Security Science Research Articles

Dual-information and large-scale structural color patterns by laser direct writing with a low-index tailored nanostructure array

Dielectric nanostructures are widely embraced in the field of structural color design due to their low-cost characteristics, enabling sub-micron scale color printing. However, challenges still exist in the selection of structures and image encryption. In this study, we propose a method for printing dual patterns using tailored scattering structures based on two-photon polymerization. We extensively analyze the color performance of each structure in zeroth-order diffraction under cross-polarized transmission and bright-field transmission illumination. By selecting appropriate structures based on their characteristics, we prepared full-color panels and successfully utilized these panels to print both color patterns and dual patterns, achieving multi-level control of color and information. Based on the above study, a large-sale color pattern with a hidden message in an area of 3.2 cm×2.4 cm is printed, which can be directly observed. Our results demonstrate a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to color preparation, offering innovative strategies and methods for the fields of color science and steganography for information security.

The Role of Data Science in Enhancing Web Security

With the rise of digital transformation, web security has become a critical concern for organizations, governments, and individuals. This study explores the role of data science in enhancing web security by leveraging machine learning algorithms and advanced analytics to predict and identify potential attacks in real-time. The main objective is to demonstrate how data-driven techniques, including predictive analytics, anomaly detection, and behavioral analysis, can be integrated into existing security frameworks to reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen defenses against cyber threats. The research gap addressed by this study lies in the insufficient application of comprehensive, data-driven methodologies for threat detection and classification in web security. The problem gap is the absence of integrated frameworks that combine feature engineering, classification models, and anomaly detection for both known and unknown threats. This study bridges these gaps by employing a structured dataset of web interactions to model, detect, and predict security threats using advanced data science techniques. Using a dataset of simulated web traffic and previous attack records, this research applies data preprocessing, feature engineering, and machine learning classification models, such as decision trees and random forests, to predict threat levels and identify anomalies. Results show that machine learning models can effectively classify threat levels, with a threat classification accuracy of 80 percent. This study contributes to the field by demonstrating how data science can improve web security practices, offering a proactive approach to detecting and mitigating cyber-attacks.

(Invited) Spatially Asymmetric Phase Separation of Li4Ti5O12 Visualized by Operando Transmission Electron Microscopy

The phase-transition kinetics of battery electrodes critically affect battery power output and durability. Li4Ti5O12 exhibits a two-phase reaction between delithiated Li4Ti5O12 and lithiated Li7Ti5O12 and shows high-rate capabilities despite its relatively low lithium diffusion coefficients in the bulk and energy barrier to phase separation1,2. The underlying mechanisms of phase transition and their contribution to high-rate performance remain unclear3–6. To elucidate the kinetics of phase transitions and Li-ion diffusivity, operando analyses are essential for understanding the non-equilibrium phase transition behavior during Li insertion and extraction.In this study, we observe spatially asymmetric phase separation during the lithiation and delithiation processes using operando scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS)7,8. Figure 1 shows the changes in Li distribution during Li insertion and extraction. Figure 1(a) shows an annular dark-field (ADF) STEM image of a Li4Ti5O12 particle. Colored lines are superimposed on the image to indicate the surface or interface categories. Figures 1(b)–(h) show the changes in the Li distribution in Li4Ti5O12 during Li insertion. A core–shell structure consisting of a delithiated Li4Ti5O12 core and a lithiated Li7Ti5O12 shell is formed, although the particles are not completely covered with the solid electrolyte. This is in contrast to the delithiation process (Figures 1(i)–(m)), where a core-shell structure is not observed. Surface ionic diffusion, which demonstrates intermediate diffusion kinetics for the delithiated Li4Ti5O12 and lithiated Li7Ti5O12 phases, is the main driving force for asymmetric phase separation. This phase transition and the difference in ionic diffusivity between the two phases result in asymmetric polarization during the charge and discharge measurements. In our experiment, preferential Li-ion movement along the grain boundaries is also identified. Our findings underscore the potential benefits of optimizing surface and grain boundary designs to enhance ionic diffusion in Li4Ti5O12.References(1) Schmidt, W.; Bottke, P.; Sternad, M.; Gollob, P.; Hennige, V.; Wilkening, M. Small Change—Great Effect: Steep Increase of Li Ion Dynamics in Li4Ti5O12 at the Early Stages of Chemical Li Insertion. Chem. Mater. 2015, 27 (5), 1740–1750.(2) Zhang, W.; Seo, D.-H.; Chen, T.; Wu, L.; Topsakal, M.; Zhu, Y.; Lu, D.; Ceder, G.; Wang, F. Kinetic Pathways of Ionic Transport in Fast-Charging Lithium Titanate. Science 2020, 367 (6481), 1030–1034.(3) Wagemaker, M.; Simon, D. R.; Kelder, E. M.; Schoonman, J.; Ringpfeil, C.; Haake, U.; Lützenkirchen-Hecht, D.; Frahm, R.; Mulder, F. M. A Kinetic Two-Phase and Equilibrium Solid Solution in Spinel Li4+xTi5O12. Adv. Mater. 2006, 18 (23), 3169–3173.(4) Wagemaker, M.; van Eck, E. R. H.; Kentgens, A. P. M.; Mulder, F. M. Li-Ion Diffusion in the Equilibrium Nanomorphology of Spinel Li4+xTi5O12. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113 (1), 224–230.(5) Schmidt, W.; Wilkening, M. Discriminating the Mobile Ions from the Immobile Ones in Li4+xTi5O12: 6Li NMR Reveals the Main Li+ Diffusion Pathway and Proposes a Refined Lithiation Mechanism. J. Phys. Chem. C 2016, 120 (21), 11372–11381.(6) Ganapathy, S.; Vasileiadis, A.; Heringa, J. R.; Wagemaker, M. The Fine Line between a Two-Phase and Solid-Solution Phase Transformation and Highly Mobile Phase Interfaces in Spinel Li4+xTi5O12. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7 (9), 1601781.(7) Nomura, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Yamagishi, Y.; Igaki, E. Lithium Transport Pathways Guided by Grain Architectures in Ni-Rich Layered Cathodes. ACS Nano 2021, 15 (12), 19806–19814.(8) Nomura, Y.; Yamamoto, K.; Hirayama, T. Visualizing Asymmetric Phase Separation Driven by Surface Ionic Diffusion in Lithium Titanate. J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11 (43), 23243.AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by the Innovative Science and Technology Initiative for Security (Grant Number JPJ004596) of the Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics Agency of Japan. The research was also supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research KAKENHI (19H05814, 23K13837, 23H00241, and 23H01858) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by the Kao Foundation for Arts and Sciences and the Murata Science Foundation. Figure 1

Cybersecurity behaviours of the employees and students at the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify the most common characteristics that make Internet users at the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences (SKA) vulnerable to various threats. This includes password management habits, online banking, shopping and payment behaviours, time spent online, use of public Wi-Fi, gaming and watching movies online. Additionally, the study seeks to review the dangers users encounter and how cautious they are, such as which online activities they consider the most dangerous and which they perceive as safe.Design/methodology/approachThe data used in this paper is based on an overview of relevant literature, highlighting previous studies and methodologies and explaining why the human factor is considered the weakest link in cybersecurity. This research aims to help characterise the patrons of the SKA and make suggestions for future training and research. For this purpose, the students, administrative employees and academic staff of the SKA were investigated. A five-point scale questionnaire with 54 questions was used as the methodology of the study, considering the following four scales: risky behaviour, conservative behaviour, risk exposure behaviour and risk perception behaviour. The results are interpreted based on the literature, and data obtained from the completed questionnaires were analysed using Excel’s Data Analysis ToolPak. The results are presented mostly as tables and bar charts.FindingsThe research results show that the cybersecurity behaviour of employees and students is generally at a good level. However, some aspects of conservative behaviour need increased attention, such as the use of USB and other external media, opening links in emails too readily, monitoring the authenticity of visited websites and deleting browsing history before logging out. Cyber training has a noticeable effect on behaviour, particularly in the context of password management.Originality/valueNo previous research on cyber behaviour has been conducted in the context of Estonian higher education, despite the increasing number of cyber-attacks in this sector.

The neuropolitical imaginaries of cognitive warfare

The concept of cognitive warfare is currently gaining ground in the policy discussion and in academic research as a way of conceptualizing the ‘weaponization of the neurosciences’. Introducing the Science and Technology Studies-inspired concept of ‘neuropolitical imaginaries’ and assessing discussions on cognitive warfare launched by the NATO Innovation Hub in 2017, this article explores how the contemporary turn to the brain sciences in defense and security reimagines politics. The article argues that seeing the human mind as increasingly vulnerable to external interference redefines the nature of human agency by giving precedence to the skilful ‘cartographer’ employing neuroscientific techniques and methods for persuasion. This emerging vulnerability of the human mind reshapes security into a zero-sum game for ‘cognitive superiority’, making brain science scholars authorities in security. Finally, speaking to the literature on security expertise and science in security, the article argues that the envisaged arms race for cognitive superiority gives rise to a neurosecurity dilemma: as the neurosciences becomes entangled with security, neuroscientific practices simultaneously arise as a core vulnerability, making their work conditional upon compliance with security practices.

МЕХАНІЗМ ФОРМУВАННЯ КОМЕРЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЇ ВЛАСНОСТІ: БЕЗПЕКОЗНАВЧІ КОНТЕКСТИ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ УПРАВЛІННЯ

In modern conditions of martial law, one the most important aspects of ensuring the effective functioning of business structures, as well as the formation of positive results its financial activity, is the existence of an effective security system for the commercialization of intellectual property objects, which will ensure business protection from threats. Protection is due to the ability of management bodies the business structures at the appropriate levels: to ensure sustainable economic development through the protection of intellectual property objects; to neutralize the negative impact of crisis phenomena on business structures; to form an adequate accounting system of financial flows and to strengthen the operational efficiency of control system in the process commercialization of intellectual property objects; ensure the implementation of work on the protection of the confidentiality of information constituting a commercial secret etc. Modern scientific research points to the fact that without a unified security system of business structures regarding the commercialization of intellectual property objects, it is impossible to find a way out of the crisis, stabilize the economic situation and create an effective mechanism for conducting business. The main components of the organizational and economic mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects at enterprises, which, in particular, include organizational processes; processes of technical and economic substantiation; processes of determining the market conformity of intellectual property objects to the needs of consumers; legal enforcement processes. Only the processes of determining the market suitability of intellectual property objects to the needs of consumers, that is, the processes of market research, are directly related to the process of commercialization. The other three components of the mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects are no less important, as they ensure the effective implementation of the actual process of commercialization or transfer. As the research results showed, the main influencing factors in the context of security science on the commercialization of intellectual property objects are: regulatory and legislative problem; the problem of valuation of intellectual property objects; personnel problem; the problem of organizational support for the commercialization of intellectual property objects. Therefore, the development of the organizational and economic mechanism of commercialization of intellectual property objects is a necessary and integral part of building a national innovation system aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the national economy and ensuring the transition to sustainable economic growth and strengthening of national security, including. Thus, the choice of the most acceptable method of commercialization should be justified from the point of view of the expected profit that it can bring to the owner of the rights in specific conditions.

Secret Sharing Schemes for Data Protection and Secure Communication: A Review

Secret sharing, also one of the significant concepts, plays a vital role in computer science for guaranteed data security and secure communication with advanced digital security demands. This paper focuses on theoretical aspects, historical development, and various schemes of secret sharing using Shamir's polynomial-based and Blakely's geometric methods. Indeed, this importance in modern security is difficult to underestimate. It is based on a comprehensive literature review and the effectiveness of schemes in access control, data storage, and secure communications. From the evaluation, it can be seen that secret sharing prevents unauthorized access and secures against single points of failure very effectively; therefore, it finds wide usage in various secure applications. From this study, it can be concluded that secret sharing is a very flexible and core tool in the field of information security with possibilities for improvement up to the challenge of developing technological threats. The nature of the problem being addressed is the increasing need for superior protection in safeguarding sensitive data in a growing digital world

Perfil profesional en ciberseguridad y ciberdefensa: un ejercicio exploratorio de conceptualización

In this document, an exploration exercise in academic literature is developed where the issues related to cybersecurity and cyberdefense are addressed, particularly an attempt has been made to identify the main characteristics or positions of different authors in relation to the different professional profiles that may join this field. Not only functions, disciplines or knowledge associated with the military scene have been characterized, giving an academically objective perspective, multidisciplinary proposals have been reviewed. For this, documents in different databases and from different countries have been consulted where it has been established that the professional profile of cybersecurity and cyberdefense is related to fields of the human and social sciences of engineering, security sciences and other fields of technique and superior technique.

Relative sensitivity of plastic scintillator: A comparative analysis with 60Co gamma rays, deuterium-deuterium, and deuterium-tritium neutrons.

A plastic scintillator has found extensive application in the realm of high-energy physics and national security science. Many applications in those fields often involve the simultaneous production of photons, neutrons, and charged particles, which makes the relative sensitivity information for these different radiation types important. In this study, we have adopted a multi-head detector comprised of a plastic scintillator and high gain phototubes, which provides a large dynamic range and linearity. A comparative study on the relative sensitivities of plastic scintillators was facilitated by adopting three distinct radiation calibration sources (i.e., 60Co γ rays, DD neutrons, and DT neutrons). Neutrons from a DD source generate a comparable level of scintillation to gamma rays emitted by 60Co (i.e., 60Co-γ/DD-n = 0.92 ± 16%). DT neutrons induce ∼3.5 times the scintillation observed with DD neutrons (i.e., DT-n/DD-n = 3.5 ± 28%). In addition, the Geant4 simulation granted us valuable insights into the relative sensitivity of the scintillator. This comparative study will provide a useful database for users in diverse applications.

Medical Safety, Security And Intelligence

The COVID-19 pandemic was not only medical and health services, as their name suggests, have the task of informing their governments about all possible threats and risks that come from the internal or external arena. In order to be able to inform and for the state to be able to react readily, numerous conditions and preconditions must be met, which will be discussed in this article. By analyzing the content of educational institutions that deal with medical sciences, security science, or intelligence, numerous shortcomings in the education process itself can be easily identified, which certainly have their consequences in practical work as well. The intelligence services did not have a clear picture or knowledge about the possibility of threats such as in the case of COVID-19, because the pandemic itself and the number of victims are proof of that. In other words, experts in medical sciences did not have the opportunity to exchange their information and to educate experts from Security Science or Intelligence in a certain way so that they would recognize or detect a threat. In the same way, experts in medical sciences do not know nor are they educated to understand the intelligence cycle or knowledge in the field of Security Science or Safety.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF THE TECHNIQUE OF THROWING WITH THE STANDING LEG LEFT FROM THE BACK

Abstract The aim of the work was to determine the connection between morphological characteristics and the effectiveness of the throwing technique by kicking the legs from behind from the program of Special Physical Education (SPE). The sample of respondents consisted of 84 students (male), first year of the Faculty of Security Sciences from Banja Luka. The variable sample was composed of 17 tests for the evaluation of morphological characteristics, which were the independent variables and the dependent variable OSOTOG, which was the average grade of the performance of the kicking technique from the SPE program. The regression analysis did not establish a statistically significant connection between the efficiency of performing the throwing technique by striking the landing leg from behind and the selected set of predictor variables for the assessment of morphological characteristics. Only the elbow diameter variable (ADIJLA) gave a statistically significant contribution to the explanation of the criteria variable OSOTOG. Based on the value of the Beta coefficients, we can see that the variables: body weight (ATETJ) and leg length (ADUZNO) have significant positive partial correlations with the criterion variable, while negative correlations were achieved by the variables: elbow diameter (ADIJLA), body height (AVISTJ) and length hands (ADUZRU). The obtained results could be used in terms of improving the quality of the performance of certain program contents of the SPE, when choosing the appropriate technique within the motor program when solving certain problem situations from the SPE program. Keywords: students, interconnection, morphological characteristics, throwing by kicking out the leg from behind

THE CHANGES IN ENSURING THE MILITARY SECURITY ACTIONS

The security and military-strategy landscape of countries worldwide is undergoing significant changes. Following these changes, traditional hard power policies have evolved in terms of content and manifestation, giving rise to the concept of a "New cold war." This new approach utilizes information technology, economic actions, and political pressure methods and tactics, significantly decreasing the budget and costs associated with traditional warfare. The new Cold War approach emphasizes the use of new technologies, information space, and political and economic actions. As global defense costs rise, the strategy's content and objectives are constantly evolving. The traditional hard power policy has evolved into a new Cold War. This article will specifically consider the new trends in the changes in military affairs and I will provide my opinion and conclusions. The initial phase of the emerging Cold War is primarily unfolding in the realm of information in cyberspace. It focused on strategically targeting social and political arenas with goal of the weakening the societal and economic structures. The countries around the world view basis of the potential threats as information warfare, psychological operations, economic coercion, internal governance challenges, transnational criminal organizations, and environmental degradation influenced by external factors. In this reason, the military strategy and security policy will prioritize anticipating and preventing risks. The science of security has evolved to focus on potential challenges and risks, regulating development policies to ensure existence. Due to these evolving factors, the field of security has transformed into a science of Security of existence, with a greater emphasis on anticipating challenges and risks and shaping development policies.

A Novel Cycle Leader Permutation with Elgamal Algorithm for Image Encryption

As more people use networks in whatever capacity, security-related issues come up more frequently. These issues could be external to the network or inside to it. To address the security-related issues The science of cryptography and network security makes it possible to protect the resources, data quality, and network infrastructure. Firewalls and filters are utilized across many workstations to safeguard the resources. However, security services are required to safeguard the data during transmission to prevent unauthorized access. To guard against attacks, these services must be changed often. This paper integrates Cycle Leader permutation with Elgamal algorithms to construct such a system. These hybrid solutions can be used to stop hackers from gaining unauthorized access different commercial applications.

Artificial Intelligence as a Supporting Tool for Local Government Decision-Making in Public Safety

ObjectivesThe purpose of this article is to present artificial intelligence in the public security system at local government level of a state. This article answers the following questions: Does artificial intelligence have the potential to be used in the field of public safety by public administrations at the level of local authorities and, if so, are there successful examples of such applications? Is it advisable to expand the understanding of public safety to include such an area where AI is applied to public services?MethodsThe article falls within the theoretical publication stream. The research tools and techniques used are characteristic of the social sciences, including political and administrative sciences and security sciences. Mainly the following were used : desk research, analysis of literature , normative acts, documents and strategies. The analysis was extended with statements of practitioners from local government as representatives of public administration.ResultsThe result of the study is the confirmation of both research theses (H1 and H2) posed in the social science area of public safety and artificial intelligence systems.ConclusionsThis article states that that AI has the potential to be used in the field of public safety by public administrations at the level of local and regional authorities, despite the correlated risks arising from the use of AI by the public sector. It is advisable to expand the understanding of public safety to include such an area where AI is applied in public services.

DECISION MAKING SUPPORT MODELS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES AT NETWORK STRUCTURES: SECURITY KNOWLEDGE BASE

In modern conditions one of most relevant aspects the ensuring effective functioning of enterprises at network structures, as well the formation of positive results its economic activity in the context of security science, is the implementation of decision-making in the management of the network system. A complex of mathematical methods and decision support models in the management of enterprises at network structures has been developed, which will allow to optimize the activity of network systems taking into account security guidelines. The scientific problems of the system at network enterprises include the following stages: the study of the competitive environment and the study of influencing factors; development of an approach to assessing the impact of network business competitiveness; development of a set optimization models and methods of managing enterprises at network structures. On the basis of this, it was established that the provision of economic security is the main vector the formation of approaches to the calculation of relevant economic and mathematical characteristics at network enterprises, taking into account external and internal influencing factors.

On ensuring economic security enterprises in market conditions

The article considers the provision of economic security, which belongs to the category of security economics and is an important branch of security science. The economic security of an enterprise begins from the point of view of economic analysis and decision–making. The article analyzes the stakeholders of the economic security of the enterprise, and conducts a more systematic discussion. Today, issues such as enterprise risk analysis, how to plan projects to improve and ensure safety, how to assess the true losses from accidents, how to make decisions in this area, how to conduct inspections and establish a long–term safety mechanism are more relevant than ever. The authors have identified factors affecting the economic security of enterprises in the country. Recommendations are presented on how organizations can cope with various economic threats and risks, maintain the stability of their financial position, and ensure sustainable functioning and development in the face of changes and uncertainty in the market. An integrated approach with innovative elements for solving problems and challenges is proposed.

Sub-Disciplines in Security Sciences: On the Need to Distinguish Them

The article attempts to address the issue of the need to distinguish sub-disciplines in security sciences. A scientific discipline is a basic and lowest-order category within the classification system of individual fields of science. Security science in Poland has been classified as one of many disciplines in the field of social sciences. The problem was formulated as a question: based on which criteria can sub-disciplines be distinguished in the security sciences? The aim is to identify the basic sub-disciplines in security sciences and to propose a criterion for their distinction. Critical literature analysis and research design were adopted as the primary methods. There is no established criterion for the division into individual sub-disciplines in Poland. The author proposes to distinguish sub-disciplines based on the following criteria: theoretical, practical, types of institutions, and levels of organization of different security sectors. It is based on the assumption that security sciences require a clarification of the substantive scope within sub-disciplines through which the discipline’s identity can be built up, and research can be carried out as part of further scientific work.

Collective protection measures against contamination according to NATO requirements

The review article deals with the current issue of collective protection, including collectiveprotection against contamination. A breakdown by purpose and basic equipment for use incontamination conditions is presented. Based on NATO documents, functional and operationalrecommendations are made.Keywords: chemical sciences, security sciences, weapons of mass destruction, collective protection

The Impact of the Cross Fit Program for 12 Weeks on the Maximum Oxygen Consumption and Some Body Components Among Students in the Military Sports Training Department at AL –istiqlal University for Security Sciences/Palestine

The research aims to investigate the impact of a 12-week Cross Fit program on the maximum oxygen consumption and some physiological components of the body among students of the Military Sports Training Department at University of AL-istiqlal for Security Sciences. The researchers utilized an experimental approach to achieve optimal results, focusing on the quality of the training program to understand its physiological effects on maximum oxygen consumption, various body components, and the performance of the students. The study examined the impact of two different training programs from The cross-fit program.The first program was applied on the experimental group, while the regular training program was implemented for the control group. The sample consisted of 40 military students from the Military Sports Training Department at AL-istiqlal University. They were purposively selected from the study population and were in good health The sample individuals were randomly assigned to two groups: control (20) and experimental (20). They were evaluated through measurements and physiological tests before and after a 12-week period of military training. The training program for the experimental group, known as Cross Fit, demonstrated a significant impact and improvement on maximum oxygen consumption and some body components "Where the improvement rate reached the maximum oxygen consumption (38.8%) milliliters/kg/min, the improvement rate on the body mass index (-9.95%) kg/m², and the improvement rate on muscle mass (9.67%) kg. The improvement rate on metabolic rate during rest for students was (5.55%) kcal/day. The experimental group showed a favorable outcome in the dimensional measurement. Researchers recommend the incorporation of diverse cross-fit exercises into daily military programs at AL-istiqlal University due to their numerous benefits on vital body functions and components."

Impact of New Technologies on Developing Aviation Safety Training

Aviation safety training requires meticulous procedures and constant updating. The development of new technologies in aviation makes it possible to visualize difficult situations and transfer them to various types of simulations. It is theorized that, in addition to basic textbooks, a trainee is able to absorb more material in less time thanks to new tools such as virtual reality. The purpose of this article is to compare the level of training in the traditional mode and with the use of a VR lab. The research methods presented in this article are in line with the discipline of security sciences, which arises from the social need to learn about the reality around us. Observations made in a study conducted on a group of students provided answers about the opportunities and threats that VR applications introduced in the training system.