Sedentary Tasks Research Articles

Authentication with a one-dimensional CNN model using EEG-based brain-computer interface

Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology uses electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to create a direct interaction between the human body and its surroundings. Motor imagery (MI) classification using EEG signals is an important application that can help a rehabilitated or motor-impaired stroke patient perform certain tasks. Robust classification of these signals is an important step toward making the use of EEG more practical in many applications and less dependent on trained professionals. Deep learning methods have produced impressive results in BCI in recent years, especially with the availability of large electroencephalography (EEG) data sets. Dealing with EEG-MI signals is difficult because noise and other signal sources can interfere with the electrical amplitude of the brain, and its generalization ability is limited, so it is difficult to improve EEG classifiers. To address these issues, this paper presents a methodology based on one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1-D CNN) for motor imagery (MI) recognition for the right hand, left hand, feet, and sedentary task. The proposed model is a lightweight model with fewer parameters and has an accuracy of 91.75%. Then, in an innovative exploitation of the four output classes, there is an idea that allows people with disabilities who are deprived of security measures, such as entering a secret code, to use the output classification, such as password codes. It is also an idea for a unique authentication system that is more secure and less vulnerable to theft or the like for a healthy person at the same time.

Effect of Tabata training program on body fat reduction in healthy inactive women

Background and Study Aim. Tabata training is getting more and more popular these days. Based on interval training offers metabolic booster that causes major benefits for reducing body fat storage. It is an interval training protocol which is a cardio workout for fat loss. The aim: this study was to examine the effects of a specific 16-week Tabata intervention program on body fat reduction in inactive healthy women. Material and Methods. A non-randomized controlled trial with 2x2 statistical design was provide in this study. The research was conducted on a sample of 49 women (aged 30 to 45) employed in the administrative sector, with more than 6h of sedentary tasks in their habitual working day. It included one experimental group–EG (Tabata program, n=24) and one control group–CG (without physical activities, n=25) and two moments of evaluation: (Initial) at baseline and (Final) after 16 weeks of post intervention period. The body composition parameters and body circumference in each group was recorded. All body composition parameters were measured using a Body composition analyser (Tanita BC-418MA III). Results. The results revealed that there was statistical significance difference after Tabata training program (TTP) in EG for body composition parameters (Mean±SD) for Body mass index (kg/m²) = 22.11±2.59kg/m²; p=0.04, ES=0.07); Fat tissue (%) =25.97±4.72; p=0.03, ES=0.08) and Fat tissue (kg) =17.52±5.11; p=0.02, ES=0.10). Furthermore, there were statistical significance difference in upper-arm circumference (24.95±2.31, p=0.00, ES=0.16) and waist circumference (75.93±7.18, p=0.02, ES=0.10). The control group did not achieve significant differences in the final measurement. Conclusions. Tabata training exercise program (4 months) has been shown to be beneficial for reducing body fat in healthy inactive women

Measuring posture change to detect emotional conditions for workers: A scoping review.

The emotional management of workers can not only increase the efficiency of work, but also contribute to the improvement of the productivity of a company. This scoping review surveyed the literature to identify the relationship between postural expression and emotion during sedentary tasks. We searched relevant literature published up to December 1, 2019 using seven electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore, and MEDLINE Complete). A total of 14 publications were included in this scoping review. It was found that the application of pressure sensor and camera-based measurement equipment was effective. Additionally, it was proposed to predict the emotional state of the worker by using forward and backward movements as the main variable as opposed to left and right movements. The information-based analysis technique was able to further increase the accuracy of workers' emotion prediction. The emotion prediction of workers based on sitting posture could be confirmed for certain movements, and the information-based technical method could further increase the accuracy of prediction. Expansion of information-based technical research will further increase the possibility of predicting the emotions of workers based on posture, and this will in turn promote safer and more efficient work performance.

Use of bilateral wrist-worn accelerometers to characterize upper limb activity time, intensity and asymmetry of use in physically demanding and sedentary working task

In the present study, we employed wearable accelerometers to characterize the patterns of mono- and bilateral activity of upper limbs (UL) in 46 individuals of a metalworking company (machine tool, fabrication and administrative departments) who were monitored for 4 h of their shift. UL accelerations were processed to calculate minutes of use and vector magnitude counts for both limbs plus several parameters (i.e. magnitude ratio, mono- and bilateral-arm use index) useful for characterizing the existence of asymmetries. The results show that machine tool operators exhibited marked asymmetry of use in favor of their dominant limb and were characterized by the lowest values of mono- and bilateral-arm use index, which indicate a superior use of the dominant limb in movements involving the use of a single or both limbs. Such evidences suggest that the use of wrist-worn accelerometers may provide essential information for assessing the risk of work-related UL disorders.

Intervention of physical exercise in the workplace on work ability, depression, anxiety and job satisfaction in workers with sedentary tasks.

Sedentary tasks contribute to the deterioration of health and the appearance of chronic diseases. Physical exercise can contribute to the development of health, although the characteristics of the most appropriate program are unknown. This is the second paper of the PRODET® intervention trial evaluating the effect of a supervised group exercise intervention in the worksite based on aerobic capacity and strength lasting 12 weeks. The sample was composed of 67 subjects (N = 67, mean age 34.31 years) and the study investigated a 12-week group physical exercise program in the workplace, two days per week with 50-minute sessions, which was supervised and based on aerobic endurance and strength. The 67 subjects were working-age office workers, deemed as sedentary and randomized into an intervention (N = 40) or control (N = 27) group. Outcomes work ability, depression, anxiety and job satisfaction were assessed with questionnaires pre-and post-test in both groups. The program showed effects on the mental factor of work ability (Z = 2.36, P = 0.019, η2 = 0.09). However, there were no significant differences in the rest of the results. The intervention had an impact on the mental factor of work ability in the workers whose occupations were based on sedentary tasks, and reinforcing this variable with an exercise program in the workplace could contribute to reducing the mental factor of work ability.

Effects of worksite exercise intervention (PRODET®) on well-being at work and capability in performing work-related sedentary tasks: A pilot study.

Companies have tried to carry out interventions in order to mitigate the risks associated with losses in productivity and the health of employees. This intervention trial evaluated the effect of a supervised exercise intervention based on aerobic capacity and strength on well-being at work and capability in performing work tasks. The sample was composed of 67 participants (N = 67, mean age 34.31 years) and investigated a 12-week group physical exercise program in the workplace, two days per week for 50 minutes, which was supervised and based on aerobic endurance and strength. The 67 subjects were working-age office workers, deemed sedentary and randomized into an intervention (N = 40) or control (N = 27) group. Among them, 33 were men (N = 33; 49.25%) and 34 were women (N = 34, 50.75%). Outcomes were assessed pre- and post-test in both groups. The Mann-Whitney U and Chi-Square tests were performed to compare the characteristics of the intervention and control group. η2 = z/(n-1) was calculated as effect size rates. The program showed statistically significant effects on strength endurance (P = 0.020, η2 = 0.08), the loss of fat percentage (P = 0.015, η2 = 0.09), lower limb power (P = 0.020, η2 = 0.08) and QoL (P = 0.0001, η2 = 0.39 for the physical health outcome, and P = 0.0001, η2 = 0.35 for the outcome of total scores of mental health). The intervention had an impact on the endurance, fat percentage loss and QoL of the workers whose occupations were based on sedentary tasks.

Grooving, moving, and stretching out of the box! The role of recovery experiences in the relation between physical activity and creativity

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment and relaxation) in the relation between physical activity and creativity, operationalized through divergent thinking using a randomized controlled trial experiment with 155 graduate business management students. The treatment group performed 20-min of either dance or Hatha yoga, while the control group performed a sedentary case-study task. The originality component of divergent thinking was measured before and after the interventions, and the recovery experience after the intervention. The results show that dance significantly improves originality vis-à-vis case-study. Psychological detachment mediates this relationship. Implications of results on ego-depletion theory and the concept of recovery experience are discussed.

Rise and Recharge: Exploring Employee Perceptions of and Contextual Factors Influencing an Individual-Level E-Health Smartphone Intervention to Reduce Office Workers' Sedentary Time at Work.

This feasibility study explored the contextual factors influencing office workers’ adherence to an e-health intervention targeting total and prolonged sedentary time over 12 weeks. A three-arm quasi-randomized intervention included prompts at 30 or 60 min intervals delivered via a smartphone application, and a no-prompt comparison arm. Fifty-six office workers completed baseline (64% female) and 44 completed the 12 week follow-up (80% retention). Ecological momentary assessments (EMA) captured contextual data, with 82.8 ± 24.9 EMA prompt questionnaires completed weekly. Two focus groups with n = 8 Prompt 30 and 60 participants were conducted one-month post-intervention to address intervention acceptability and feasibility. Contextual findings indicate that when working on a sedentary task (i.e., reading or screen-based work) and located at an individual workstation, hourly prompts may be more acceptable and feasible for promoting a reduction in total and prolonged sedentary time compared to 30 min prompts. Interpersonal support also appears important for promoting subtle shifts in sedentary working practices. This novel study gives a real-time insight into the factors influencing adherence to e-health prompts. Findings identified unique, pragmatic considerations for delivering a workplace e-health intervention, indicating that further research is warranted to optimize the method of intervention delivery prior to evaluation of a large-scale intervention.

Experimental assessment of thermal sensation and thermal comfort of sedentary subjects: a scoping review protocol

Thermal comfort affects satisfaction in the workplace, which impacts work efficiency and productivity. Since office workers spend most of their working hours performing sedentary tasks, a scoping review is proposed to contextualize how thermal sensation and thermal comfort are experimentally assessed in the scientific literature. This work presents the scoping review protocol for the scoping review. It follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses for systematic review protocols (PRISMA-P). The scoping review will be elaborated based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The scoping review will consider peer-reviewed articles written in English, published or in-press. Grey literature and conference papers will be excluded. Only studies performing the experimental assessment of thermal sensation and thermal comfort of human subjects engaged in sedentary activities within homogeneous environments will be considered suitable for the scoping review. Studies will be retrieved from the Journal Storage (JSTOR), PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The search strategy will consist of the use of the expression ("thermal comfort" OR "therm* sensation" OR "thermosensation") AND ("sedentary" or "office work*" or "office task*"). After removing duplicates, the remaining studies will have their title, abstract, and keywords screened. Studies meeting the eligibility criteria will be selected for full-text screening. Data items will be summarized using summary tables, and their reporting will consider the PRISMA-ScR checklist. The scoping review aims to summarize the existing scientific evidence and identify research needs to experimentally assess the thermal sensation and the thermal comfort of subjects performing sedentary tasks.

Assessing the validity and reliability and determining cut-points of the Actiwatch 2 in measuring physical activity

Objective: The Actiwatch 2 (AW2) is a wrist-worn accelerometer typically used to measure sleep. Although it can measure physical activity, there is limited evidence supporting its validity. We assessed the validity and reliability of the AW2 to measure sedentary behavior and physical activity (light, moderate, vigorous intensities), and reported their respective count cut-points. Approach: Twenty-eight males and 22 females completed a task battery comprising three sedentary tasks and six randomized physical activity tasks at varying intensities, whilst wearing the AW2, a reference accelerometry device (Actigraph GT3X) and a cardiopulmonary gas analyzer on two separate occasions. Validity was assessed using correlations (AW2 counts versus GT3X counts and metabolic equivalent (MET) values), reliability using Bland–Altman analyses, and cut-points were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) analyses. Main results: AW2 counts were positively correlated with GT3X counts (rho = 0.902, p < 0.001) and METs (rho = 0.900, p < 0.001). AW2-derived counts were comparable across independent assessment periods. Sedentary (AUC = 0.99, cut-point: 256 cpm) and vigorous activity (AUC = 0.95, cut-point: 720 cpm) were strongly characterized, and moderate activity (AUC = 0.66, cut-point: 418 cpm) was weakly characterized. Significance: The use of the AW2 in physical activity monitoring looks promising for sedentary behavior, moderate and vigorous activity, however, further validation is needed.

E-worker postural comfort in the third-workplace: An ergonomic design assessment.

Biomechanical simulation is an important tool in human-centred design, allowing for the assessment of comfort interactions between user, product and space, to optimize design features from an ergonomics perspective. The aim of this study was to develop a biomechanical model for the evaluation of postural comfort levels. The study used the scenario-based method to focus on the electronic-worker (e-worker) sedentary tablet tasks at public workplace (third-workplace) configurations. An empirical method determined work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) risk levels. The experimental method was based on a motion-capture marker-based laboratory protocol and biomechanical model. Body postures were analysed to determine the WMSDs risk to the joints, and were compared to subjective questionnaires. Posture was affected by the tablet target location and workplace setting. The findings confirmed our hypothesis, that neutral-position cost functions govern human motion. Almost half of the time, the e-workers' joints tended to remain in the neutral position range; of the three third-workplaces, high-risk variability was less significant between the 'restaurant' and 'lounge' settings, compared to the 'anywhere' configuration. This evaluation model can contribute to optimizing comfort level in design for third-workplace settings and other sedentary work activities; it can be used to develop guidelines for minimizing work-related strain and health hazards.

Workshop on Health Risks of Sedentary Behavior at Workplace - Solutions Part II

Health risks of prolonged periods of sitting at work are a matter of concern. Solutions are needed based on interdisciplinary collaborations of research experts and practitioners in occupational safety and health areas. In February 2019, at a workshop in Berlin of experts from different fields, issues of scientific evidence on the health risks of sedentary behaviour at work were presented in 6 lectures and solutions for the workplace were discussed. The workshop is documented here in 2 parts. Gender relevant aspects are distinguished where possible. Part II describes solution approaches for practice in the workplace. The results of a recent evaluation of dynamic workplaces are presented. Two examples provide insight into ongoing workplace health promotion measures addressing sedentary behavior in Germany which currently mainly target measures to increase physical activity rather than measures to interrupt long sedentary bouts. The documentation of the plenary discussion summarizes how interventions addressing sedentary behaviour at the workplace can be successful. Decision makers increasingly realize that there is a trend in the 21st century towards low physical demands due to increasingly sedentary tasks in the workplace. Despite research gaps, there is a need for evidence-based decisions in policy and workplace practices. Germany can learn from the experiences of other countries.

The role of campus greenspace and meditation on college students’ mood disturbance

Objective To determine whether students who engage in a sedentary task in an urban park-like setting experience improved mood and whether this effect is moderated by mindfulness meditation. Participants: 234 (133 females) undergraduate students, who either engaged in outdoor recreation frequently or infrequently. Methods: Participants engaged in 20 minutes of mindfulness meditation or a control task, either in a campus park-like setting or in a quiet room indoors. Before and after the activity, total mood disturbance (TMD) was assessed with the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire. Results: Being outside or meditating reduced TMD for those who frequently recreated outside. Those who infrequently recreated outside experienced decreased TMD if they meditated inside and increased TMD if they did not. When outside, TMD decreased regardless of activity. Conclusions: Spending time outside and practicing meditation may be effective approaches for improving college students’ mental health, particularly for students who infrequently go outside.

A systematic review of acute exercise as a coadjuvant treatment of ADHD in young people.

There are studies that show preliminary evidence of the benefits of physical exercise for people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The objective of the research being reported here was to carry out a systematic review of articles relating to the effects that exercise sessions have on children and adolescents with this pathology. The total sample of studies considered was 1,723, of which only 11 met the eligibility criteria. The research included in this review showed that children with ADHD undertaking exercise experienced improvements in their characteristic symptoms, mainly attention deficit and hyperactivity, in comparison to other sedentary tasks such as watching a video. Five minutes of jumping or thirty minutes on a treadmill or static bicycle were enough to produce appreciable improvements in inhibitory control or in cognitive and executive functions. Benefits following exercise were also seen in other aspects such as reaction times and preparation for response, motor skills or brain activity. The findings make us optimistic that in the future physical exercise may become an alternative, or at least an effective complement, to the pharmacological treatments currently used for this pathology.

Risk for heat-related illness among wildland firefighters: job tasks and core body temperature change

ObjectivesIn order to make recommendations to protect wildland firefighters (WLFFs) from heat-related illness, the role physical exertion plays on core body temperature (Tc) in the work environment needs to be...

Physical Fitness among Doctors Working in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Background: Physical fitness is the capacity to perform a sedentary task efficiently and also a sense of physical wellbeing and the capacity to deal with emergencies demanding unaccustomed physical effort. The fit man carries on a given grade of moderate work with less displacement of his physiological equilibrium. Objectives 1. To measure the Physical Fitness Index of doctors at tertiary care hospital using modified Harvard Step Test. 2. To correlate physical fitness scoring with Body Mass Index, gender and physical activity. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted on 156 doctors working in tertiary care teaching hospital attached to Mysore Medical College and Research Institute during June 2018 to May 2019. Modified Harvard step test was used to measure physical fitness. SPSS 17 version was used for statistical analysis. Results: Males constituted 42.3% and females constituted 57.7% of the study population with a mean age of 33.5 years. BMI of females was little higher (24.01±3.77) when compared to males (24.03±3.01). Forty percent of females had excellent physical fitness whereas only 6.06% of males had excellent physical fitness. Only 14.40% of the female doctors had poor physical fitness whereas 36.36% of males had poor physical fitness. It was found that BMI and pulse rate had a statistically significant negative correlation with physical fitness where as physical activity, Systolic and diastolic blood pressure had positive correlation. Conclusion: Physical activity is an important determinant and predictor of physical fitness. Females are having better physical fitness as most of them are pursuing some physical activity.

The validity of two widely used commercial and research-grade activity monitors, during resting, household and activity behaviours

Wearable devices are increasingly prevalent in research environments for the estimation of energy expenditure (EE) and heart rate (HR). The aim of this study was to validate the HR and EE estimates of the Fitbit charge 2 (FC2), and the EE estimates of the Sensewear armband mini (SWA). We recruited 59 healthy adults to participate in walking, running, cycling, sedentary and household tasks. Estimates of HR from the FC2 were compared to a HR chest strap (Polar) and EE to a stationary metabolic cart (Vyntus CPX). The SWA overestimated overall EE by 0.03 kcal/min−1 and was statistically equivalent to the criterion measure, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 29%. In contrast, the FC2 was not equivalent overall (MAPE = 44%). In household tasks, MAPE values of 93% and 83% were observed for the FC2 and SWA, respectively. The FC2 HR estimates were equivalent to the criterion measure overall. The SWA is more accurate than the commercial-grade FC2. Neither device is consistently accurate across the range of activities used in this study. The HR data obtained from the FC2 is more accurate than its EE estimates and future research may focus more on this variable.

Effectiveness of workplace interventions in rehabilitating musculoskeletal disorders and preventing its consequences among workers with physical and sedentary employment: systematic review protocol

BackgroundMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the leading cause of work disability and sickness absence worldwide. The prevalence of MSDs increases with age, consequently challenging sustainable employability among the growing ageing workforce. Knowledge of feasible and efficient workplace-based interventions to rehabilitate MSD or prevent its consequences is therefore warranted. This systematic review will evaluate the effectiveness of workplace-based interventions on MSDs and its consequences among adult workers with physical and sedentary work tasks, respectively.MethodsWe will search the following bibliographic databases: PubMed (including the database ‘MEDLINE’) and Web of Science Core Collection (including the databases ‘Science Citation Index Expanded’, ‘Social Sciences Citation Index’ and ‘Arts & Humanities Citation Index’). Manual searches will also be performed. We will include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs reported in English in which (1) participants are adult workers with MSD, (2) interventions are aiming at rehabilitating pain symptoms of MSD or preventing the consequences of MSD and (3) interventions are initiated and/or carried out at the workplace. The review will adhere to the ‘Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses’ (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews and the Institute for Work and Health (IWH) guidelines for workplace-based interventions. For the primary evaluation of the review, the quality assessment and evidence synthesis will conform to the IWH guidelines. Secondary evaluation will include a meta-analysis (unless the included studies do not allow this due to heterogeneity) and employ the risk of bias domains recommended by Cochrane along with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach on the studies with pain intensity as an outcome.DiscussionThis systematic review will provide knowledge on effective workplace-based interventions among physical and sedentary workers with MSD. RCTs are considered the most powerful experimental design in clinical trials, but solely including these may be too restrictive to understand effective workplace-based interventions where randomised and carefully controlled trials (RCTs) are not always possible. In order to maximize practical relevance, the selection process will, therefore, include both RCTs and non-RCTs and the quality assessment and evidence synthesis will conform to IWH guidelines focusing on developing practical guidelines for stakeholders. The result of this work will form the basis for industry-specific evidence-based recommendations on effective workplace-based interventions for rehabilitation of MSDs and its consequences that will later be operationalised into concrete and user-friendly practical tools for workplaces.Systematic review registrationInternational Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) number CRD42018116752.

Influence of thermal environment on occipital EEG signal amplitude in sedentary activities

Even in sedentary activities, the workload is justifying more accurate studies about its impact on human beings mainly when related to different temperature and humidity conditions. One of these impacts is related to mental activity, which can be studied by the amplitude of Alpha and Beta waves. This study aims to evaluate brain activity in the occipital lobe from the amplitude of the EEG signal (Alpha and Beta waves) and to relate it to different conditions of temperature and relative humidity (RH) in sedentary tasks. Tests were performed under four different conditions (22°C-40%RH, 22°C-80%RH, 32°C-40%RH and 32°C, 80%RH) with 30 volunteers from which 15 were validated. Results suggest that both temperature and humidity influence the amplitude of the EEG signal (Alpha and Beta waves) in both hemispheres. The greatest amplitudes were found whenever environmental temperature and/or relative humidity values were higher. The results are in agreement with other authors.

Treadmill workstations in office workers who are overweight or obese: a randomised controlled trial

Treadmill workstations that enable office workers to walk on a treadmill while working at their computers might increase physical activity in offices, but long-term effects are unknown. We therefore investigated whether treadmill workstations in offices increased daily walking time. We did a randomised controlled trial of healthy office workers who were either overweight or obese. We recruited participants from 13 different companies, which comprised 17 offices, in Umeå, Sweden. We included people who were aged 40-67 years, had sedentary work tasks, and had a body-mass index (BMI) between 25 kg/m2 and 40 kg/m2. After the baseline measurement, we stratified participants by their BMI (25-30 kg/m2 and >30 to 40 kg/m2); subsequently, an external statistician randomly assigned these participants (1:1) to either the intervention group (who received treadmill workstations for optional use) or the control group (who continued to work at their sit-stand desks as usual). Participants in the intervention group received reminders in boosting emails sent out to them at four occasions during the study period. Researchers were masked to group assignment until after analysis of the primary outcome. After the baseline measurement, participants were not masked to group belongings. The primary outcome was total daily walking time at weekdays and weekends, measured at baseline, 2 months, 6 months, 10 months, and 13 months with the accelerometer activPAL (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK), which was worn on the thigh of participants for 24 h a day for 7 consecutive days. We used an intention-to-treat approach for our analyses. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01997970, and is closed to new participants. Between Nov 1, 2013, and June 30, 2014, a total of 80 participants were recruited and enrolled (n=40 in both the intervention and control groups). Daily walking time during total time awake at weekdays increased between baseline and 13 months by 18 min (95% CI 9 to 26) in the intervention group and 1 min (-7 to 9) in the control group (difference 22 min [95% CI 7 to 37], pinteraction=0·00045); for weekend walking, the change from baseline to 13 months was 5 min (-8 to 18) in the intervention group and 8 min (-5 to 21) in the control group (difference -1 min [-19 to 17]; pinteraction=0·00045). Neither measure met our predetermined primary outcome of 30 min difference in total walking time between the intervention and control group, so the primary outcome of the trial was not met. One adverse event was reported in a participant who accidently stepped on their Achilles tendon. In a sedentary work environment, treadmill workstations result in a statistically significant but smaller-than-expected increase in daily walking time. Future studies need to investigate how increasing physical activity at work might have potentially compensatory effects on non-work activity. Umeå University, the Västerbotten County Council, and the Mayo Clinic Foundation for Research.