Intense Sediment Transport Research Articles

Numerical modelling of the Gold Coast Seaway area hydrodynamics and littoral drift

A numerical experiment was carried out to simulate the flow, wave and sediment transport in the Gold Coast Seaway area, Gold Coast, Australia. The coupled flow, wave and sediment transport model was forced by tides, waves and wind in order to test its ability to reproduce wave and tide induced currents and the longshore sediment transport. The hydrodynamics of the model were calibrated and verified against current measurements. Calibration of current velocity in the inlet was shown to be primarily dependent on adjustments of the bed resistance coefficient. To obtain the best results for the wave modelling, different boundary conditions such as WWIII, ECMWF and Brisbane Buoy were tested. Sensitivity analysis of the sediment transport model indicated that the volume of sediment transport is sensitive to wave breaking coefficient, sediment grain size, spectral wave formulation applied, the wave theory used to describe the near bed velocity, and the applied wave directional standard deviation. The aim of this study was to develop a validated hydrodynamic model that can be used to simulate the sediment transport. This model is part of a broader study on the morphological evolution of the Gold Coast Seaway area and the continuous growth of the ebb delta.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Bottom Rack Occlusion by Flow with Gravel-Sized Sediment. Application to Ephemeral Streams in Semi-Arid Regions

Rainfall runoff collection in ephemeral streams is an objective in semi-arid zones. Rack intake systems are proposed to collect these flash floods with intensive sediment transport. The design parameters address the problem of clogging the spacing between bars. Experiments for two different void ratio racks are shown. Flows, longitudinal slopes in the rack, and water with three gravel-sized sediments were tested. Results such as effective void ratio due to the gravel deposition over the rack, the evolution of the flow rejected during each test, and the quantification of materials collected and deposited, are presented. The optimal longitudinal rack slope seems to be close to 30%. The effective void ratio is related to several hydraulic parameters calculated at the beginning of the rack. Some adjustments were proposed to predict the effective void ratio.

Wind wave direction impact on the long-shore sediment transport rate, South East Baltic sea coast

The Lithuanian coast of the south eastern part of the Baltic Sea represents a generic type of more or less straight, high-energy (in the Baltic Sea conditions), actively developing coasts that contain a relatively large amount of finer, mobile sediments, are open to predominating wind directions and are exposed to wave activity for a wide range of wave approach directions. The combination of the angular distribution of winds and the geometry of the coast are such that the wave-induced long-shore sediment transport is, in average, to the north over the entire Curonian spit and the mainland coast of Lithuania. Analysis of the field data performed by the G. Žilinskas (2008) from 1976-2007 revealed that the length of accumulative sections has been considerably reduced. Accordingly, the length of the gradually eroding sectors has increased in the end of the 20th century. In this study were analised potential variations in the long-shore sediment transport rate due changes of the wind wave directions. Sediment transport rate is estimated by the energy flux model, also known as the Coastal Engineering Research Centre (CERC) model. The study area covers the entire coast of Lithuania. Entire coast was divided into 90 grids, about 1 km long beach sectors, at the 3 m depth isobaths. Wave directions calculated every 10 degrees. Most intensive long-shore sediment transport from south to the north was induced by waves from South. Changing wave approaching direction to the SW, long-shore sediment transport rate become smaller. Waves from WSW induce long shore sediment transport from opposite direction, from north to south. Westerly waves already induce maximum sediment transport to the south. It should be noticed that wave direction further shifting to the North induces sediment transport to the north again. DOI: 10.15181/csat.v3i1.225

Stage–Discharge Relationship for an Upstream Inclined Grid with Transversal Bars

AbstractCheck dams with grids upgrading upstream are often used in mountain rivers, where intense sediment transport and steep slopes occur. In some cases, sloping grids are used in the construction of debris flow breakers. In this paper, the outflow process of an upstream-inclined grid with transversal bars is studied by using the dimensional analysis and the incomplete self-similarity theory. Next, the theoretical analysis shows that a power equation can be used for establishing the stage-discharge equation. The coefficient of the power equation depends on both the slope angle and the void ratio, whereas the exponent depends only on the slope angle. Finally, this deduced stage–discharge relationship is tested by laboratory measurements obtained using a sloping grid with transversal bars having different values of the slope angle and the void ratio.

Well-balanced central-upwind scheme for a fully coupled shallow water system modeling flows over erodible bed

Intense sediment transport and rapid bed evolution are frequently observed under highly-energetic flows, and bed erosion sometimes is of the same magnitude as the flow itself. Simultaneous simulation of multiple physical processes requires a fully coupled system to achieve an accurate hydraulic and morphodynamical prediction. In this paper, we develop a high-order well-balanced finite-volume method for a new fully coupled two-dimensional hyperbolic system consisting of the shallow water equations with friction terms coupled with the equations modeling the sediment transport and bed evolution.The nonequilibrium sediment transport equation is used to predict the sediment concentration variation. Since bed-load, sediment entrainment and deposition have significant effects on the bed evolution, an Exner-based equation is adopted together with the Grass bed-load formula and sediment entrainment and deposition models to calculate the morphological process. The resulting 5×5 hyperbolic system of balance laws is numerically solved using a Godunov-type central-upwind scheme on a triangular grid. A computationally expensive process of finding all of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrices is avoided: The upper/lower bounds on the largest/smallest local speeds of propagation are estimated using the Lagrange theorem. A special discretization of the bed-slope term is proposed to guarantee the well-balanced property of the designed scheme. The proposed fully coupled model is verified on a number of numerical experiments.

Particulate flow at the mouth of the Soummam watershed (Algeria)

In Algeria, the particulate flow in rivers is poorly quantified in the wadi due to the absence and the non‐standardization of the acquisition of measurement data. Most studies on particulate flows are quantified from time series of hydrometric stations. The present study is based on weekly sampling of water at the mouth of the Soummam watershed for the hydrological year 2011/2012. The sediment flux is analyzed from measurements of suspended solids (SS). The determination coefficients between the annual and seasonal “ liquid flow–solid flow‐” relationships vary from 75% to 82%, respectively. During this period, the watershed of 9125 km2 has provided a solid input estimated to 4.9 × 106 t yr−1, hence a specific flow of 538 t km−2 yr−1. In general, autumn floods were characterized by high concentrations of SS, which varies from 820 to 1275 mg L−1. The most important sediment transport volumes were observed during the period of December to February, this period is characterized by strong turbulence, due to extreme flows, favoring the largest volumes of solid transport. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 204–211, 2016

Exhumation by debris flows in the 2013 Colorado Front Range storm

Research Article| May 01, 2015 Exhumation by debris flows in the 2013 Colorado Front Range storm Scott W. Anderson; Scott W. Anderson 1Department of Geography, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA *Current address: U.S. Geological Survey, Tacoma, Washington 98402, USA. Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Suzanne P. Anderson; Suzanne P. Anderson † 1Department of Geography, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA †E-mail: Suzanne.Anderson@colorado.edu Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Robert S. Anderson Robert S. Anderson 2Department of Geological Sciences, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR), University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Geology (2015) 43 (5): 391–394. https://doi.org/10.1130/G36507.1 Article history received: 05 Dec 2014 rev-recd: 03 Feb 2015 accepted: 08 Feb 2015 first online: 09 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Scott W. Anderson, Suzanne P. Anderson, Robert S. Anderson; Exhumation by debris flows in the 2013 Colorado Front Range storm. Geology 2015;; 43 (5): 391–394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/G36507.1 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract The relative importance of extreme events in the long-term exhumation of landscapes is difficult to determine; the degree to which modern records capture long-term mean process rates is therefore commonly unknown. In September 2013, a massive precipitation event in the Front Range of Colorado (USA) triggered over 1100 landslides and debris flows in a historically sedate landscape. Here we employ topographic differencing, utilizing repeat aerial lidar, to quantify net sediment transport volumes in 120 of these mass movements within an area of 102 km2 west of Boulder, Colorado. Comparing our results against published long-term erosion rates, we find that these mass movements evacuated the equivalent of hundreds to thousands of years of hillslope weathering products. We conclude that (1) rare debris flows perform the majority of sediment transport and channel erosion within steep channels along the eastern edge of the Front Range, potentially explaining discrepancies between modern sediment yields and long-term erosion rates in such settings, and (2) the high spatial density of debris flows along the corridors bounding steep canyons suggests that the landscape switches to debris-flow dominance as knickpoints pass headward along the canyons. You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

MODELLING THE MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF AN EBB TIDAL DELTA TO STORM WAVE FORCING

The Nerang river outlet - located on the Australian east coast - was stabilised with two entrance jetties in 1986. The entrance, now known as the Gold Coast Seaway, has been the subject of growing concern about the ongoing growth of the ebb tidal delta. Historical analysis of surveying data confirmed the gradual growth of ebb tidal delta, although a sand bypassing system was implemented upstream when the entrance was stabilised. The dredging of the Seaway ebb delta is inevitable to keep the navigation channel open and safe. However, the dredging operation is both time and budget consuming and therefore having a more accurate model which can predict the pattern of morphological changes precisely seems essential. A coupled wave, flow and sediment transport model was developed using MIKE 21 Coupled Model to investigate the sediment transport pattern mainly in the area of the ebb-tidal delta and its linkage with littoral drift in the adjacent open coast. The hydrodynamics of the model were calibrated and verified against current measurements inside the Seaway and offshore wave data obtained from the Gold Coast Wave Rider Buoy. The pattern of the simulated morphological changes was qualitatively similar to that of the observations, and the model’s results show that the storm waves forcing govern the growth of the ebb-tidal delta, and also leads to severe bathymetry changes along the adjacent ocean beaches. The model was found to underestimated the volume of sediment transport in the domain and so further model sensitivity analysis is ongoing in an effort to reach to a quantitatively calibrated morphological model.

Measurement uncertainties in quantifying aeolian mass flux: evidence from wind tunnel and field site data.

Aeolian sediment traps are widely used to estimate the total volume of wind-driven sediment transport, but also to study the vertical mass distribution of a saltating sand cloud. The reliability of sediment flux estimations from such measurements are dependent upon the specific configuration of the measurement compartments and the analysis approach used. In this study, we analyse the uncertainty of these measurements by investigating the vertical cumulative distribution and relative sediment flux derived from both wind tunnel and field studies. Vertical flux data was examined using existing data in combination with a newly acquired dataset; comprising meteorological data and sediment fluxes from six different events, using three customized catchers at Ameland beaches in northern Netherlands. Fast-temporal data collected in a wind tunnel shows that the median transport height has a scattered pattern between impact and fluid threshold, that increases linearly with shear velocities above the fluid threshold. For finer sediment, a larger proportion was transported closer to the surface compared to coarser sediment fractions. It was also shown that errors originating from the distribution of sampling compartments, specifically the location of the lowest sediment trap relative to the surface, can be identified using the relative sediment flux. In the field, surface conditions such as surface moisture, surface crusts or frozen surfaces have a more pronounced but localized effect than shear velocity. Uncertainty in aeolian mass flux estimates can be reduced by placing multiple compartments in closer proximity to the surface.

Sediment dynamics in shallow tidal basins: In situ observations, satellite retrievals, and numerical modeling in the Venice Lagoon

AbstractThe morphological evolution of shallow tidal systems strongly depends on gradients in transport that control sediment erosion and deposition. A spatially refined quantitative description of suspended sediment patterns and dynamics is therefore a key requirement to address issues connected with dynamical trends, responses, and conservation of these systems. Here we use a combination of numerical models of sediment transport dynamics, high temporal resolution point observations, and high spatial resolution remote sensing data to overcome the intrinsic limitations of traditional monitoring approaches and to establish the robustness of numerical models in reproducing space‐time suspended sediment concentration (SSC) patterns. The comparison of SSC distributions in the Venice Lagoon (Italy) computed with a numerical model with SSC retrievals from remote sensing data allows us to define the ability of the model to properly describe spatial patterns and gradients in the SSC fields. The use of point observations similarly allows us to constrain the model temporally, thus leading to a complete space‐time evaluation of model abilities. Our results highlight the fundamental control exerted on sediment transport intensity and patterns by the sheltering effect associated with artificial and natural intertidal landforms. Furthermore, we show how the stabilizing effect of benthic vegetation is a main control of sediment dynamics at the system scale, confirming a notion previously established in the laboratory or at small field scales.

Channel-reach morphology controls of headwater streams based in flysch geologic structures: An example from the Outer Western Carpathians, Czech Republic

A detailed measurement of 93 channel reaches that were classified with an adjusted Montgomery–Buffington (1997) reach-scale system provided comprehensive information of approximately 9 at-a-reach parameters: the channel gradient, the bankfull width, the bankfull depth, d90, the percentage of resistant rocks in the bed sediment, the number of pieces of large woody debris, valley confinement, direct sediment inputs and the presence of fluvial accumulations in the stream channel. In addition, the quantified intensity of sediment transport (i.e. ratio between sediment supply and transport capacity in longitudinal stream profiles) during flood events has been estimated by the one-dimensional bedload transport model (TOMSED), which was validated in two local streams. The principal component analysis of the at-a-reach parameters did not reveal significant groups of channel-reach morphologies; thus, the selected parameters that exclude sediment transport dynamics within stream longitudinal profile cannot reliably distinguish or predict individual channel reach morphologies. Nevertheless, the channel gradient represented the most significant single explanatory variable for stepped-bed morphologies. The addition of bedload transport parameters demonstrated that limited sediment supply streams and streams with limited transport capacities featured different successions of the channel reach morphologies in terms of the channel gradient and, subsequently, the fluvial continuity. The bedrock-cascades and step-pools were significant for the first case, whereas cascade and step-rapid morphology often occurred in higher sediment supply conditions.

Bulk velocity measurements by video analysis of dye tracer in a macro-rough channel

Steep mountain rivers have hydraulic and morphodynamic characteristics that hinder velocity measurements. The high spatial variability of hydraulic parameters, such as water depth (WD), river width and flow velocity, makes the choice of a representative cross-section to measure the velocity in detail challenging. Additionally, sediment transport and rapidly changing bed morphology exclude the utilization of standard and often intrusive velocity measurement techniques. The limited technical choices are further reduced in the presence of macro-roughness elements, such as large, relatively immobile boulders. Tracer tracking techniques are among the few reliable methods that can be used under these conditions to evaluate the mean flow velocity. However, most tracer tracking techniques calculate bulk flow velocities between two or more fixed cross-sections. In the presence of intense sediment transport resulting in an important temporal variability of the bed morphology, dead water zones may appear in the few selected measurement sections. Thus a technique based on the analysis of an entire channel reach is needed in this study. A dye tracer measurement technique in which a single camcorder visualizes a long flume reach is described and developed. This allows us to overcome the problem of the presence of dead water zones. To validate this video analysis technique, velocity measurements were carried out on a laboratory flume simulating a torrent, with a relatively gentle slope of 1.97% and without sediment transport, using several commonly used velocity measurement instruments. In the absence of boulders, salt injections, WD and ultrasonic velocity profiler measurements were carried out, along with dye injection technique. When boulders were present, dye tracer technique was validated only by comparison with salt tracer. Several video analysis techniques used to infer velocities were developed and compared, showing that dye tracking is a valid technique for bulk velocity measurements. RGB Euclidean distance was identified as being the best measure of the average flow velocity.

Gully Morphology and Gully Erosion Control in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria

Gully erosion is a highly visible form of soil erosion that results in large volume of soil and sediment transport. Gully processes have a three dimensional nature that are affected by a wide array of factors and processes which include topography, soils, land use and climatic events. In this study the four major Gully erosion sites in Calabar including Ikot Efangha Mkpa, Bebobsco, Inyang Ansa (Atimbo) and Winners, present case studies scenarios. Morphological parameters of the gullies including length, width, depth, slope, area e.t.c were determined from GPS and Total Station Surveys. Meteorological data were obtained from meteorological station in Calabar while soil characteristics for the study areas were obtained from soil samples collected from the site and analysed in the laboratory. The effects of these on the rate of soil loss and gullying were determined.Using hydrological, hydraulics and structural analysis along with the acquired data, control measures were proposed for the gully sites. These included the design of drop structures to control the runoff from the gully heads and prevent further under cutting of the heads. The use of Vertiver grass for bank stabilization and catchment areas protection was proposed. The results of the studies and control measures proposed can be adopted for planning for gully remediation and control in other similar situations.

Eco-hydraulics and eco-sedimentation studies in China

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art eco-hydraulic and eco-sedimentation studies in China, particularly focusing on the impact of hydropeaking, habitat suitability modelling, bio-invasion control strategies, sediment transport effects on river ecology, and ecological restoration. Field investigations found that macro-invertebrate species number reduced nearly to zero in a short reach downstream of a dam due to hydropeaking, resulting from a hydropower station. Habitat suitability modelling for the Chinese sturgeon indicated that the habitat suitability was reduced after the Three Gorges Dam began filling. Macro-invertebrate species number and fishery harvest reduced sharply after riparian lakes were cut-off from the Yangtze River. Invasion and dense attachment of mussels on water transfer tunnel walls have caused biofouling in many countries. An effective control strategy, using hydraulic control methods for the golden mussel invasion is proposed. Erosion, sediment transportation, and deposition create and change habitats for many macro-invertebrate species. The biodiversity and number density of individual invertebrates are high in stable streams, lower in incised streams and streams experiencing sedimentation, and lowest in streams with intensive sediment transport. In stable streams, macro-invertebrates colonized a layer of bed sediment up to 60 cm, in which different species preferred different depths. For incised streams, the ecosystem was restored with artificial step-pools, which stabilized the channel bed and created high-habitat diversity. The problems and studies presented in this paper indicate the growth points of the discipline of eco-hydraulics and eco-sedimentation.

Transport Formula for Collisional Sheet Flows with Turbulent Suspension

The prediction of the transport of sediments in streams is of crucial importance for many geophysical and industrial applications. Most of the available formulas for sediment transport are empirical and apply to situations near initiation, where a few erratic particles are seen jumping and rolling over an immobile bed. However, they are commonly adopted for predicting massive transport of sediments, although more rigorous approaches exist. The latter make use of constitutive relations from kinetic theories of granular gases, but require the numerical integrations of complicated, nonlinear differential equations, hence discouraging their usage for practical purposes. A new, explicit formula for predicting intense sediment transport is proposed here, based on kinetic theories of granular gases and incorporating in a simple yet rigorous way the possibility of turbulent suspension of the particles. It is shown that this formula, unlike others, can quantitatively reproduce physical experiments on steady, uniform flows of natural and artificial particles and water over horizontal, movable beds taken from the literature. These findings suggest that granular physics is now mature enough to provide practical tools in fields that were so far mainly empirically oriented. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000686. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Sediment transport; Sheet flow; Kinetics; Turbulence; Predictions. Author keywords: Sediment transport; Sheet flow; Kinetic theories. Introduction and Theory Most research on sediment transport has emphasized the forces that the liquid component exerts on the particles, rather than on the particle-particle interactions. This is partially due to the fact that the laboratory experiments were mostly conducted, for prac- tical reasons, at small values of water discharge, close to the incep- tion of particle motion, where interparticle forces are negligible. At higher values of water discharge, massive transport of sediments takes place instead, and those forces cannot be ignored. Sophisti-

Wind direction and complex sediment transport response across a beach–dune system

ABSTRACTEvidence from a field study on wind flow and sediment transport across a beach–dune system under onshore and offshore conditions (including oblique approach angles) indicates that sediment transport response on the back‐beach and stoss slope of the foredune can be exceedingly complex. The upper‐air flow – measured by a sonic anemometer at the top of a 3·5 m tower located on the dune crest – is similar to regional wind records obtained from a nearby meteorological station, but quite different from the near‐surface flow field measured locally across the beach–dune profile by sonic anemometers positioned 20 cm above the sand surface. Flow–form interaction at macro and micro scales leads to strong modulation of the near‐surface wind vectors, including wind speed reductions (due to surface roughness drag and adverse pressure effects induced by the dune) and wind speed increases (due to flow compression toward the top of the dune) as well as pronounced topographic steering during oblique wind approach angles.A conceptual model is proposed, building on the ideas of Sweet and Kocurek (Sedimentology 37: 1023–1038, 1990), Walker and Nickling (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28: 111–1124, 2002), and Lynch et al. (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33: 991–1005, 2008, Geomorphology 105: 139–146, 2010), which shows how near‐surface wind vectors are altered for four regional wind conditions: (a) onshore, detached; (b) onshore‐oblique, attached and deflected; (c) offshore, detached; and (d) offshore‐oblique, attached and deflected. High‐frequency measurements of sediment transport intensity during these different events demonstrate that predictions of sediment flux using standard equations driven by regional wind statistics would by unreliable and misleading. It is recommended that field studies routinely implement experimental designs that treat the near‐surface wind field as comprising true vector quantities (with speed and direction) in order that a more robust linkage between the regional (upper air) wind field and the sediment transport response across the beach–dune profile be established. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Restoration of a seashore eroded due to dam operation through beach nourishment

Nestos River damming disrupted significantly the sedimentary equilibrium of Kera-moti shoreline, intensifying the coastal erosion problem in the area. Coastal erosion, assessed through Landsat images, showed a net sediment deficit of 0.94km2 of land loss along this beach. An integrated study was undertaken aiming to detect submarine relict sand deposits available for beach nourishment, to estimate the total excavated and dry sediment volumes, to assess the post-nourishment longshore sand transport and to evaluate the related environmental implications. Results showed that available sediment volume extracted from the sandbank may range from 5×106to4.3×107m3, increasing beach width from 52 to 450 m, respectively. Post-nourishment longshore sediment transport volumes could reach 1.34×106 m3 yr1 at the exposed eastern part of the beach, diminishing rapidly to 2.91×105 m3 yr1 at its sheltered part, implying that beach restoration could last up to 33 years before sand is completely lost.

Adoption of recent formulae for sediment transport calculations applied on the Egyptian Nile delta coastal area

This study is considered as a completion for the carried out previous research on the Egyptian northern coast near Port Said. An evaluation was carried out for the purpose of analyzing satellite measured wave data, or carrying out preliminary evaluations for the study area, in the Nile delta coast near Damitta. The available offshore historical significant wave heights from altimeter measurements are used in this research for the period from 2005 to 2008. In this study waves were transformed from the offshore area to nearshore, sediment transport volumes were evaluated by applying and adjusting some of the practical formulae, which are considered reasonable for this area. The study domain dimensions are 50 km long offshore and 15 km wide alongshore. Wave nearshore transformation is carried out by using the mathematical Simulating WAves Nearshore model (SWAN) based on seasonal/directional bases. Two seasons are considered in the analysis, which are both winter and summer, to represent the mean seasons of the year. The three formulae, which are CERC, van Rijn and Boer and Galvin for sediment transport evaluation are applied in the study area. The reference values were applied for comparison were checked. The obtained rough evaluations were considered acceptable and can be roughly applied for both research and engineering purposes.

Simulation of shoreline change using AIRSAR and POLSAR C-band data

This paper presents a new approach for modeling shoreline change due to wave energy effects from remotely sensed data. The airborne AIRSAR and POLSAR data were employed to extract wave spectra information and integrate them with historical remotely sensed data such as aerial photography data to model the rate of change of the shoreline. A partial differential equation (PDE) of the wave conversion model was applied to investigate the wave refraction patterns. The volume of sediment transport at several locations was estimated based on the wave refraction patterns. The shoreline change model developed was designed to cover a 14-km stretch of shoreline of Kuala Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia. The model utilized data from aerial photographs, AIRSAR, POLSAR, ERS-2, and in situ wave data. The results show that the shoreline rate of change modeled from the quasi-linear wave spectra algorithm has a significant relationship with one estimated from historical vector layers of aerial photography, AIRSAR, and POLSAR data. With the quasi-linear algorithm, an error of ±0.18 m/year in shoreline rate of change determination was obtained with Cvv band.

High Efficient Sediment-Transport Water Volume in High Sediment-Laden River

Analyzed the sediment-transport process in high sediment-laden river, the new concept and calculating method for sediment-transport water volume are proposed. Based on field data of sediment and water volume in the Lower Yellow River from 1950 to 2000, the sediment-transport water volume and unit sediment-transport water volume in LYR are calculated. Meanwhile, relations between them and influencing factors are confirmed to calculate efficient sediment-transport water volume after construction of the Xiaolangdi reservoir.