Seed Kernel Oil Research Articles

A Study on the Production Process Control ofZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim Seed Kernel Oil withoutTrans-Fatty Acids

The process control of the production ofZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim seed kernel oil (ZSKO) with notrans-fatty acids (TFAs) was investigated. Results revealed that drying temperature and time had a small effect on TFA formation in ZSKO. And high concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution had some effect on TFA formation in ZKSO, but there were no TFAs when the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution was lower than 20% and even at boiling temperature for one hour. The roasting temperature and duration forZanthoxylum bungeanumMaxim seed (ZS) should be properly controlled at 100°C for six hours or 150°C for two hours. ZS, which has a moisture content of 18%, was pressed four times (two hours) at less than 60°C, and ZSKO was obtained by collection through centrifuge separation. This contained 90.84% unsaturated fatty acids, which mainly include 32.49% α-linolenic acid, 29.88% linoleic acid, and 27.52% oleic acids; and there was no TFA. Its acidic value and peroxide value conformed to China standards for edible oil. Therefore, ZKSO could be used as a healthy food for further development.

Study on preparation method of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds kernel oil with zero trans-fatty acids

The seed of Zanthoxylum bungeanum (Z. bungeanum) is a by-product of pepper production and rich in unsaturated fatty acid, cellulose, and protein. The seed oil obtained from traditional producing process by squeezing or extracting would be bad quality and could not be used as edible oil. In this paper, a new preparation method of Z. bungeanum seed kernel oil (ZSKO) was developed by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of alkali saponification-cold squeezing, alkali saponification-solvent extraction, and alkali saponification-supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2). The results showed that the alkali saponification-cold squeezing could be the optimal preparation method of ZSKO, which contained the following steps: Z. bungeanum seed was pretreated by alkali saponification under the conditions of adding 10%NaOH (w/w), solution temperature was 80°C, and saponification reaction time was 45min, and pretreated seed was separated by filtering, water washing, and overnight drying at 50°C, then repeated squeezing was taken until no oil generated at 60°C with 15% moisture content, and ZSKO was attained finally using centrifuge. The produced ZSKO contained more than 90% unsaturated fatty acids and no trans-fatty acids and be testified as a good edible oil with low-value level of acid and peroxide. It was demonstrated that the alkali saponification-cold squeezing process could be scaled up and applied to industrialized production of ZSKO.

Genetic variability of biodiesel properties in some Prunus L. (Rosaceae) species collected from Inner Mongolia, China

The aim of this study was to compare the oil content, fatty acid composition, and biodiesel properties of eight Prunus L. species in Inner Mongolia, to provide a basis for selecting appropriate species to produce biodiesel. In the eight species, oil content ranged from 38.92% to 58.82%. In Prunus pedunculata Pall., Prunus sibirica L., Prunus mongolica Maxim., Prunus humilis Bunge, Prunus ansu Kom., and Prunus triloba Lindl., oil contents were higher than 45%. Percentages of fatty acids varied greatly among different species, but all species contained a large percentage of critical oleic acid (35.03–77.02%). The biodiesel properties of seed kernel oil methyl ester of the eight species were determined and compared with the relevant specifications of ASTM D6751, EN 14214, and GB/T 20828. P. triloba Lindl., P. ansu Kom., P. pedunculata Pall., and P. sibirica L. were the most efficient feedstock for biodiesel production and suitable for further use and development.

Camphor Tree Seed Kernel Oil Reduces Body Fat Deposition and Improves Blood Lipids in Rats.

The total and positional fatty acid composition in camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) seed kernel oil (CKO) were analyzed, and for the first time, the effect of CKO on body fat deposition and blood lipids in rats was studied. The major fatty acids in CKO were determined to be decanoic acid (C10:0, 51.49%) and dodecanoic acid (C12:0, 40.08%), and uniformly distributed at Sn-1, 3, and Sn-2 positions in triglyceride (TG). Rats were randomly divided into control, CKO, lard, and soybean oil groups. At the end of the experiment, levels of blood lipids and the fats of abdomen in the rats were measured. The main organ were weighted and used for the histological examination. The results showed that body weight and fat deposition in CKO group were significantly lower than the lard and soybean groups. Moderate consumption of CKO was found to improve the levels of blood TG and low density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Biodiesel production from baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed kernel oil and its fuel properties

This paper reports on the production of biodiesel from baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed kernel oil, its fuel properties are evaluated which its finding are limited. The transesterification of baobab oil was carried out using sodium methoxide as a homogeneous catalyst. One factor at a time experimental design was used to study the effect of temperature (30–70°C), time (0.5–2.5h), catalyst to oil ratio (0.7–3.5wt.%) and methanol to oil ratio (10–50wt.%) on the transesterification of baobab oil. Optimum biodiesel production conditions were as follows: reaction temperature (60°C), reaction time (1h), catalyst to oil ratio (1.4wt.%) and methanol to oil ratio (30wt.%). An optimum biodiesel yield of 96wt.% was obtained. Important fuel properties such kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, pour point, cloud point, oxidation stability and cetane number were measured and compared to the biodiesel properties in the European and American biodiesel standards (EN and ASTM standard). Results show that important fuel properties of biodiesel from baobab oil met both EN and ASTM standard.

Fuel properties and rheological behavior of biodiesel from egusi (Colocynthis citrullus L.) seed kernel oil

In this study, egusi (Colocynthis citrullus L.) seed kernel oil has been evaluated as a feedstock for biodiesel production. The transesterification of the crude egusi seed kernel oil (CESKO) via methanol in the presence of sodium methoxide was performed and the resulting egusi oil methyl ester (EOME) was tested for its fatty ester composition, fuel properties and rheological behavior (at 25°C, 40°C and 55°C). The fuel properties of EOME measured met both the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards, with the exception of lower oxidative stability. The fatty ester composition and fuel properties of EOME were found comparable to those of conventional biodiesels from soybean, sunflower and safflower oils. The viscosity behavior of EOME and its blends with diesel fuel (at 25°C, 40°C and 55°C) was found to be pseudoplastic and Newtonian in nature and this agrees with those of other biodiesels reported in literature. From this study, the kinematic viscosity of EOME (3.91mm2/s) was found to be slightly lower than that of most biodiesels (≥4.0mm2/s) reported in literature.

Fumigant Potential of seed kernel oil of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall against storage pests of seeds of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb

Seed samples were collected from 25 places of north eastern U.P from luxuriantly growing and healthy D.sissoo Roxb plants and stored at room temperature for 6 months.Mycofloral analysis through blotter method revealed the presence of 15 fungal species and agar plate method using czapeks dox agar medium showed the presence of 12 fungal species.During observation one insect-Bruchus pisorum was found to be present in all collected samples.The pathogenicity test put A.niger and Fusarium solani and insect-Bruchus pisorum highly potent and caused high degree of inhibition in germination and also caused high degree of mortality.Volatile constituents extracted in the form of essential oils from 32 plant species were evaluated against the dominant fungi Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani as well as against insect-Bruchus bisporum.The seed kernel oil of Putranjiva exhibited the greatest toxicity.The oil was found to be fungicidal and thermostable at its minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)400ppm.The oil was characterized by the determination of its various physicochemical properties. The oil protected the sissoo seeds completely for 6 months at 0.25ml (1000ppm)and 0.38 ml(1500ppm) in container of 250ml capacity holding 200g seeds.It did not exhibit any adverse effect on seed germination,seedling growth and general health and morphology of plants.Thus the seed kernel oil of Putranjiva showed potential as a preservative for sissoo seeds against spoilage by fungi and insects during storage.

Natural antioxidants of the Jaffna variety of <i>Moringa Oleifera</i> seed oil of Indian origin as compared to other vegetable oils

The Moringa oleifera crop is grown all over India for its nutritious pods, leaves and seeds. M. oleifera seeds are endowed with a high oil content (~39%) which resembles olive oil because of its high oleic acid content (~65-75%). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the natural antioxidants of crude seed kernel oil from the Jaffna variety of M. oleifera (MSO). Natural antioxidants like tocopherols and phenolics as well as minor compounds such as sterols and carotenoids present in MSO and its radical scavenging activity were measured in comparison to dried coconut kernel (copra) crude oil (CNO), crude sesame oil (SESO), crude niger seed oil (NSO), crude palm oil (CPO), crude rice bran oil (RBO) and commercially refined groundnut oil (GNO). MSO contained 88 ppm of total tocopherols with α- tocopherol (56.2 ppm) being the major tocopherol. MSO also contained 117.9 ppm of total phenolics with gallic acid (48.5 ppm) being the major phenolic. MSO contained fair amounts of sterols (1700.8 ppm) and carotenoids (17.9 ppm). MSO showed an IC 50 value of 35.5 mg mL –1 . This study indicates that MSO has antioxidant characteristics which are better than CNO and comparable to those of GNO.

Properties of Manchurian apricot (Prunus mandshurica Skv.) and Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seed kernel oils and evaluation as biodiesel feedstocks

This study presents the first reported evaluation of Manchurian apricot (Prunus mandshurica Skv.) seed kernel oil as a promising feedstock for biodiesel preparation, including a comparison with Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) oil. The oil content of the Manchurian apricot kernels (55.17±5.52%) was somewhat higher than that of the Siberian apricot kernels. Similar to Siberian apricot, Manchurian apricot oil has low acid value, indicating that the two oils enabled direct base-catalyzed transesterified for biodiesel production without acid pretreatment. The fatty acid compositions of Manchurian apricot and Siberian apricot oils determined results showed a high percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (69.15% and 67.78%, respectively). Other than cetane number and oxidation stability, the properties of biodiesel made from the two oils conformed to EN 14214-08, ASTM D6751-10 and GB/T 20828-07 standards. In general, Manchurian apricot represents a potentially useful biodiesel feedstock.

Extraction and Chemical Composition of Seed Kernel Oil from <em>Irvingia smithii</em> of Congo Basin

This study is part of a wider program on the development of oilseeds in the Congo Basin and its aim was to contribute to the knowledge of <em>Irvingia smithii</em> kernel by studying his chemical composition following the example of those of <em>Irvingia gabonensis</em> and <em>Irvingia wombulu</em>. <em>Irvingia smithii</em> kernel, like those of <em>Irvingia gabonensis</em> and <em>Irvingia wombulu</em> is multipurpose, however, less known than the latter. The assessment of oilseeds of the kernel of <em>Irvingia smithii</em> showed that it is oleaginous with fat contents of about 55%. The fatty acid profile established by gas chromatography showed that the lauric acid content is higher than that of myristic acid (% C12: 0>% C14: 0) and both have a percentage of the total fatty acid content of nearly 90%. Palmitic acid (C16: 0), the third major constituent has nearly 5%. Oleic (C18: 1) and capric (C10: 0) acids have significant levels and palmitoleic (C16: 1) and stearic (C18: 0) acids are to trace. Triacylglycerol profile established by liquid chromatography coupled to the Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD) has three major TAG (% LaLaM >% LAMM >% LaLaLa), one minor TAG (MMM) and two TAG to trace (CLaLa and MMP). Fats of <em>Irvingia smithii</em> studied have levels of unsaponifiables ranging from 1.25 to 2.97% with the major components such as beta-sitosterol (36%) and stigmasterol (18%). For macronutrients, the most abundant element is Magnesium While the Iron is the least abundant with the following decreasing profile: Mg>P>Ca>Fe. Spectrometric assessment of color led to the remarkable presence of the peaks relating to the absorption of carotenoids and chlorophyll pigments located between 630 and 670 nm.

Optimization of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction parameters of cocoa butter analogy fat from mango seed kernel oil using response surface methodology

Mango seed kernels (MSK) are discarded as agricultural wastes of industrial processing’s by-product as well as direct consumption of the mango fruits. The extraction parameters of SC-CO2 were optimized using central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM) yielding cocoa butter analogy fats from MSK. The pressure, temperature, and CO2 flow rate were considered as variables, where the linear and quadratic effect of the flow rate of CO2, quadratic effect of pressure, and interaction between pressure and temperature was positive and most significant on the MSK oil yield. On the other hand, linear effect of pressure and temperature, quadratic effect of temperature, and interaction between temperature and CO2 flow rate had a less impact. The optimized oil yield was predicted to be 11.29 % at 44.2 MPa, 72.2 °C and CO2 flow rate of 3.4 ml/min which was close to the oil yield (11.7 %) of Soxhlet extraction method. However, the stearic (41.99 to 42.21 %) and oleic (43.78 to 43.89 %) the predominant fatty acids in terms of triglycerides constituents were found in MSK oils extracted by SC-CO2 and Soxhlet methods. The MSK oil extracted using SC-CO2 method could be regarded as premium quality cocoa butter analogy fats in this study.

Characterisation of a highly saturated Irvingia gabonensis seed kernel oil with unusual linolenic acid content

The search for new sources of oil with improved characteristics has focused our attention on the characterisation of Irvingia gabonensis seed kernel oil. Physicochemical analysis have revealed the following assets: refractive index (1.42 ± 0.00), free fatty acids (2.3 ± 0.8%), peroxide value (3.33 ± 0.57 meq O(2)/kg), iodine value (32.43 ± 1.22 g I(2)/100 g), saponification value (233.75 ± 2.60 mg KOH/g), unsaponifiable matter (1.5 ± 0.02%), carotenoids (63 ± 0.01 mg β-carotene/100 g) and phospholipids (2.1 ± 0.01%). Absorbance of this oil decreased abruptly in the range of UV-B and UV-A wavelengths. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the major fatty acids were saturated, being mainly composed of lauric (C12:0, 39.35 ± 0.01%) and myristic acids (C14:0, 20.54 ± 0.01%). Nevertheless, an unusually high amount (6.44 ± 0.02%) of linolenic acid was also noted. Mass spectrometer analysis of volatile compounds highlighted the presence of various aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds. I. gabonensis seed kernel oil also showed oxidative stability at 60 °C after 12 days of storage with maximum peroxide value of 34.66 meq O(2)/kg. In view of these interesting characteristics, I. gabonensis seed kernel could be used as an alternative source of oil for lipid industries.

Evaluation of Siberian Apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) Germplasm Variability for Biodiesel Properties

AbstractThe potential for using Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seed kernel oil as a source of biodiesel raw material is often overlooked when considering Siberian apricots as a greening tree in China. The aim of this research was to study and compare the oil content and fatty acid composition of 17 germplasm accessions in northern regions of China. Oil content ranged from 44.73 to 57.83 % with a mean of 50.18 % for the 17 accessions. In AS‐080, AS‐013, AS‐017 and AS‐027, oil contents were higher than 55 %. Percentages of fatty acids varied greatly among different accessions, but all the accessions contained high amounts of important oleic acid. The biodiesel properties of the Siberian apricot seed kernels oil methyl ester were determined and compared to the relevant specifications from the ASTM D6751‐2003, EN 14214‐2005 and GB/T 20828‐2007. In general, germplasm accession PS‐80 has been identified as the ideal feedstock for biodiesel production while germplasm accessions PS‐17 and PS‐27 were found to be the promising feedstock for biodiesel production.

Biodiesel from Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seed kernel oil

In this paper, Siberian apricot (Prunus sibirica L.) seed kernel oil was investigated for the first time as a promising non-conventional feedstock for preparation of biodiesel. Siberian apricot seed kernel has high oil content (50.18±3.92%), and the oil has low acid value (0.46mgg−1) and low water content (0.17%). The fatty acid composition of the Siberian apricot seed kernel oil includes a high percentage of oleic acid (65.23±4.97%) and linoleic acid (28.92±4.62%). The measured fuel properties of the Siberian apricot biodiesel, except cetane number and oxidative stability, were conformed to EN 14214-08, ASTM D6751-10 and GB/T 20828-07 standards, especially the cold flow properties were excellent (Cold filter plugging point −14°C). The addition of 500ppm tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) resulted in a higher induction period (7.7h) compliant with all the three biodiesel standards.

Disinfection studies of Nahar (Mesua ferrea) seed kernel oil using pour plate method

As a result of disinfection byproducts (DBP) concerns from chlorine, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as the water treatment industry, place more emphasis on the use of disinfectants other than chlorine. Disinfection also plays a key role in the reclamation and reuse of wastewater for eliminating infectious diseases, and to augment domestic water supply and decrease the impact of human activities on the environment. The aims of this study were thus: to investigate the potential of the Nahar seed kernel oil (NSKO) as an alternative natural disinfectant, and to study its disinfection kinetics. Heterotrophic plate count, using CFU/ml, pour plate method, 35°C / 48 h, plate count agar were employed to evaluate the disinfection and its kinetics. The result obtained showed that NSKO has a remarkable disinfection potential and the kinetics studies suggested that NSKO fitted first-order model with a k value of -0.040. Key words : Nahar (Mesua ferrea) seed kernel oil, extraction, gum Arabic, disinfection, kinetics.

Efficacy of crude neem seed kernel oil (NSKO) in controlling the tree locust (Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon Walker), a serious pest of the gum arabic producing tree (Acacia senegal L. Willd.) in the Sudan

The present study was carried out at Al Semih (western Sudan) (13° 14′ N: 30° 27′ E: Alt. 550 m). The area is part of the gum arabic belt which is heavily populated with farmers who practice shifting cultivation and/or agroforestry where Acacia senegal L. Willd (the main gum arabic producing tree) is dominant. The tree locust (Anacridium melanorhodon melanorhodon Walker (Orthoptera, Acrididae) is a serious pest of A. senegal. Farmers practice agroforestry within the gum belt where they cultivate their crops e.g. millet, groundnut, sesame and sorghum between A. senegal trees. Gum Arabic is an important source of revenue for farmers. Chemical pesticides have been used to control the tree locust. Although the gum belt (where A. senegal grows) is heavily populated, pesticides are used to control the tree locust in the area. The present study was undertaken with the objective of using alternative environmentally safe pesticides. Several doses of neem seed kernel crude oil (NSKO) were tested against the 4th, 5th, 6th instars and the mature tree locust (A. melanorhodon melanorhodon) in a completely randomized block design. Experiments were carried out in cages placed on part of the gum arabic belt. NSKO at high doses (5 and 10% v/v) significantly reduced feeding, moulting and ovipositing of the tree locust and significantly increased the mortality of all developmental stages tested. However, low doses of NSKO had no significant effect on the tree locust.

Isolation and Analysis of Bioactive Constituents of Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Seed Kernel: An Emerging Functional Food

A plant-based diet reduces the risk for the development of several chronic diseases, such as ischemic heart disease or cancer due to natural compounds found in plants. Numerous cereals, berries, fruits, and vegetables, including sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), which is a favored fruit worldwide, contain biological active components. The antioxidant components of the sour cherry seed kernel have not been investigated until now. The aim of our study was to isolate and analyze the bioactive constituents of sour cherry seed kernel. We separated the oil fraction of the kernel; then the remaining solid fraction was dried, and the oil-free kernel extract was further analyzed. Our results show that sour cherry seed kernel oil contains vegetable oils including unsaturated fatty acids, oleic acids, alpha-tocopherol, tocotrienols, and tocopherol-like components. The components of the solid fraction include various bioactive structures such as polyphenols, flavonoids, vegetable acids, and pro- and anthocyanidins, which could have useful therapeutic effects in the prevention of various vascular diseases.

Performance and emission evaluation of a compression ignition engine using a biodiesel (apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester) and its blends with diesel fuel

Abstracts In this study, apricot ( Prunus armeniaca ) seed kernel oil was transesterified with methanol using potassium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester. Neat apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel fuel were tested in a compression ignition diesel engine to evaluate performance and emissions. Apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester and its blends can be successfully used in diesel engines without any modification. Lower concentration of apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester in blends gives a better improvement in the engine performance and exhaust emissions. Therefore lower percent of apricot seed kernel oil methyl ester can be used as additive.

Extraction and characteristics of seed kernel oil from white pitaya

Valuable oil in the seeds of white pitaya can be extracted by different methods. Traditional Soxhlet extraction was compared with microwave-assistant extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) and a combination of microwave and AEE (MAEE) for the yield and characteristics of the oil obtained. MAEE was proven to be the best method with the highest oil yield (7.78 wt/wt%) and MAE was found to be the fastest of the above five methods. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the seed kernels enhanced the oil extraction. Acid value and saponification value of the oil yielded by five methods were significantly different. The fatty acid (FA) compositions of the oil obtained by the aforementioned methods were different and depended on the extraction conditions. The most abundant unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) and poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the oils were oleic acid (11.80–23.40%) and linoleic acid (25.22–54.43%). The highest content of linoleic acid was obtained by SFE (54.43%).

&lt;i&gt;Sterculia striata&lt;/i&gt; seed kernel oil: Characterization and thermal stability

The objective of the present work was to characterize sterculia seed kernel oil. The chemical composition of the seeds, physicochemical properties as well as the fatty acid composition of the kernel oil was determined. The chemical composition of kernel flour presented about 25.8% lipid content. The physicochemical parameters such as acid, iodine, peroxide and saponification values were 0.82 (% as oleic acid), 69.2 (g iodine/100 g oil), 4.20 (m eq./kg) and 136.1 (mg. KOH/g oil), respectively. With respect to fatty acid composition, the oil contained 36.2, 43.7 and 10.9% saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Palmitic acid (31.9%), oleic acid (41.7%) and linoleic acid (10.73%) were the principal saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Two cyclopropanoid fatty acids i.e. sterculic and malvalic acid were identified at a concentration of 5.3 and 2.3%, respectively. With regards to the thermal stability of the oil, a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) has shown that the oil was stable until about 284 °C, above that the oil started loosing mass, while a differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTGA) revealed three stages of degradation with an increase in temperature. These stages corresponded to the degradation of polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty aids. The Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) analysis showed the existence of two exothermic events of energy transition, one of which is related to the oxidation reactions and another to the decomposition of the oil. Exothermic transitions in the oil were initiated at a temperature (Ti) of 287.79 °C, and terminated at 347.81 °C, with an enthalpy variation of 11.69 joules.g –1 and at initial temperature (Ti) of 384.87 °C, peak temperature (Tp) 415.71 °C, final temperature (Tf) 448.9 °C and an enthalpy of 200.83 Joules. G –1