Celery Seeds Research Articles

Honey in Bronchial Asthma: From Folk Tales to Scientific Facts

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases. Complementary and alternative medicine is increasingly used for treating bronchial asthma. Ten electronic databases were searched to investigate whether honey alone or in combination with other ingredients can be considered as the potential treatment for bronchial asthma. Combinations of honey and Nigella sativa (NS) showed significant improvement in all pulmonary functions, including forced expiratory volume (FEV1) (MD = 0.52, P < .001), forced vital capacity (FVC) (MD = 0.55, P = .002), and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) (MD = 80.60, P < .001), in both moderate and severe, uncontrolled persistent asthma compared with baseline. Asthma control test scores also improved significantly (MD = 11.22, P < .001) in patients using combinations of honey and NS compared with baseline. Patients with a less severe grade of asthma showed a significant positive response in clinical parameters upon using honey. One study showed that using celery seeds and honey was associated with clinical improvement of both lung functions, FEV1 (MD = 18.09, P < .001) and FVC (MD = 24.23, P < .001), and respiratory parameters compared with baseline. In conclusion, honey alone has no strong evidence of being effective in controlling asthma. However, when used in combination with other substances, it showed a relatively high efficacy in patients with asthma. This finding may help in asthma control with lower cost alternatives and better outcomes.

The effect of food medium on the wear behaviour of veneering porcelain: An in vitro study using the three-body abrasion mode

ObjectivesThe present study examined the effect of food medium on the three-body wear behaviour of veneering porcelain derived from porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. MethodsSeventy-four rectangular metal–ceramic specimens were prepared using Ceramco III as the veneering porcelain. After storage in distilled water at 37 °C for 2 days, the specimens were tested with a custom-designed chewing machine with a stainless steel ball as antagonist (350 N loads, 2.4 × 106 cycles). Testing was performed using water, silica beads, poly(methyl) methacrylate beads, millet seed slurry, chicken slurry or celery slurry as abrasive medium. Wear analysis of the veneering porcelain was performed using a 3D profilometer after every 300,000 wear cycles and analysed with one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc pairwise comparison procedures. Worn surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy. ResultsThe wear curves of all experimental groups demonstrated three wear stages (running-in, steady wear and severe wear) with characteristic microstructure of worn surfaces. All the three food items selected in the present study (celery, chicken and millet seeds) had lower hardness compared with the veneering porcelain and produced less abrasion of the porcelain than a two-body wear system (water only). Abrasive wear produced with silica particles was the highest for the veneering porcelain. ConclusionThe wear process of veneering porcelain in porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations is affected by the type of food consumed during mastication. Clinical significanceExcessive abrasion may lead to premature failure of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. The importance of the wear behaviour of dental ceramic materials cannot be overstated. Three-body wear is an unavoidable consequence of oral function and occurs daily during eating. Understanding the effect of food particles on the wear behaviour of dental porcelain provides insight into the clinical performance and durability of these restorations.

PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CELERY (APIUM GRAVEOLENS L.) PLANT UNDER USING CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION, BIOFERTILIZER AND THIDIAZURON TREATMENTS

A field experiment was conducted during two successive seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 at Phytochemistry Department and Farm of Applied Research Center of Medicinal Plants (ARCMP) affiliated to the National Organization for Drug Control And Research (NODCAR). Present work aimed to study the effect of inoculation Apium graveolens L. seeds with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (my) and/or microbein (mi) and/or foliar spray plants with thidiazuran (TDZ) combine with chemical fertilizer at half or full dose of NPK on the % of the volatile oil of celery seeds, physiochemical investigation (Specific gravity of each essential oil and Refractive index of each essential oil), Compositional analysis by GLC of essential oil content , total phenolic t and flavonoid contentof dry seeds. Were estimated the results showed that inoculation of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds with mixture of mycorrhizal and microbein at full dose of NPK gave the highest yield of the volatile oiland total phenolic andflavonoid contentof dry seeds. While treated plants with biofertilizer (mycorrhizal and/or microbein) /or sprayed plants with (TDZ) combine biofertilizer at half or full dose of NPK didn't have any significant effect on physiochemical investigation and compositional analysis of volatile oil by GLC as compared to the control.

Effects of Celery Seed Extracts on Some Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Albino Rats Treated with Gentamicin

The present study targeted the influence of orally celery seeds (Apium graveolens) aqueous extract and ethanolic extracts on male albino rats injected with gentamicin intraperitoneally to investigate some hematological and biochemical parameters. Thirty-two male rats were weighing 300-400 gm carried out for the present research, they controlled environmentally. Animals were divided equally and randomly into four groups each of which contained eight rats. First group (control) included normal rats, group2 were given 100 mg/kg B.W. gentamicin (GM) intraperitoneally (IP), group3 (combined group) were given 100 mg/kg B.W. GM and 150 mg/kg B.W. celery seed ethanolic extract orally by needle gavage, and group4 (combined group) were given 100 mg/kg B.W. GM (IP) and celery seeds aqueous extract 150 mg/kg B.W. orally by needle gavage respectively the present study contiued for eight executive days. The results showed that the elevated by GM haematological parameters lowered by the celery seed aqueous extract as compared to the celery seed ethanolic extract group, while the elevated serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total cholesterol (TC) are decreased in group3 more than they were in the group4, in contrast to that the triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), serum creatinine (CR), serum uric acid (UA), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) lowered in the group4 from the group 3. The present study concluded that both extracts of celery seeds play a vital biological role, including the improvement effects against the side effect of GM and offering health benefits through decreasing of elevated parameters.

Histopathological study on maternal pancreas, placenta and fetal pancreas at 18th day postgestation of streptozotocin induced maternal diabetic rats (Rattus norvegicus), and the effect of n-butanolic extract of celery seeds (Apium graveolens)

The study is designed to clarify the influence of induced maternal diabetes mellitus on placenta and the fetus at 18th day of gestation. Diabetes mellitus was induced in (24) female's rats (Rattus norvegicus) before mating by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg of animal body weight) one dose intrapersonal injection, all animals were isolated and divided into two groups (non-diabetic and diabetic group), each group was composed of (12) female, also each group was subdivided into two groups, healthy females group as control and the subgroup treated with n-butanolic extract of celery seeds (60 mg/kg of body weight daily). The diabetic group also had been subdivided into two groups, another one of them had been treated with celery seeds extraction, and one had diabetes mellitus without treatment. There were many macroscopic observations reported by the current study, include the still birth in addition to differences in size between the fetuses which was tend to increased (macrosomia) in the diabetic groups resulted from hyperglycemic mother. Microscopic study detected harmful effects of diabetes mellitus on the tissues, while in the other hand there are a regeneration in islets of Langerhans when treated the animals with n-butanolic extraction of celery seeds with slightly heal in certain points in tissues, also had seen some of the side effects of treated with extract.

Antihyperglycemic effect of n-butanol extract of celery (Apium graveolens) seeds and expression level of pancreatic, placental and fetal Sox17, Pax6, Ins1, Ins2 and Glucagon genes in STZ-induced diabetic female rats (Rattus norvegicus)

The study is designed to clarify the influence of induced diabetes mellitus on maternal rats and their fetus at different stages (14, 16, and 18) days of gestation. Diabetes mellitus was induce in (75) female's rats (Rattus norvegicus) before mating by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg of animal body weight) one dose intrapersonal injection, all animals were isolated and divided into two groups (non-diabetic and diabetic group), each group (36) female, also each group subdivided into two groups, health females group as control and the subgroup that treated with n-butanolic extract of celery seeds (60 mg/kg of body weight daily). While, the diabetic group had been subdivided into two groups too, one of them had been treated with celery seeds extraction, but another one had diabetes mellitus without treated, each of the four groups contains (18) females which had been separated as three equal groups (6) at each period (14, 16, and 18) days of gestation. There were many macroscopic observations reported by the current study, include the still birth in addition to differences in size between the fetuses which was tend to increased (macrosomia) in the diabetic groups resulted from hyperglycemic mothers, furthermore there are a difference in the number of fetuses in the horns of uterus. Molecular study of (Sox17, Pax6, Insulin1, Insulin2, and Glucagon genes) in the tissues of (pancreas of mothers, placentas, and fetuses) was refer to the decrease in the level of gene expression in diabetic groups but there are a great increased of it in the groups that treated with celery seeds extract, for all genes of all tissues and in all stages of gestation. It has been concluded that there is an effect of the extract at the genetic level in the tissues studied

Determination of Chlorophyll and Carotenoids Present in the Seeds of the Plant Family Apiaceae and the Impact on Seed Quality

In this study, we assessed the content of chlorophyllaandb, β-carotene and lutein in seeds of carrot, celery, dill, parsley and parsnip commercial varieties by spectrophotometric method. It was determined that the content of chlorophyllawas higher than chlorophyllband both differed significantly between plant species and varieties. The highest amounts of chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, β-carotene and lutein were detected in parsley “Olomoucka dlouha”. The lowest amounts of chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, β-carotene and no lutein were detected in celery “Nuget”, however, very low amount of lutein was detected in the parsley cultivars “Atika” and “Orbis”. The content of β-carotene was higher than that of lutein in most varieties. The individual pigment contents were compared to seed quality parameters such as standard laboratory germination and seedling emergence. Negative correlation between energy of germination and pigments and positive correlation between seedling emergence and pigments in the parsnip and parsley varieties was observed. Determination the content of pigments and correlations observed the possibility to use spectrophotometry to evaluate the pigments present in the seeds as an indicator of seed quality.

Fumigant Toxicity and Repellent Effect of Seed Essential Oil of Celery Against Lesser Grain Borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F.

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F., is one of the most serious stored-products insect pests throughout the world. Application of chemical pesticides for controlling such pests has caused many side-effects such as environmental pollution, toxicity to non-target organisms and human health threats. Accordingly, several studies have been conducted to utilize the lower risk substitutes in the recent years. In the present study, chemical components of the essential oil extracted from seeds of celery (Apium graveolens L.) and its toxic and repellant effects were investigated on R. dominica. Chemical analysis of the essential oil by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) resulted in the identification of 29 compounds, in which α- pinene (13.08%), β-pinene (10.37%), γ-3-carene (8.96%), myristicin (35.41%) and apiol (8.34%) had a high amount. Celery essential oil has a significant toxicity on the adults of R. dominica. The lethal concentration to kill 50% insect population (LC50) was estimated as 53.506 (48.131 - 59.670) μl/l after 24 h exposure time. This value decreased to 33.285 (29.636 - 37.137) μl/l with increasing the time to 72 hours. The overall mortality rate is directly related to increasing the essential oil concentrations and exposure times. Investigating the repellency of the sub-lethal concentrations of essential oil displayed that the highest repellent percentage (70 ± 3.54) was attained with a concentration of 47.764 μl/l at 6 h. Due to considerable toxicity and repellency against R. dominica, the essential oil of celery seeds may be pondered as a potential bio-rational agent for management of this pest.

Ichthyochory in a temperate river system by common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

ABSTRACTSome fish are important dispersal vectors of aquatic plants (i.e., ichthyochory), yet few examples have been documented outside of the Neotropics. Although highly modified and degraded, the upper Illinois River Waterway supports common carp (Cyprinus carpio) populations and abundant aquatic vegetation. As common carp have been previously documented to consume aquatic vegetation seeds, we assessed diets to determine the potential for common carp to function as dispersal vectors for aquatic vegetation seeds that may be important for restoration of rivers and floodplain wetlands. Whole seeds occurred at a high frequency and 42 seed taxa were discovered in the digestive system of common carp. Electivity analysis indicated that most seeds present were incidentally ingested; however, common carp diets contained seeds of wild celery (Vallisneria americana) at rates greater than expected by random chance. Our study indicates common carp may fill a similar functional role of seed dispersal for aquatic plant communities in temperate large river systems as they do for fruiting plants in the Neotropics. Our results highlight an understudied aspect of temperate freshwater ecology – fish as a potential influence on plant dynamics and resources in rivers. Fish-mediated seed dispersal has important but poorly understood implications and should be further explored.

Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Celery Seeds Apium graveolens on the Histological Characteristic Ovaries of Swiss Rat ratus

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect alcoholic extract of the celery seeds Apium graveolens in the histological characteristics of Swiss rats ovaries. The results showed that the low concentration of alcoholic extract of the celery seeds 150 mg / kg greatly affected and by histological sections in increasing the numbers and sizes of corpus luteum and developing follicles also the cortex of the ovary was free from blood congestion and there were increasing in the numbers of primary and secondary follicles compared with the control group. The treatment group with high concentrations of alcoholic extract 300 mg/kg of the of celery seeds showed that the ovary cortex contain smaller numbers of primary and secondary follicles and there were a hypertrophy , and congestion in the cortex cells and there were thicken in some cells nuclei in cortex and presence of large numbers of atretic follicles and the ovarian cortex consist on smaller numbers of corpus luteums compared with the treatment group with lower concentration 150 mg / kg. In addition to the appearance of signs of congestion in the cortex and increase the diameters of arteries and veins of ovary medulla which is responsible for the blood supply of the ovary.

Effects of butylphthalide on cognitive decline in diabetic rats.

Butylphthalide, a component extracted from seeds of Chinese celery, is an effective neuroprotective agent used for the treatment of ischemic stroke and dementia. Diabetes may cause central nervous system damage, and diabetes is closely associated with dementia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of butylphthalide on cognitive impairment in a streptozotocin‑induced diabetic rat model, and the underlying mechanisms of action. A total of 30 healthy male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following 2 groups: Normal control (NC; n=10) and diabetes model (DM) groups (n=20). Diabetes was induced in rats in the DM group by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and these rats were further subdivided into the following 2groups: Diabetic control (n=10) and butylphthalide‑treated groups (n=10). Following 8 consecutive weeks of treatment, a Morris water maze test was performed and the levels of blood fasting plasma glucose (FPG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α), interleukin (IL)‑1β, and IL‑6 inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus were measured. FPG levels were significantly decreased in the butylphthalide‑treated group when compared with the DM group. In addition, cognitive deficits in diabetic rats were improved following butylphthalide treatment. Furthermore, butylphthalide significantly increased the level of SOD, reduced MDA levels, and reduced TNF‑α, IL‑1β, and IL‑6 levels in the hippocampus when compared with the DM group. The results of the present study suggest that butylphthalide may be an effective neuroprotective agent to improve cognitive dysfunction during diabetes.

Role of aqueous extract of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds against the corrosion of aluminium/sodium hydroxide systems

In this study, hydrogen evolution (HE) and weight loss (WL) measurements were applied to evaluate the role of an aqueous extract of celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds (AECS), in inhibiting the corrosion of aluminium/sodium hydroxide systems. It was found that corrosion rates obtained from the measurements increase with increasing the alkali concentration giving reaction order about 0.68. The addition of increasing amounts of AECS inhibits the corrosion rate of Al in 0.25M and maximum inhibition efficiency of 93.33% was obtained at 1.50gL−1. While at certain concentration of inhibitor (0.50gL−1) the inhibition efficiency increases with increasing alkali concentration up to 0.25M, after which it started to decrease. The inhibitor mechanism was discussed on the basis of its adsorption on Al surface from 0.25M NaOH. Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms are the models that best fit the adsorption data. While FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the adsorption of inhibitor species on the Al surface. The thermodynamic parameters were determined and discussed.

Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide Treatment Enhances Hemodynamics and Ameliorates Memory Deficits in Rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.

Our previous study has revealed that chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) activates a compensatory vascular mechanism attempting to maintain an optimal cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, this compensation fails to prevent neuronal death and cognitive impairment because neurons die prior to the restoration of normal CBF. Therefore, pharmacological invention may be critical to enhance the CBF for reducing neurodegeneration and memory deficit. Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) is a compound isolated from the seeds of Chinese celery and has been proven to be able to prevent neuronal loss, reduce inflammation and ameliorate memory deficits in acute ischemic animal models and stroke patients. In the present study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, immunohistochemistry and Morris water maze (MWM) to investigate whether NBP can accelerate CBF recovery, reduce neuronal death and improve cognitive deficits in CCH rats after permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO). Rats were intravenously injected with NBP (5 mg/kg) daily for 14 days beginning the first day after BCCAO. The results showed that NBP shortened recovery time of CBF to pre-occlusion levels at 2 weeks following BCCAO, compared to 4 weeks in the vehicle group, and enhanced hemodynamic compensation through dilation of the vertebral arteries (VAs) and increase in angiogenesis. NBP treatment also markedly reduced reactive astrogliosis and cell apoptosis and protected hippocampal neurons against ischemic injury. The escape latency of CCH rats in the MWM was also reduced in response to NBP treatment. These findings demonstrate that NBP can accelerate the recovery of CBF and improve cognitive function in a rat model of CCH, suggesting that NBP is a promising therapy for CCH patients or vascular dementia.

Chemoprevention of Rat Mammary Carcinogenesis by Apiaceae Spices.

Scientific evidence suggests that many herbs and spices have medicinal properties that alleviate symptoms or prevent disease. In this study, we examined the chemopreventive effects of the Apiaceae spices, anise, caraway, and celery seeds against 17β-estrogen (E2)-mediated mammary tumorigenesis in an ACI (August-Copenhagen Irish) rat model. Female ACI rats were given either control diet (AIN 93M) or diet supplemented with 7.5% (w/w) of anise, caraway, or celery seed powder. Two weeks later, one half of the animals in each group received subcutaneous silastic implants of E2. Diet intake and body weight were recorded weekly, and animals were euthanized after 3 and 12 weeks. E2-treatment showed significantly (2.1- and 3.4-fold) enhanced growth of pituitary gland at 3 and 12 weeks, respectively. All test spices significantly offset the pituitary growth by 12 weeks, except celery which was effective as early as three weeks. Immunohistochemical analysis for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in mammary tissues showed significant reduction in E2-mediated mammary cell proliferation. Test spices reduced the circulating levels of both E2 and prolactin at three weeks. This protection was more pronounced at 12 weeks, with celery eliciting the highest effect. RT-PCR and western blot analysis were performed to determine the potential molecular targets of the spices. Anise and caraway diets significantly offset estrogen-mediated overexpression of both cyclin D1 and estrogen receptor α (ERα). The effect of anise was modest. Likewise, expression of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 was inhibited by all test spices. Based on short-term molecular markers, caraway was selected over other spices based on its enhanced effect on estrogen-associated pathway. Therefore, a tumor-end point study in ACI rats was conducted with dietary caraway. Tumor palpation from 12 weeks onwards revealed tumor latency of 29 days in caraway-treated animals compared with first tumor appearance at 92 days in control group. At the end of the study (25 weeks), the tumor incidence was 96% in the control group compared with only 70% in the caraway group. A significant reduction in tumor volume (661 ± 123 vs. 313 ± 81 mm3) and tumor multiplicity (4.2 ± 0.4 vs. 2.5 ± 0.5 tumors/animal) was also observed in the caraway group compared with the control group. Together, our data show dietary caraway can significantly delay and prevent the hormonal mammary tumorigenesis by modulating different cellular and molecular targets.

FEATURES OF THE SEED DORMANCY IN UMBELLIFER CROPS CAUSED BY VARIOUS FACTORS

Experiments were carried out at FGBNU VNIIO in 20112016. The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of different types of organic dormancy caused by various factors on seed quality of some representatives of umbellifer crops. The objects of the study were seeds: parsnip ‘Kulinar’ (Pastinaca sativa L.); carrot ‘Rogneda’ (Daucus carrota L.); root parsley ‘Ljubasha’ (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill.); root celery ‘Kupidon’ (Apium graveolens L.); coriander ‘Yantar’ (Coriandrum sativum L.) and dill ‘Kentavr’ (Anethum graveolens L.). In all seeds studied, the speed of embryo growth was decreased by 30% or0.03 mma day. Under influence of the induced dormancy caused by incubation in extract from dill seeds, the speed of embryo growth in all species was decreased by 94-97% on average. The process of germination of just picked seeds in all crops studied showed itself in reduction of germinated seed number by 54% as compared with control variant. Under the effect of incubation at high temperature the seeds of parsnip and root celery didn’t germinate, whereas the germination in the seeds of coriander, root parsley and carrot was decreased by 51%, 47% and 46%, respectively as compared with control. There is no germination observed in parsnip, carrot, root celery and coriander under influence of induced dormancy caused by incubation in extract from dill seeds. In this case, the germination of seeds of root parsley and dill was 8.1% and 15%, respectively. The Pearson correlation between the speed of embryo growth and percent of seed germination showed the significant and positive relationship in the range 0.706-0.952. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that induced by temperature or allelopathic dormancy had impact on the speed of embryo’s growth in the crops studied, where factor effect was 89-86% depending on type of dormancy. Analysis of variance between the factors of dormancy and germination revealed that all types of dormancy analyzed had much influence on germination in these crops. The factor effects for primary, temperature induced, and induced allelopathic dormancy were 98% (F=1590.3; P=&lt; 2x10-16), respectively.

Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide attenuation of methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

AimsMethamphetamine (Meth) abuse causes neural injury in the brain. There are no efficacious therapies available to treat Meth-induce neural injury. The present study intended to test the therapeutic potential of dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), a chemical compound extracted originally from the seeds of Chinese Celery, in the amelioration and prevention of Meth-induced neural injury. Main methodsExperiments were carried out on SH-SY5Y cells. Neuronal injury and apoptotic cell death were detected by MTT assay and analysis of nuclear morphology. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay and protein expression levels of the apoptosis-related cleaved caspase-3, bcl2 and Bax were determined by western blotting. Key findingsTreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with Meth induced cell injury and apoptosis. NBP attenuated Meth-associated cell injury and apoptosis via blockage of Meth-mediated upregulation of intracellular ROS production and inhibition of Meth-induced decrease of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 and Bcl-2/Bax ratios. SignificanceThe results presented in this study indicate that NBP may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of Meth-induced neuronal injury in the central nervous system.

Review of Scientific Evidence of Medicinal Convoy Plants in Traditional Persian Medicine.

One concept used in traditional Persian medicine (TPM) for multidrug therapy is that of the convoy drug (Mobadregh). According to TPM texts, convoy drugs are substances (or drugs), which facilitate the access of drugs or foods to the whole body or to specific organs. This study reviewed some convoy drugs presented in TPM, their biological effects, and their probable interactions with main drugs, considering the increased absorption through inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux function, bioavailability-enhancing effects, and decreased metabolism of the main drug using electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar in November and December, 2013. Recent studies have proven the beneficial effects of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) and camphor on the heart and brain, the cerebral therapeutic effects of Asarum europaeum (hazelwort), the hepatoprotective effects of Cichorium intybus (chicory), and Apium graveolens (celery) seeds, and the diuretic effects of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), and Cucumis melo (melon) seeds. The effects of vinegar in targeting the liver and brain have also been demonstrated. An evaluation of the results demonstrated that the suggested convoy drugs, including Piper nigrum (black pepper), Piper longum (long pepper), red wine, Camellia sinensis (tea), hazelwort, Mentha longifolia (pennyroyal), Anethum graveolens (dill), Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), cinnamon, and Sassafras albidum (sassafras) can increase the bioavailability of coadministered drugs by inhibition of P-gp or cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) or both of them. This evidence could be a good basis for the use of these agents as convoys in TPM.

Acetylene Resembling Effect of Ethylene on Seed Germination: Evaluating the Effect of Acetylene Released from Calcium Carbide

Some vegetable seeds need a very long time to germinate. In these kinds of seeds the second phase of germination is very long. As acetylene’s chemical structure is almost similar to the gaseous hormone ethylene, its’ physiological effect on seed germination should be very similar as well. Therefore, an experiment was established in order to enhance seed germination, by treating seeds with acetylene released from interaction of calcium carbide (CaC2) with water (H2O). A simple system was designed for efficient and proper use of gaseous acetylene resulted from the two substrates interaction, which conducted the produced gas obtained inside the interaction chamber into a sealed container wherein seeds were floating in water. This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of one concentration of acetylene with different exposure periods (between 1 to 8 hours) on parsley, celery and Swees chard seeds’ germination (chosen as late germinating vegetables). The effect of acetylene on seed germination speed and percent was investigated. There were significant differences in both percent and speed of germination within the various treatments. By floating for 3, 5 and 3 hours for parsley, celery and Swiss chard respectively, the highest germination rates were observed. The highest germination speed was achieved by 5, 5 and 3 hours floating respectively for parsley, celery and Swiss chard. Based on the results obtained, the current experiment suggests that acetylene has positive effect on enhancing seed germination of named vegetables, and played the role of ethylene, its effects resembling in regard to seed germination process.

Evaluate the analgesic Activity of Tukhme Karafs (Apium graveolens Linn.) in swiss albino mice

Aim &amp; Objectives: To evaluate the analgesic activity of Tukhme Karafs (Apium graveolens seed) in Albino mice. Methods: The analgesic activity was determined by Hot plate method, Tail immersion method, Tail Clip method and Writhing test. Result: Petroleum ether extract of seeds of Apium graveolens (PEESAG) was tested in adult Albino Swiss mice weighing 20-30gms, at the dose of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg body weight by different method i.e. hot plate method, tail immersion method, tail clip method and Wrihting method. The result show mild to moderate analgesic activity of celery seeds. Conclusion: The petroleum ether extract of celery seeds revealed mild to moderate analgesic activity.

Life cycle and control of Colletotrichum nymphaeae, the causal agent of celery stunt anthracnose

Colletotrichum nymphaeae, causal agent of celery stunt anthracnose, has caused severe damage to celery production in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. For elucidating the infection cycle, celery seeds in the prefecture were screened on a selective medium and found to harbor C. nymphaeae as did seeds harvested from plants with diseased leaves. When seed samples with 1 and 10 % of the seeds infested were sown and grown, stunt anthracnose developed on seedlings, then finally spread extensively to other plants, suggesting that primary transmission occurred from seeds to seedlings, followed by secondary infection to other plants. These results strongly suggest that the disease cycle of the celery stunt anthracnose is completed through seed transmission in Nagano Prefecture. To disrupt the infection cycle, seed sterilization with hot water was tested. Conidia of C. nymphaeae in suspensions were killed by treatment at 50 °C for 40 min or at >55 °C for 10 min. Seedlings grown from seeds treated at 50 °C for 30 min did not develop any symptoms, and germination was not affected. Thus, hot water treatment at 50 °C for 30 min was the best method to eradicate the stunt anthracnose of celery.