeds and Seedlings, Consumption of Different Varieties and Gaucho-Treated Seeds of Different Crops under Simulated Laboratory and Field Conditions

INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES ON AGRONOMIC INDICATORS OF LENTIL

Leguminous crops are becoming increasingly important in our country and on planet Earth as. This trend is due to the high quality of seeds, as well as the ability of plans to bind nitrogen from the atmosphere, and therefore they are one of the best predecessors in crop rotation. The aim of this research was to identify the effectiveness of applying soil and insurance herbicides at growing lentil seeds, the effect of combined use of drugs on the seed productivity of lentil plants, the aftereffect of these drugs on the sowing performance of lentil seeds. The following methods were used in the research process: field and one factor experience - for biometric measurements and crop yield accounting; laboratory method - analysis of the structure of plants and the quality of the seed crop; calculated - assessment of the economic and energy efficiency of growing crops, payback of material and natural resources; statistical - carrying out analysis of variance and statistical processing of research results. As a result of the research, it was found that under the influence of soil and insurance herbicides on lentil crops, the possibility of obtaining conditioned crop seeds increases. Analysis of the data shows the effectiveness of the use of soil and insurance herbicides, as well as their mixtures in different doses.

АГРОБІОЛОГІЧНЕ ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ СІВАЛКИ ТОЧНОГО ВИСІВУ ЗЕРНОВИХ КУЛЬТУР

Abstract The purpose of research. To substantiate the agrotechnical requirements for the seeder for accurate (uniform in depth and placement on the area) sowing for grain ear crops of the continuous row method of sowing. The optimal area for plant nutrition and the depth of wrapping winter wheat seeds were determined. Research methods. A field method – to determine the interaction of the object of research with the elements of technology: depth of seed wrapping and feeding area; calculated and weighted – determining the yield of winter wheat. Results. The best conditions for realizing the biological ability of winter wheat plants of the Tobak variety to form the highest grain productivity were during sowing according to the scheme of 7х7 cm and a feeding area of 49 cm2. The yield increase compared to the control (row method of sowing with 15 cm between rows) is 1.05 t/ha, or 13.1%. On the variant with a feeding area of 36 cm2 with a 6х6 cm sowing scheme, the grain yield decreased by 0.15 t/ha, compared to the 7x7 cm scheme. On these two most productive variants, the sowing rate was only 130 kg/ha and 97 kg, respectively /Ha. It is important to note that even with the maximum feeding area (10x10 cm), where only 45 kg/ha of seeds (1.0 million/ha) were sown, the yield remained high and amounted to 7.40 t/ha. In the experiment to study the depth of sowing, the highest yield of the RZHT Reform variety of winter wheat was formed on variants with a 2 cm and 3 cm depth of wrapping, respectively 8.22 t/ha and 8.30 t/ha. Deepening of the seeds by 4 cm led to a yield decreasing by 0.22 t/ha. For sowing to a 5 cm depth the yield was decreased by 0.43 t/ha. Increasing of the sowing depth to 6 cm and 7 cm significantly reduced the yield. Conclusions. The need for uniform placement of seeds on the area and depth requires the creation of a seeder with precise sowing of grain crops seeds of continuous row method of sowing. However, precision sowing has no proper biological and technological grounds. As a result of the research, the optimal parameters of the area of winter wheat plant nutrition (6x6 cm and 7x7 cm) and the depth of seed sowing (2-3 cm) were substantiated. It was concluded that the application of the appropriate technology for growing grain crops with the use of precision seed drills will allow to reduce seed sowing rates by half and increase the field productivity of grain. Key words: winter wheat, feeding area, sowing depth, precision seed drill.

Підвищення посівних властивостей насіння сафлору красильного на вібраційній насіннєочисній машині

The purpose of the work is to study the possibility of improving the sowing properties of safflower seeds due to their separation on a vibrating seed cleaning machine with non-perforated friction working surfaces. The article presents the results of cleaning and sorting of the seed mixture of dyed safflower on a vibrating seed cleaning machine after preliminary separation on existing grain cleaning machines. For one pass of the non-standard safflower seed mixture through a vibrating seed cleaning machine, 91.94% (from the mass of the starting material) of the main crop seeds with high sowing rates, which meets the requirements of the state standard of Ukraine, was obtained. The separation of safflower dye seeds on a vibrating seed cleaning machine with the selection of full-fledged seed material for sowing ensures an increase in the main indicators of the sowing qualities of the seeds, which increases the yield of this crop. Experimental studies have established the feasibility of using a vibrating seed cleaning machine with non-perforated working surfaces for further cleaning of seed mixtures of dyeing safflower with simultaneous sorting of the main crop seeds. The machine can be recommended as part of technological lines for post-harvest processing of seed mixtures of safflower for dyeing.

Impact of the new agro-certification system (SEEDCODEX) on Nigerian seed industry and crop farming

There have been increase in the incidence of fake crop seeds in Nigerian market. This has multiple implications on crop yield and food security. In order to address this problem the National Agricultural Seed Council (NASC) in 2019 introduced a seed quality assurance tagging and tracking system named SEEDCODEX into the Nigerian seed induatry. Meanwhile, there is no knowledge about the impact of the new system on the industry. This study therefore assessed the impact of Seedcodex on the industry with the aim of understanding the level of awareness, use and constriants among key actors in the seed value chain. Also it has to identify socioeconomic variables affecting the use of seedcodex among end users and come up with recommendations which are capable of enhancing the achievement of the objectives of the system. Data were collected from 44 seed companies, 57 agrodealers and 211 farmers and analyzed with Contingent valuation willingness to pay (WTP), Logit and Tobit regressions. Results revealed that seed companies were aware of Seedcodex and posited that its introduction has increased cost of production, but believed it will sanitize agricultural seed market. All the agrodealers were aware of Seedcodex. Majority of the farmers plant seeds produced by companies and sold by agro-dealers, while few others source seeds from fellow farmers, or use previous year harvest. Only about 31% of the farmers were aware of Seedcodex, among whom majority usually scratch the code but some do not send such for authentication. The Logit estimation revealed that increase in age reduced the likelihood of using the code while education, farm size and access to credit increased the likelihood of using it for authentication. The contingent valuation of WTP revealed that farmers were willing to pay 26.82% extra to obtain certified quality seeds. The Tobit regression estimation revealed that farmers' age and extension contact reduced WTP amount, while farming experience and farm size increased it. It is recommended that efforts be made to attend to companies' complaints on the cost of seed labels and/or create labels corresponding to weight of seed packages in place of the present flat rate, ensure timely delivery and educate farmers more on SEEDCODEX.

Seed row placement relative to the previous crop stubble row can harness systems benefits on water repellent sands

Context Innovations to improve crop establishment are critical to unlocking the full potential of early sown winter cereal cropping systems. Aims The aim of this set of experiments was to evaluate the systems benefits of near-row sowing treatments for surface soil water, crop establishment, crop competition with weeds, root disease infection and cereal crop yield on sandy soils in low-rainfall environments. Methods Six of the 10 site–years evaluated were on water repellent sands with the remainder on sand and loam. A second set of experiments on a water repellent sand evaluated if furrow applied amendments to increase soil fertility in the crop row might generate additional benefits to the near-row sowing effect. Key results Significant grain yield benefits from near-row placement (up to 30%) were measured in 2 site years and these were associated with crop establishment gains, improved access to furrow soil water storage and weed seed reductions, which occurred in 3 site years. In a water repellent sand, near-row placement combined with extra nutrition input generated an additional grain yield benefit (+0.4 t/ha), as did a one-off 22 cm deep furrow tilling treatment designed to bring deeper soil moisture into the seed zone (+0.4 t/ha). Conclusions Near-row placement of crop seeds can provide systems benefits in water repellent sands. The conversion of these benefits to yield benefits occurred in 30% of site-years tested on repellent sand. Implications Further innovation is required to ensure that these seeder-based innovations generate predictable responses and scaled up evaluation is necessary to fully understand the systems and landscape level benefits of improved crop establishment in soils that often suffer low and uneven crop establishment numbers.

Fungi in the main vegetable crop seeds and their fungal biological characteristics

Fungi in the main vegetable crop seeds and their fungal biological characteristics

Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Production in Selected Revenue Villages in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu: An Economic Perspective

In the long run, the climate change could affect agriculture in several ways such as quantity and quality of crops in terms of productivity, growth rates, photosynthesis and transpiration rates, moisture availability etc. Climate change is likely to directly influence the food production across the globe. An increase in mean seasonal temperature is likely to shorten the duration of many crops and thus reduce yields. In areas where temperature is already close to the physiological maxima for crops, warming will impact yields more immediately (IPCC, 2007). With this context, an attempt is made to analyze the production trend of agricultural sector in the selected revenue villages in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu. In the year of 2006-2007 grain and Pulses production was high level. In 2007-08 Pulses production was very low. In the 9 revenue villages which we took for research but, only 3 parts are produced in sugar crops. In the 3 villages, pulses production is zero. Most of the Sugar crops have been produced in the year 2007-08. In the year of 2007-08 more fruits and vegetables were produced. But in 2013-14 the fruits and vegetables are much lower and in 2009-10 it is much less. Oil seed Crops production is have been equally, with small differences in all years. In the year of 2007-08, more Oil seeds crops were produced. In the year 2012-13 the lowest produced with Oil seeds crops.

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L) Cultivation Form and Potentiality under Konya Conditions, Türkiye

İncreasing climate change effect with decreaing and limation of food sources, alternative and well adopted pathway should used. Proso millet is one of human food alternative, its dry enviroment crops. Panicum miliaceum is used in human and animal nutrition. Recently it has been grown in the Konya region in an irrigated schemes for its grain. Proso millet grains have vital economic and nutrition potential. Previously were used to feed pet birds and poultary. Under Konya conditions, the farmer obtained about 150-200 kg/da grain yield. Crop seeds are harvested in 90-100 days, using a combined harvester. The crop possesses a vital capacity of being a promising crop that might contribute to human food security

Three Cover Crop Establishment Studies to Assess Optimal Cover Crop Species, Planting Date, and Seeding Method

Three Cover Crop Establishment Studies to Assess Optimal Cover Crop Species, Planting Date, and Seeding Method

THEORETICAL BASICS OF THE FORMATION OF THE GRAIN SEED MARKET

Introduction. For our country, grain is a strategic market product and is a serious source of income. According to scientific studies, the actual volumes of grain production can be much higher, provided that land use is stabilized and intensive technologies are introduced. Our country, given its natural potential, can and should produce much more grain. One of the factors of increasing the gross production of grain is the provision of high-yield seeds to commodity producers. Methods. The following methods were used in the research process: comparative analysis – to compare data, determine changes in market indicators in time and space; abstract and logical – for the purpose of forming assumptions, hypotheses, as well as conclusions and generalizations; analysis and synthesis – when assessing the state of the research object and substantiating proposals for its improvement and ensuring full-fledged development in the future. The results. The market is a system of social relations based on the comparison of supply and demand and cannot be completely free. As in other areas of the economy, market relations are subject to science-based management through such levers as price, tax, finance, credit, etc. Thus, demand and supply are two specific categories that illustrate the interaction of production and consumption in a market economy. The price of seeds is the most accurate and universal indicator of the economic condition of the cereal seed market. The pricing system for grain crop seeds and the demand for them are directly dependent on the prices for commercial grain of these crops and the demand for grain. Discussion. In the conditions of the post-war revival of the agrarian economy of Ukraine, there will be an increase in the demand for the seeds of grain crops. In this case, the levers of state protection of producers of domestic seed products should be used. Keywords: market, demand, supply, seed production, grain crops.

Formation of the area of the leaf surface of plants of agricultural cultures depends on the mass of the root system during its mycorization

Goal. To establish the influence of the mass of the root system during its mycorrhization on the formation of the area of leaves of agricultural crops. Methods. Field, laboratory and statistical. The results. The use of mycorrhiza-forming fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria for the presowing treatment of agricultural crop seeds has a significant effect on the formation of the root system, and therefore on the area of their leaf surface. In particular, the use for this purpose of such mycorrhizal fungi as Trichoderma harzianum RIFAI. and Tuber melanosporum VITTAD. (preparation Mikofrend, Mykovital) and nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bucillus subtilis Cohn. (preparation Florobacillin) helps to increase the mass of the root system of such agricultural crops as soft winter wheat, common corn, annual sunflower and cultivated soybean by 9.3–138.8%, which in turn helps to increase the leaf surface area by 2 .9–100.2% compared to the control. A particularly significant increase in this indicator was noted for the treatment of seeds of agricultural crops with the drug Micofrend, which is 100.2% compared to the control. There is a close correlation between the mass of the root system and the leaf surface area of agricultural crops, which ranges from +0.95 to +0.99%. Conclusions. Pre-sowing application of vesicular-arboscular and bacterial preparations Mycovital, Mycofriend and Florabacillin to the seeds contributes to the stable mass of the root system and leaf surface area of soft winter wheat, ordinary corn, annual sunflower and cultivated soybeans.

The effect of the conventional and modified subsoilers on the Moisture content in clay soil during sun flower crop growth stages (Helianthus annus L.)

A filed experiment was conducted at agriculture college research station, Garmit Ali , Basrah university in ( 2014 ) . The soil texture is clay . Three plow types were used namely modifiled subsoiler , conventional subsoiler and moldboard plow . The first two plows (subsoilers) were used at operating depths of 30 , 40 and 50 cm . The moldboard plow was used at operating depth of 25 cm . These plow types were used to study their effect on the Moisture content of the soil in first of the season (T1) middle of the season (T2) and after crop harvesting (T3).The soil properties measurements were taken for different depths, d1 (0-15) , d2(15-30) , d3(30-40) and d4(40-50) cm . The crop used in the experiments was sun flower ( Helianthus annus L.) . The following abbrivations are used for the modified and conventional subsoilers operating depths 30 , 40 , and 50 cm , which are they S1D1 , S1D2 , and S1D3 and S2D1 , S2D2 and S2D3 respectively . For the moldboard plow depth of 25 cm MT is used . The control treatment is given (NT) .The experiments were conducted using R.C.B.D. design for three replicates . The filed was divided into three equal area blocks . Each block was divided into eight experimental units . The experimental parameters were randomly distributed on experimental untis . The crop seeds were planted on 4/4/2014 . The irrigation was added according to the difficiency in the water level of water evaporation basin . The addition of water was 100% of the measured evaporation value with another 20% as leaching requirement . The crop harvesting date was 4/7/2014 .The results showed :The plowing operation reduced The plowing operation significantly readused Pw compared with unplowed soil (NT) . S1D3 gave lower values of Pw while treatments S2D1 and MT gave the highest values of Pw . The operating depth (40) surpassed the other operating depth in giving higher Pw . The planting increased Pw at the middle of the season while Pw decreased at the end of the season .

INCREASE OF WORK EFFICIENCYOF THE VIBRATING SEPARATOR

Vibrating separation on sieves is one of the most common ways of loose materialsseparating, and seeds of agricultural crops in particular. Vibrating separators have a number of advantages, as they allow combining the processes of transportation and material separation. In the designs of the existing seed cleaning machines of this type, from the point of view of the design parameters of the working body, setting and mode of operation, it is difficult to improve the indicator of the completeness of the separation of grain mixtures into fractions. Therefore, there is a need to find ways to intensify this process, to develop and study the operation of technical means for their implementation. One of the ways to improve the conditions for the movement of components of grain mixtures through the holes of the sieves is to create an electric field above them. Theoretically, there is a certain initial value of the intensity of the electric field, at which the seed will start to orient itself in it. The optimal tension value will be the one at which the degree of orientation of the seeds on the oscillating sieve in the longitudinal direction will be maximum (when their longitudinal axis will be perpendicular to the sieve). The paper describes the results of the process study of separating seeds of cereal crops on a vibrating electric separator and substantiates the optimal values of the electric field intensity E, which can achieve the maximum effect of seed orientation on the sieve. The results of experimental studies showed that the effect of the electric field on the seeds of different crops is not the same. It reveals itself the least on wheat seeds, since the quantity of seeds oriented in the electric field was about 35%. For barley seeds, the value of the studied indicator was 48%. The maximum percentage of oriented oat seeds was about 53% at the maximum intensity of the electric field of 6.67 kV/cmover the sieve. It was revealed that the orientation of the seeds on the sieve affects the intensity of its sieving through the holes. Under conditions of maximum orientation, the index of sifting of wheat seed increased by 20...23%, barley seed - by 26...30%, oats seed - by 47%.

Potential Medicinal Uses of Self-Emulsifying Crop Seed Oil: A Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) Study

The GC-MS analysis of an extracted self-emulsifying Sudanese crop seed oil has revealed a content of a number of medicinal components that could be used to assist preventing or treating a number of diseases. Besides the oil contains a form of vitamin E, the use of which will meet appropriate dietary requirements. Keywords: Herbal medicine, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, hypocholesterolemia, apoptosis.

Experimental Research on Unit Operation for Fruit Crops’ Bones Calibration

The article presents the results of the implementation of the mathematical planning of the experiment to determine the optimal parameters of the calibration process of cherry, sweet cherry, cherry plum, apricot and almond seeds. The essence of this process is the separation of seeds (bones) of fruit crops into fractions homogenous in size in order to highlight the middle fraction, which is about 80% of the total number of bones. The bones of the middle fraction are of the highest quality and are most suitable for sowing. The shape of the bones was evaluated by three parameters: length, width, and height. Calibration was performed according to the width of the bone. To carry out experimental studies, a calibration device was developed, the working body of which is the sieve part. Ball cleaners were used to prevent clogging of the perforated sieve. A mathematical theory of experimental planning was used. The criterion of optimization for all fruit crops was taken as an indicator of the quality of bone division into homogeneous fractions. The functional dependence of this indicator on the frequency and amplitude of oscillations of the grating part of the calibration unit, as well as on the angle of inclination of the sieves, was investigated. To implement the experimental data, we used a rotatable Boks plan of the second order. Regression models of the cherry, sweet cherry, cherry plum, apricot, and almond calibration process were obtained. Adequacy of the models was assessed by Fisher’s criterion. As a result, the optimal operating parameters of the installation were determined. This ensures the qualitative separation of the bones of fruit crops into homogeneous fractions with a mass deviation of up to 7%. An assessment of the quality of work of ball sieve cleaners was carried out. To do this, we used the coefficient of efficiency of the live cross-section. With the optimal parameters of the installation, the value of this coefficient of the unit for all fruit crops is within 0.87 to 0.95. This indicates that the calibration process is of high quality.

Практика повышения посевных качеств семян сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) и ели европейской (Picea abies L.)

The article notes that the efficiency of reforestation in the Russian Federation is insufficient, the main problems are shortage and high cost of planting material. Techniques for presowing treatment of seeds in order to increase germination energy and germination of seeds are analyzed. A review of literature sources has been conducted to assess the application effectiveness of plant growth regulators in soaking seeds in order to increase their progenity and increase the resistance of seedlings to adverse factors. Soaking seeds does not require much effort and is the easiest way to treat seeds. A review of preparations (plant growth regulators) for seed processing from the «State Catalog of Pesticides and Agrochemicals» showed that mainly preparations are designed to stimulate the germination of seeds of agricultural plants, fruit and berry crops. Research is actively conducted to find effective preparations and their optimal concentrations for the treatment of coniferous seeds. Based on the review of research, a list of effective preparations for the treatment of Scots pine seeds has been established. Along with ready-made preparations of active substances, a promising way to influence the germination of seeds and increase the resistance of emerging plants to adverse factors may be plant raw materials in the form of wood wastes, parts of shrubs and trees, fall, herbaceous vegetation, including weeds, etc. A review of chemical, biological, physiological methods for improving seed quality showed that they can all be effective. The main principle of choosing the method of treating seeds should be the availability, economic feasibility and high efficiency of the preparation and devices.