Seeded Emulsion Polymerization Research Articles

Novel Synthesis, Characterization and Amoxicillin Release Study of pH-Sensitive Nanosilica/Poly(acrylic acid) Macroporous Hydrogel with High Swelling.

The effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on the formation of PAA (poly acrylic acid) gel structure was investigated with seeded emulsion polymerization method used to prepare SiO2/PAA nanoparticles. The morphologies of the nanocomposite nanoparticles were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results indicated that the PAA was chemically bonded to the surface of the SiO2 nanoparticles. Additionally, the resulting morphology of the nanocomposite nanoparticles confirmed the co-crosslinking role of the SiO2 nanoparticles in the formation of the 3D structure and hydrogel of PAA. SiO2/PAA nanocomposite hydrogels were synthesized by in situ solution polymerization with and without toluene. The morphology studies by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that when the toluene was used as a pore forming agent in the polymerization process, a macroporous hydrogel structure was achieved. The pH-sensitive swelling behaviors of the nanocomposite hydrogels showed that the formation of pores in the gels structure was a dominant factor on the water absorption capacity. In the current research the absorption capacity was changed from about 500 to 4000 g water/g dry hydrogel. Finally, the macroporous nanocomposite hydrogel sample was tested as an amoxicillin release system in buffer solutions with pHs of 3, 7.2, and 9 at 37 °C. The results showed that the percentage cumulative release of amoxicillin from the hydrogels was higher in neutral and basic mediums than in the acidic medium and the amoxicillin release rate was decreased with increasing pH. Additionally, the release results were very similar to swelling results and hence amoxicillin release was a swelling controlled-release system.

Particle-click-particle: colloidal clusters from click seeded emulsion polymerization

The self-organization of building blocks in colloidal clusters and their architecture adjustment are crucial for the synthesis and design of colloids.

SUSTAINABLE ANTIMICROBIAL COPOLYMER NANOEMULSION OF Aloe Vera AND ALLYL ALCOHOL: AN In-situ APPROACH

The current study describes the formation of a new sustainable Aloe Vera and allyl alcohol nanoemulsion with outstanding antimicrobial efficacy against Gram (+ive) and Gram (-ive) bacteria. The sustainable nanoemulsion of allyl alcohol/butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/ Aloe Vera with surfactant initiated by potassium persulphate was synthesized using a semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization technique. Several techniques like 1H, 13C NMR, XRD, SEM with EDX, DSC, TGA, DTA, FTIR spectroscopy, and physicochemical properties were utilized for the characterization of the synthesized sustainable nanoemulsion. A comparative study was done with different sets of organic-aqueous ratios for the determination of the ratio effect on the various properties of nanoemulsion. The results revealed tremendous improvement in the physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsions with a 50:50 organic-aqueous phase ratio.

Preparation and properties of a self-crosslinking styrene acrylic emulsion using amino-functional graphene oxide as a crosslinking agent and anti-corrosion filler

In this paper, we prepared a self-crosslinking amino-functional graphene oxide/styrene acrylic hybrid emulsion (AGO/SA). The styrene acrylic emulsion (SA) was synthesized with acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM) by semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization. Then, amino-functionalized graphene oxide (AGO) was prepared via the modification of graphene oxide (GO) with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and reacted with the SA emulsion as a crosslinking agent by in situ polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravity analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to explore the chemical structures and morphologies of the samples. The anti-corrosion performance of the AGO/SA coatings was evaluated by Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Along with the crosslink between AGO and SA, the micropores in the matrix were reduced, the coating expressed improved corrosion resistance due to the graphene barrier, and the hybrid emulsion with 0.7 wt.% AGO exhibited the best anti-corrosion properties. These results indicate that AGO can act as both a crosslinking agent and an anti-corrosion agent in self-crosslinking hybrid emulsions, which have great potential in the field of environmentally friendly emulsions.

Forces Driving the Development of Particle Morphology of Waterborne Polymer Dispersions

AbstractParticle morphology is a key characteristic of the waterborne polymer dispersions and plenty of effort has been dedicated to understand the mechanisms controlling the development of the morphology during polymerization. The availability of new characterization techniques that provide unprecedented quantitative details of the particle morphology have questioned the ideas about the driving forces ruling the development of the morphology. In this article, the case is considered of a seeded emulsion polymerization in which the second stage polymer (Polymer 2) is more hydrophobic than the seed polymer and a water‐soluble initiator is used. Simulations of the effect of the different forces involved in the formation of the particle morphology carried by integrating the Navier–Stokes are compared with available experimental results. If is found that the interfacial tensions are responsible for the penetration of clusters of polymer 2 within the seed polymer and the spread of these clusters over the surface of the particle. On the other hand, van der Waals forces control coalescence of the clusters both at the surface and in the interior of the particle.

Preparation of Monodisperse Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)/Polystyrene Composite Particles by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization Using a Sequential Flow Process

We develop a sequential flow process for the production of monodisperse poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/polystyrene (PS) composite particles through a soap-free emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using the first water-in-oil (W/O) slug flow and a subsequent seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene (St) using the second W/O slug flow. In this process, monodisperse PMMA seed particles are first formed in the dispersed aqueous phase of the first W/O slug flow. Subsequently, removal of the oil phase from the slug flow is achieved through a porous hydrophobic tubing, resulting in a single flow of the aqueous phase containing the seed particles. The aqueous phase is then mixed with an oil phase containing St monomer to form the second W/O slug flow. Finally, monodisperse PMMA/PS composite particles are obtained by a seeded emulsion polymerization of St using the second W/O slug flow. We compared the reaction performance between the slug flow and the batch processes in terms of particle diameter, monomer conversion, particle size distribution, and the number of particles in the system. We found that internal circulation flow within the slugs can enhance mass transfer efficiency between them during polymerization, which results in monodisperse PMMA/PS composite particles with a large particle diameter and a high monomer conversion in a short reaction time, compared to those prepared using the batch process. We believe that this sequential microflow process can be a versatile strategy to continuously produce monodisperse composite particles or core-shell particles in a short reaction time.

A Research of Stereo-Selective Synthesis of Silica-based Amphiphilic Janus Particles

Because Janus particles with specific asymmetric nanostructures can be fixed in the oil phase or water respectively, they are more suitable for Pickering emulsion stability. Furthermore, the complete separation of hydrophobic and hydrophobic regions makes adjusting the hydrophobic/hydrophobic region ratio possible by changing the volume ratio. In this study, the preparations of three asymmetric silicon-based amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles are introduced. The methods used are consecutive immobilization, seed emulsion polymerization, and selective encapsulation, respectively. Complete compartmentalization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains was realized by anchoring silica with nucleation site, seed emulsion polymerization, or surface charge repulsion. In addition, these nanoparticles can be easily functionalized, bringing new research opportunities to applications in catalysis, adsorption, separation and biomedicine.

Preparation and characterization of self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion with different fluorocarbon chain lengths

PurposeFluorine materials have received the keen attention of many researchers because of their water repellency and low surface free energy. The purpose of this paper is to prepare self-crosslinking fluorocarbon polyacrylate latexes containing different fluorocarbon chain lengths by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization technology.Design/methodology/approachMethyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) and fluorine-containing monomers were used as main monomers. The fluorine-containing monomers included hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and trifluorooctyl methacrylate (TFMA). Potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as thermal decomposition initiator, non-ionic surfactant alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene (25) ether (DNS-2500) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as mixed emulsifier.FindingsThrough optimizing the reaction conditions, the uniform and stable latex is gained. The polymer of structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and contact angle (CA) were tested on latex films. The particle size and distribution range of emulsion were tested with nano particle size analyzer. After comprehensively comparing the latexes and films prepared by HFMA, DFMA and TFMA, the performance of DFMA monomer modified is better.Originality/valueThe self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion is prepared via semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization, which methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) and fluorine-containing monomers were used as main monomers. The fluorine-containing monomers were composed of hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFMA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and trifluorooctyl methacrylate (TFMA). Potassium persulfate (KPS) was used as thermal decomposition initiator, non-ionic surfactant alkyl alcohol polyoxyethylene (25) ether (DNS-2500) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) as mixed emulsifier. There are two main innovations. One is that the self-crosslinking acrylic emulsion is prepared successfully. The other is that the effects of monomers containing different fluorocarbon chain lengths on polyacrylate, such as monomer conversion rate, coagulation rate, mechanical stability, chemical stability, emulsion particle size and storage stability, are studied in detail.

Grafting the carboxyl groups onto DPNR by seeded emulsion polymerization to enhance the compatibility with silica filler

The modification of deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) with maleic anhydride (MAH) was synthesized to enhance the better compatibility between silica filler and natural rubber (NR). The presence of carboxylic acid groups (-COOH) of MAH after hydrolysis in the grafted DPNR with MAH (DP-g-MAH) would directly interact with the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of silica filler, resulting from the formation of the ester bonds due to the esterification reaction. It is leading to form the chemical bonding, which is the significantly strong interaction between DPNR and silica filler. The structural characterization of DP-g-MAH was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), respectively. The % grafting level of MAH approximately highs to 99.37 % with the low gel content approximate 14.45 (wt%). In addition, the DP-g-MAH latex was compounded with silica nanofiller 10 phr by latex compounding method. The morphology of silica filled DP-g-MAH (DP-g-MAH/Si 10) was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) in order to observe the silica dispersion into the DP-g-MAH rubber. The FE-SEM shows that silica filler could disperse in grafted rubber more than the DPNR. In addition, the crosslink density was investigated to confirm the chemical networks, which could occur from esterification between DP-g-MAH and silica filler.

Novel Chemical Architectures Based on Beta-Cyclodextrin Derivatives Covalently Attached on Polymer Spheres.

This study presents the synthesis and characterization of polymer derivatives of beta-cyclodextrin (BCD), obtained by chemical grafting onto spherical polymer particles (200 nm) presenting oxirane functional groups at their surface. The polymer spheres were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of styrene (ST) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), followed by the grafting on the surface of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) by seeded emulsion polymerization. The BCD-polymer derivatives were obtained using two BCD derivatives with hydroxylic (BCD-OH) and amino groups (BCD-NH2). The degree of polymer covalent functionalization using the BCD-OH and BCD-NH2 derivatives were determined to be 4.27 and 19.19 weight %, respectively. The adsorption properties of the materials were evaluated using bisphenol A as a target molecule. The best fit for the adsorption kinetics was Lagergren’s model (both for Qe value and for R2) together with Weber’s intraparticle diffusion model in the case of ST-HEMA-GMA-BCD-NH2. The isothermal adsorption evaluation indicated that both systems follow a Langmuir type behavior and afforded a Qmax value of 148.37 mg g−1 and 37.09 mg g−1 for ST-HEMA-GMA-BCD-NH2 and ST-HEMA-GMA-BCD-OH, respectively. The BCD-modified polymers display a degradation temperature of over 400 °C which can be attributed to the existence of hydrogen bonds and BCD thermal degradation pathway in the presence of the polymers.

Core/shell colloidal nanoparticles based multifunctional and robust photonic paper via drop-casting self-assembly for reversible mechanochromic and writing

Photonic crystals film that possesses periodic dielectric structure have shown great prospect in developing environmentally friendly paper alternatives due to the unique properties of dye free and non-photobleaching, but their practical application is limited by the weak interaction between colloidal particles. Although some progress has been obtained, it is still a challenge to develop photonic paper with the desired mechanical and optical properties. Herein, multifunctional hard core/soft shell nanoparticles with controlled size are fabricated by semi-continuous seed emulsion polymerization method. Compared with convention colloidal particles, these core/shell nanoparticles can facile self-assemble into large-scale dense ordered structure film via dried at room temperature due to the relatively low glass transition temperature (Tg) of the shell layers. The facile fabrication route enables the continuous high-through put production of the photonic papers. The as-formed papers not only possess the capacity to solvent (water/ethanol) rewritable and multicolor painting, but also can rapidly reversible mechanochromic. Moreover, due to the good compatibility of core/shell interface, these photonic films possess excellent mechanical properties, demonstrating that this multifunctional film makes the fabrication of novel robust rewritable papers possible and enables visual monitoring of deformation degree.

Styrene-Acrylic Emulsion with "Transition Layer" for Damping Coating: Synthesis and Characterization.

In order to study the dynamic mechanical properties of styrene–acrylic latex with a core/shell structure, a variety of latexes were synthesized by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization based on “particle design” with the same material. The latexes were characterized by rotary viscosimeter, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and universal testing machine. The effects of difference at the glass transition temperature (Tg) of core and shell and the introduction of the “transition layer” on the damping and mechanical properties of latex film were studied. The results indicate that as the Tg of core and shell gets closer, the better the compatibility of core and shell, from phase separation to phase continuity. Furthermore, the introduction of the “transition layer” can effectively improve the tensile strength and tan δ (max) of the latex film. The tensile strength and maximum loss factor (f = 1 Hz) of latex with the “transition layer” increased by 36.73% and 29.11% respectively compared with the latex without the “transition layer”. This work provides a reference for the design of emulsion for damping coating.

Crosslinking in Semi-Batch Seeded Emulsion Polymerization: Effect of Linear and Non-Linear Monomer Feeding Rate Profiles on Gel Formation.

Waterborne latex is often called a product-of-process. Here, the effect of semi-batch monomer feed rate on the kinetics and gel formation in seeded emulsion polymerization was investigated for the copolymerization of n-butyl methacrylate (n-BMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Strikingly, the gel fraction was observed to be significantly influenced by monomer feed rate, even while most of the experiments were performed under so-called starve-fed conditions. More flooded conditions from faster monomer feed rates, including seeded batch reactions, counterintuitively resulted in significantly higher gel fraction. Chain transfer to polymer was intentionally suppressed here via monomer selection so as to focus mechanistic insights to relate only to the influence of a divinyl monomer, as opposed to being clouded by contributions to topology from long chain branching. Simulations revealed that the dominant influence on this phenomenon was the sensitivity of primary intramolecular cyclization to the instantaneous unreacted monomer concentration, which is directly impacted by monomer feed rate. The rate constant for cyclization for these conditions was determined to be first order and 4000 s−1, approximately 4 times that typically observed for backbiting in acrylates. This concept has been explored previously for bulk and solution polymerizations, but not for emulsified reaction environments and especially for the very low mole fraction divinyl monomer. In addition, while gel fraction could be dramatically manipulated by variations in linear monomer feed rates, it could be markedly enhanced by leveraging non-linear feed profiles built from combination sequences of flooded and starved conditions. For a 2 h total feed time, a fully linear profile resulted in 30% gel while a corresponding non-linear profile with an early fast-feed segment resulted in 80% gel.

Effect of Poly (aniline-co-o-toluidine) loaded on emulsion paints with different pigments on corrosion inhibition of mild steel

Three groups of plastic emulsion paints were formulated using three different types of pigments. TiO2 was applied in the first group of paint (T-series) as a neutral pigment. Zn3(PO4)2 and Fe2O3 were added in the two other paint groups (Z-series and F-series, respectively) as anticorrosive pigments. Styrene/butyl acrylate latex was prepared by semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization and used as a binder in the paint formulations. Poly (ani-co-o-toluidine) (PAOT) was introduced to the painting series as an inhibitor in proportions of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. PAOT inhibitor was prepared by oxidative emulsion polymerization with an equimolar amount of aniline and o-toluidine monomers. The binder and the inhibitor were tested for their particle size and chemical structure by DLS and FTIR analysis. The properties of the paint formulations were estimated physically, mechanically, and thermally. The protection efficiency of the paint coatings on steel was estimated against corrosion using an immersion test and electrochemical measurements. The DLS curves of the binder latex and the inhibitor showed a unimodal distribution of sizes 151 nm and 42 nm, respectively. However, a mix of the two emulsions exhibited a bimodal distribution of both sizes. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements showed a decrease in the corrosion current density of TiO2 coating paint from 26.4×10-7 A/cm2 to 12.3×10-7 A/cm2 in Fe2O3 coating paint. The least corrosion current density was obtained from Zn3(PO4)2 coating paint of 7.50×10-7 A/cm2. PAOT inhibitor enhanced the protection efficiency of the paint coatings with the optimum of 3%. Zn3(PO4)2 coating paint loaded with 3% PAOT inhibitor demonstrated the highest protection efficiency of 99.96%.

Synthesis of anisotropic colloids with concave and convex structures.

Anisotropic colloidal particles with concave and convex structures are useful in both theoretical studies and applications. In this work, we mass-produced polystyrene (PS) colloidal particles with multiple concavities through dispersion polymerization techniques. By increasing the delayed feeding time td of the cross-linker divinylbenzene (DVB), the morphological evolution of particles can be classified into two stages, during which the formation of different concavities is consistent with either the buckling mechanism or phase separation mechanism. By varying the DVB dosage, we found that the size of the big chamber formed on the particle surfaces decreases as the DVB dosage increases. Then, using these concave particles as seeds, 2-5 μm anisotropic colloids with various shapes, including spherical, ellipsoidal, snowman and multi-protrusion, were synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization. Moreover, our results show that both the chambers and long narrow ditches on the surface of seeds can be the active sites for monomers to gather and polymerize, but monomers in the big chamber have a priority to polymerize first when big and small concavities both exist on seeds. The results of this study could mean great potential in synthesizing a variety of anisotropic particles with well-controlled concave morphologies.

Well Defined Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)-Fe3O4/Poly(Vinyl Pivalate) Core-Shell Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles: Design and Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity Activity Against Cancer Cells.

The objective of this work is to develop and characterize polymeric nanoparticles with core–shell morphology through miniemulsion polymerization combined with seeded emulsion polymerization, aiming at the application in the treatment of vascular tumors via intravascular embolization. The synthesis of the core–shell nanocomposites was divided into two main steps: (i) Formation of the core structure, consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate)/magnetic oxide coated with oleic acid (OM-OA) via miniemulsion and (ii) shell structure produced through seeded emulsion polymerization of vinyl pivalate. Nanocomposites containing about 8 wt.% of OM-OA showed high colloidal stability, mean diameter of 216.8 nm, spherical morphology, saturation magnetization (Ms) of 4.65 emu·g−1 (57.41 emu·g−1 of Fe3O4), preserved superparamagnetic behavior and glass transition temperature (Tg) of 111.8 °C. TEM micrographs confirmed the obtaining of uniformly dispersed magnetic nanoparticles in the PMMA and that the core–shell structure was obtained by seeded emulsion with Ms of 1.35 emu·g−1 (56.25 emu·g−1 of Fe3O4) and Tg of 114.7 °C. In vitro cytotoxicity assays against murine tumor of melanoma (B16F10) and human Keratinocytes (HaCaT) cell lines were carried out showing that the core–shell magnetic polymeric materials (a core, consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate)/Fe3O4 and, a shell, formed by poly(vinyl pivalate)) presented high cell viabilities for both murine melanoma tumor cell lines, B16F10, and human keratinocyte cells, HaCaT.

Preparation and characterization of self-cross-linking long fluorocarbon polyacrylate latex modified by silane cross-linker

PurposeSilane cross-linkers have been used to strengthen the mechanical stabilities and friction resistance of plastic products. Therefore, the effect of silane cross-linkers on latex has been studied through preparing modified self-cross-linking long fluorocarbon polyacrylate latex. In this paper, nonionic surfactant alcohol ether glycoside (AEG1000) and anionic polymerizable surfactant 1-allyloxy-3-(4-nonylphenol)-2-propanol polyoxyethylene (10) ether ammonium sulfate (DNS-86) acted as mixed emulsifier and 3-(methacryloyloxy) propyltrimethoxysilane (KH-570) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) maleate (DOM) were used as functional monomers.Design/methodology/approachThe modified acrylate polymer latex was synthesized through the semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) as main monomers. Potassium persulfate (KPS) was applied to initiate polymerization reaction, nonionic surfactant AEG1000 and DNS-86 acted as emulsifier, KH-570 and DOM were used as functional monomers, respectively.FindingsThe optimum conditions of synthesizing the modified latex were the following. The mass ratio of monomers containing MMA, BA, DFMA, HPMA, KH-570 and DOM was 13.58:13.58:0.90:1.20:0.15:0.60, the usage of initiator KPS was 0.5% of the total weight of monomers and the amount of emulsifier was 7% of all monomers with AEG1000:DNS-86 = 1:1. The results indicated that the conversion of monomer was 99% and the coagulation was about 2.0%.Originality/valueThe resultant latex was modified silane cross-linker KH-570 and DOM, which positively affected the comprehensive properties of latex and its film. Apart from this, the novel mixed emulsifier was used to improve the size and distribution of latex particles and reduce environmental problems caused by the use of emulsifiers.

The Role of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate on the Film Properties of Styrene-Butyl Acrylate-Acrylic Acid Copolymer Latex

In this study, the concentration effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a surfactant in the synthesis of styrene/acrylic acid/butyl acrylate copolymer (SAC) latex particles via seeded emulsion polymerization technique was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to explain the change on physicochemical properties and morphology. The main goal is to determine an optimal surfactant concentration to obtain latexes with low MFFT. DLS studies showed that the particle size decreases 118.30 to 75.18 nm with the increase of SLS concentration. MFFT of latexes decreased with increasing SLS concentration. From the TGA curves, it was found that all the SAC latex particles exhibit a three-step decomposition process. The observed single Tg values for SAC particles showed that the latexes were prepared successfully.

Preparation and characterization of modified self-crosslinking fluorocarbon acrylate latex

The modified self-crosslinking fluorocarbon acrylate (MSFA) latex has been successfully synthesized via semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization. Methyl methylacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) were chosen as main monomers, vinyl triethoxysilane (VTES), and benzyl methacrylate (BZMA) served as functional monomers. Latex was emulsified by mixed emulsifier containing nonionic surfactant alcohol ether glycoside (AEG1000) and anionic surfactant fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES), and the reaction process was initiated by potassium persulfate (KPS). The optimal conditions were studied and obtained. The results indicated that the monomer conversion was up to 99.36%, and the coagulation was lowered to 0.60% under the optimal conditions. At the same time, the outward appearance of resultant latex presented blue white which confirmed the latex was a successful preparation. The latex was tested through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical stability and chemical stability of latex were measured. Thermogravimeter (TGA) results demonstrated that the introduction of functional monomers has extensively augmented the thermal stability of prepared film. The glass transform temperature (Tg) was detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the water resistance of film was evaluated through water contact angle (WCA). The average particle size of latex was 62.99 nm and PDI was 0.069.

Ghost‐Mirror Approach for Accurate and Efficient Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

Ghost‐Mirror Approach for Accurate and Efficient Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation of Seeded Emulsion Polymerization