Security Regime Research Articles

Iran's Cinema of Resistance

Iran's Cinema of Resistance Hanna Khosravi (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Nasrin Sotoudeh in a still from Jafar Panahi's Taxi (International Federation for Human Rights/Flickr) [End Page 6] About halfway through Jafar Panahi's Taxi (2015), the Iranian filmmaker picks up his young niece, Hana, from her elementary school. Hana has just been tasked with producing a film for class, and she is eager to seek her uncle's guidance. Who better to ask than an internationally renowned writer and director? Hana tells Panahi that her school, which is under the jurisdiction of the Islamic regime's so-called morality police, has banned what the government refers to as "sordid realism" in any of the student productions. The legal term for this censored cinematic art form is translated from the Farsi (phonetically anglicized as seeyah namaee), which literally means "representing something darkly." Hana tells Panahi that her teacher instructed the students to "show what is real, but not what is real real. Then [the teacher] said if reality is dark and unpleasant, not to show it. . . . They don't want to show it, but they do it themselves." She pauses, seemingly unaware of the harrowing truth that she has just laid bare, then adds, "Whatever. I don't get it." The scene's striking dialogue uses the neorealist motif of framing social and political inquiries through the innocent, prying eyes of a child. Panahi—a dissident, a political prisoner, an artist—has dedicated his life to an illicit art form. Like many of Iran's dissident filmmakers, Panahi centers much of his work around the stories of women. Consider the film that initiated his ongoing struggle against the country's authoritarian regime: The Circle (2000), which was groundbreaking in its bleak, unvarnished depiction of the government's crushing oppression of women. As Roger Ebert wrote in his review, "The film is profoundly dangerous to the status quo in Iran because it asks us to identify with the plight of women who have done nothing wrong except to be female." Like Taxi, The Circle is about the poetics of the everyday. It is an act of unveiling, revealing how Iranian women pursue their own safety and survival. Following his participation in the 2009 Green Movement, Panahi was arrested and convicted of creating "anti-government propaganda." During a three-month stint in Evin Prison—commonly known as Evin University because of the number of intellectuals, journalists, students, and artists who have been imprisoned there—Panahi went on a hunger strike that garnered attention from filmmakers, artists, and activists around the world. Following his release, the government banned Panahi from directing or releasing films for twenty years. Panahi's 2011 documentary chronicling his life under house arrest, aptly titled This Is Not a Film, was smuggled to the Cannes Film Festival on a flash drive concealed within a birthday cake. Recently the repression of artists has gotten worse. Last May, more than a dozen documentary filmmakers were arrested or had their homes raided when [End Page 7] the ultraconservative administration of President Ebrahim Raisi conducted the most severe crackdown on artistic freedom of expression that Iran had seen in many years. Two months later, Panahi was arrested after going to a prosecutor's office in Tehran to pursue answers regarding the imprisonment of his friend Mohammad Rasoulof, who was arrested in July after posting a statement on social media urging the regime's security forces to lay down their weapons against anti-government protesters in Iran's Khuzestan province. Like Panahi's Taxi, Rasoulof's 2020 film There Is No Evil, which tells four interwoven stories of Iranians whose lives have been affected by the systemic corruption and injustice of the country's capital punishment laws, won the prestigious Golden Bear award at the Berlin International Film Festival. Also like Panahi, Rasoulof was banned from leaving the country and was unable to attend the festival and receive his prize. On July 19, Panahi, too, was sentenced to six years in Evin Prison. Since September, thousands of Iranians have been imprisoned in Evin for participating in the uprising that has convulsed Iran and much of the Kurdistan region...

РОЗВИТОК ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

The article examines the development of territorial communities in the conditions of martial law, real challenges for territorial communities that have arisen due to the war, and provides practical recommendations for overcoming crisis situations within territorial communities. The role of local self-government bodies in solving these problems is shown. The article examines already implemented measures regarding organizational and legal assistance by local self-government bodies to displaced persons and considers the prospects of further implementation of measures on social protection of the population in the event of a threat to life or health under martial law. On the basis of the conducted scientific analysis of the development of territorial communities under martial law, the authors express their own proposals aimed at ensuring the operation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, ensuring, together with the military command, the implementation and implementation of measures of the legal regime of martial law, defense, civil protection, public order and security. It is noted that the territorial communities, which have become more efficient thanks to the municipal reform, demonstrate stability even in war conditions. The primary task of local authorities is to ensure the livelihood of communities, provide the necessary assistance, and establish administrative services. It was emphasized that territorial communities under martial law must rationally use available financial, material, personnel and other resources, as well as identify and attract their reserves in order to meet current needs, the needs of internally displaced persons, the development of the territory and military logistics, and the formation of the competitiveness of territorial communities in future. It is concluded that there is a need for further improvement of the legislative framework and the adoption of new provisions, for example, regarding the distribution of the functioning of communities located in the war zone or under occupation, or in the territory where hostilities are not taking place. Keywords: territorial community, local self-government bodies, services, social services, martial law.

Наукові підходи до розуміння концепту глобальної економічної безпеки

The purpose of this publication is to study scientific approaches to understanding the conception of global economic security. The analysis of current foreign and domestic sources made it possible to classify the scientific approaches of different authors regarding the essence and features of the conception of economic security: as a process of meeting needs; from the point of view of protecting the national interests of a particular country, business entities, individuals; as a state of the system-based object; as a condition for sustainable development; as features of the system elements; as a system for preventing harm; as a manifestation of an integrity of security measures; in terms of economic sustainability and sovereignty of a country; as an aggregate of conditions and factors; as a dynamic development of a system component. It is determined that the conception of global economic security covers a wide range of interrelated issues and elements, such as investment verification, instruments to counteract coercion, research integrity, and stability of supply chains. When focusing on supply chain stability, three main issues should be considered. It is found that the regimes of national economic security require a balance between defensive and offensive policies depending on the specific conditions of the country. The main factors in developing strategies are national security interests and competitive advantages in certain sectors of the trade. Transparency and information exchange between countries is the first step towards meaningful international cooperation on economic security issues. This is crucial to avoid creating protectionist economic weapons that countries can use against rivals. It is defined that in a rapidly changing world, the issue of global economic security becomes the most open and at the same time of responsibility in case of calling and responding to problems caused by various factors of society life as a subject of international economic relations, developing effective mechanisms for dealing with challenges in the sectoral economic parts of the institution of economy.

Securitización sanitaria y control migratorio fronterizo: el Título 42 en la frontera México-Estados Unidos

Title 42 is an old U.S. health policy implemented in the service of immigration control in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article aims to discuss the argument about the logic behind the migratory containment strategies involved in this provision. From a documentary and bibliographic review of official data and testimonies of migrants expelled under this policy, the effects of this rule are reviewed, especially towards the populations seeking international protection, who were expelled to territories where their lives were in danger. Three ways of understanding are proposed to critically reflect on how a health policy has been implemented as a migratory restriction: the bionecropolitical governance of migrations, the global regime of security and health immunization, and the securitization of borders through constructing external threats.

APPROACHES TO ACHIEVING INFORMATION PROTECTION IN ORGANIZATIONS OF DIFFERENT FIELDS OF ACTIVITIES DURING A STATE OF EMERGENCY (MARTIAL WAR)

The number of cyber attacks is increasing. In modern organizations of various fields of activity, all information is increasingly stored in digital or electronic form, be it on individual computers or data storage devices, on the organization's servers or data storage services, or with the help of web-based "cloud" technologies. The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of information security and analysis of the solution to the problem, as well as to identify threats that can seriously affect organizations of all sizes. This article examines the most popular methods of protecting information during wartime. Let's take a closer look at how this or that method can help you. All businesses now have business-critical information and data stored electronically, so maintaining data security is critical. The growing use of web-based services such as the cloud creates additional digital security challenges. Inadequate cyber security can compromise systems and services, harm people and, in extreme cases, endanger lives. While an organization cannot guarantee that its digital assets are 100 percent secure, this article provides advice on how to assess threats to systems and develop a security regime that ensures that sensitive digital assets are always protected.

Assessing Nuclear Security Risks in Pakistan

Pakistan’s nuclear program and perceived nuclear security concerns have attracted global attention. The varying concerns range from the potential theft of nuclear weapons or materials to the unauthorized use of a nuclear device to terrorist groups taking control of the Pakistani government. The enduring debate, however, has oscillated between these doomsday scenarios and some optimistic considerations, where various quarters have shared their satisfaction over Pakistan’s nuclear security regime and its ability to deal with the emerging challenges. To address the evolving nature of these threats, Pakistan is constantly improving its nuclear security infrastructure. It has established a comprehensive legislative and institutional structure, nuclear security systems, and has also undertaken various international obligations. To further improve nuclear security perceptions, Pakistan should adopt a more transparent approach and learn from international best practices.

АНАЛІЗ ТРЕНДІВ У ТРАНСФЕРІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ПОДВІЙНОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯУ ГЛОБАЛЬНІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ

B a c k g r o u n d . In recent decades, an international system of export control of both military products and TPP has been formed. Due to objective reasons, this system is constantly changing, which requires appropriate adaptation of national legislation and administrative mechanisms. In view of this, an important scientific and practical task is the study of trends in the development of the international export control system, in particular in relation to the TPP. This is necessary for the development of measures aimed at deepening international cooperation and increasing the effectiveness of TPP export control at the national level. M e t h o d s . The following methods were used: analytical, retrospective, comparative. R e s u l t s . The article specifies the essence and features of the implementation of export control of dual-purpose technologies. C o n c l u s i o n s . Export control, as a set of norms of international law, contractual and political obligations aimed at reducing the risk of the use of military force, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, means of their delivery and countering terrorism, is an important component of the international security regime. The relevance of export control is determined by two factors: the possibility of export control to contribute to the interests of international security and the possibility of achieving their own national interests by the states that apply it.

THE SOUTH CHINA SEA DISPUTE AS A THREAT TO ASEAN COOPERATIVE SECURITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION

The article provides an overview of the dispute in the South China Sea between China and the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) through the prism of ASEAN cooperative security. Emphasis is placed on the study of documents that envisionage mechanisms for resolving the dispute between China and ASEAN. It is determined that the activities of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations as a collective actor in resolving the dispute in the South China Sea are limited exclusively to confidence-building measures as the ultimate goal of activities in this area and the development of a code of conduct with the People's Republic of China. At the same time, the main legal instrument of ASEAN's relations with China at the mentioned waters remains the legally non-binding Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea of 4 November 2002, which indicates China's unwillingness to create a direct framework for cooperation in the South China Sea with a view to furthrer strengthening its position in the waters through militarisation and land reclamation activities. The authors also consider and analyse the main limitations of ASEAN's security policy in the Asia-Pacific region and its cooperative security regime, including absolutisation of sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs, consensus as the basis for decision-making, adherence to the principle of mushyawarah - consultations as an end in itself, non-use of potential conflict resolution mechanisms due to soft institutionalism and the use of bilateral joint resource development in the South-China Sea, which undermines the principle of multilateralism of ASEAN cooperative security.

Evropska unija i zdravstvena bezbednost u kontekstu pandemije KOVID-19

The paper considers health security in the European Union, before and during the COVID19 pandemic, through the analysis of the EU strategic-normative, political and institutional framework in this area. The aim was to determine whether the changes in the field of public health at the EU level, induced by the COVID19 pandemic, contributed to defining a clear approach of the Union to health security and to strengthening its global role in this field. Although the concept of health security is still subject to different and broad interpretations, its practical importance comes to the fore primarily in periods of health crises. Thus, at the EU level, pandemics and epidemics of infectious diseases, as well as threats from bioterrorism, have stimulated more intensive reflections on health security in a theoretical, political and practical sense. Therefore, in this paper health security is analyzed with a focus on infectious diseases as one of the serious and emerging health threats. Methodologically, the paper is based on content analysis, first of all academic literature on health security, the most important strategic documents, health policies and mechanisms of the EU. The analysis showed that the health security field at the EU level has not yet been developed to such an extent that we could talk about a coherent approach to health security, that reflects a collective (European) vision. Namely, that approach varies from the humanocentric paradigm, which is embodied in the Union's commitment to human rights, human development and the general health needs of "ordinary" people, to the traditional, state-centric one, which came to the fore through the unilateral actions of the members during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, awareness of the need for a broader, common approach to serious health threats, became clearer after dealing with the consequences of this isolationist policies of the member states. Therefore, we still couldn't talk about global EU actorness in this area, despite the Union's expressed desire for a leadership role, especially stimulated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Namely, the COVID-19 crisis simultaneously shed light on numerous vulnerabilities and shortcomings of the EU health security regime and opened the way for reforms and improvements in this area. Taking into account that the COVID-19 crisis caused both geopolitical consequences and a crisis in international relations, this is an additional reason for strengthening the position of the EU in global health governance. Therefore, at this moment, the changes in the EU, prompted by COVID-19 can be seen as just one more step on the way to strengthening the future position of the EU in global health security.

Política Externa da Arábia Saudita sob MBS: mudança da unidade de decisão e seus impactos em relação ao Iêmen e à Síria

Abstract If Saudi Arabia’s regional strategy involves the containment of Iran’s proxies, why, under King Salman, did Saudi Arabia attack the Houthis in Yemen, but give up its attempt to overthrow Bashar al-Assad in Syria? I argue here that both decisions reflect Mohammed bin Salman’s willingness to seek ‘heterodox’ solutions in foreign policy, a feature that guided Saudi foreign policy in the face of a changing decision-making unit in the Saudi regime. While MBS’s influence in the case of Yemen is more easily identified, in the case of Syria this is not so straightforward. The crown prince only acquired the ability to manoeuvre Saudi policy towards Syria after consolidating his power within the regime, in 2017, and, from there, he put in place measures that, in practice, facilitated a coexistence arrangement between Saudi Arabia and Russia. In both cases, the objective was to contain the perceived Iranian advances in a scenario of reduced appetite by the United States to provide security for Saudi Arabia. This conclusion is reached through the use of a Foreign Policy Analysis approach, more specifically, the analysis of the decision-making units, to broaden and deepen the observations made from a regime security perspective.

A comparative overview on agricultural contracts in Sudan

Sudan, like other African nations, has experienced challenges related to land ownership, aggravated by its previous status as the largest country in Africa before South Sudan’s secession. Traditionally, land in Sudan has been held collectively by tribes, managed by chiefs or tribal leaders through customary regulations. In this system, an individual’s right to land is derived from their membership in the community or tribe. Specific areas for communal use are exclusively reserved under customary law, where individuals can access them as a shared resource. This concept aligns with the notion of a native common good in modern terms, as described by the economic analysis of law, where ownership rights prevent individuals from excluding others. The right to exclude others does not apply in this case. These customary traditions remained mostly unaffected by colonial and post-colonial governments, which introduced a separate land tenure system based on the state’s authority to allocate land. Alongside these customs, Islam, as a religious faith, also played a significant role, providing principles and regulations that intertwined with customary traditions to form a binding body of law. However, the religious rules themselves are only one component of the living law, whose content is shaped through the interaction with customary practices. Official land law in Sudan, influenced by colonial practices, has undergone modifications under successive governments but remains fundamentally rooted in the colonial land laws. These laws were initially implemented to confiscate large land areas for commercial farming, particularly cotton production, and to regulate urban residency in support of colonial regime security. One of the fundamental issues related to rural land tenure stems from the principle introduced by the British colonial power in 1898, which assumes that unregistered land is owned by the government unless proven otherwise. Considering the premises, the purpose of this contribution is to analyse the land laws in Sudan and, in particular, the main type of agrarian contracts.

Environmental Security Policies of the Russian Federation

Since the earliest times of history, humanity has been known to be fighting an existential war against nature. Although man’s struggle against his natural environment has not caused severe damage to nature for centuries, human-induced natural environmental degradation has begun to be seen with modernization, the effect of which was experienced to a great extent in the 20th century. With both population growth and technological developments, humanity has achieved significant gains in its struggle for survival against nature, but these gains have turned against humanity itself with the irreversible deterioration of nature. This degradation, which started with environmental pollution in the past and resulted in climate changes today, has been taken care of by modern states, which have significant power in the governance of people. These modern states, which previously had a security perspective through their relations, have started to take steps as environmental problems harm their legitimacy and citizens. States had to come together to solve this common problem no matter how different they were in government type and ideology. Since the day it left the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation has not refrained from taking national steps toward the global environmental security regime. Although like many states, the fight against environmental problems has made mistakes and shortcomings, it has cooperated internationally for various reasons. The most important reason is that the Russian Federation is at the top of the list of states polluting nature. But apart from this, environmental security has been the area of interest of the Kremlin administration due to its geopolitical and geostrategic interests in the international system. Therefore, it has set targets on environmental security in documents such as foreign policy and security concepts adopted since the early 1990s. This study aims to examine the national and international environmental policies of the Russian Federation on global climate change. For this reason, firstly, a brief introduction to the subject of environmental security will be made, and the documents containing the political and security perspective of the Russian Federation will be discussed in the next section. In the last part, it will try to summarize what kind of international contribution and cooperation the Russian Federation has made in solving environmental problems.

Organizational and legal security of extraordinary administrative and legal regimes in Ukraine.

Organizational and legal security of extraordinary administrative and legal regimes in Ukraine.

Emerging international regime of information security

The article examines burning issues of the formation of an international regime in the field of ensuring international information security in the context of geopolitical transformations and turbulence. The theory of international regimes developed by Russian and foreign researchers is used as a theoretical and methodological basis for the study.Based on the classical definition of the international regime, the authors focus on the norms and principles in the field of international information security. The norms and principles in the field of international information security as the rules of responsible behavior in the global information space were first proposed by Russia and its SCO partners in 2011 as part of a discussion of the UN General Assembly. However, Russian initiatives met with resistance from the United States, resulting in a fragmentation of the existing regulatory regime in the field of international information security. Currently, the relevant norms and principles, which are based on the fundamental principles of international law, enshrined in the UN Charter, are presented in the resolutions of the UN General Assembly, and are also enshrined in the reports of the Group of Governmental Experts on achievements in the field of informatization and telecommunications in the context of international security.The norms fixed in the documents are not mandatory, but they make an important contribution to ensuring international stability by structuring the expectations of various actors in the field of information security. However, the lack of formal consolidation and institutionalization of these norms within the framework of international treaties reduces their legitimacy.

Authoritarian environmentalism in Vietnam: The construction of climate change as a security threat

This article examines the construction of climate change as a security threat under authoritarian political structures. Based on 55 Vietnamese government policies, strategies, laws, and action plans and building on the theoretical framework of authoritarian environmentalism, the article demonstrates that climate change is increasingly being taken seriously by the Vietnamese policymakers and that security framings play a significant role in this debate. Although the authoritarian state in Vietnam appears to be relatively independent of public preferences and is argued to rely primarily on top-down, non-participatory environmental management, it nonetheless strives to construct narratives that support its public legitimacy. Through the use of various frames such as natural resource security, water resource security, food security, and energy security, Vietnamese discourse presumes that climate change policies should bring economic benefits, which in turn provides the basis for the public security agenda and ultimately serves regime security, strengthening the legitimacy and resilience of the Communist Party of Vietnam. These findings indicate that development and security discourses in the area of climate policy actively interact and perpetuate each other, highlighting an important feature of emerging state environmentalism in Vietnam.

Budaya Maritim dan Diplomasi Maritim untuk Kepentingan Nasional

This paper discusses how pillars in Indonesia’s vision of Global Maritime Fulcrum (GMF) are interrelated, particularly maritime culture and maritime diplomacy. These two pillars need to be implemented as an entity concept. Previous literatures have mainly discussed how each of the pillars contribute to the realization of GMF vision. Based on the perspectives of International Relations theory, this paper explains how maritime culture can influence the formulation of strategy and implementation of Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy. The authors argue that the pillars of maritime culture and maritime diplomacy are reflection of the national interests supporting the GMF vision. Additionally, the embedded maritime culture in Indonesian society can have positive implications for the inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes of maritime diplomacy. If maritime culture can be managed, it would serve as an instrument of soft power, it would construct the national identity and it would drive the creation of regional security governance, maritime norms and regime that could serve as facilitating factors for the achievement of national interests through Indonesia’s maritime diplomacy. The pillar of maritime culture is the root of maritime diplomacy for achieving national interests.

Twenty Years of Externally Promoted Security Assistance in Iraq: Changing Approaches and Their Limits

ABSTRACT Iraq adds to the poor track record of externally promoted security assistance in conflict-affected and fragile contexts. By taking a long-term perspective, this article examines and problematizes the shift in paradigms from Security Sector Reforms (SSR) as a pillar of the liberal statebuilding intervention in Iraq to Security Force Assistance (SFA) as the remedy that the post-interventionist turn endorsed since the 2010s. In discussing this shift, the article also shows that in successive phases of externally promoted security assistance, different notions of security prevailed. As the intervention unfolded, human security instead of guiding SSR was quickly put to the side, as donors’ security (2003–2008) and later regime’s security (2009–mid 2014) prevailed. The late 2014–2019 prevalence of SFA in Iraq was instead characterized by the disjuncture of security assistance from other governance aspects in the country while it later became part of a tense geopolitical context (2020–2023). Overall, Iraq proves to be a laboratory for testing out concepts relating to security whereby external actors and factors are key to explaining the shift in security assistance, while internal local needs for security are largely ignored.

From flows towards updates: Security regimes and changing technologies for financial surveillance

Abstract‘Follow the money’ is currently the central principle of international financial security, although money itself is probably one of the most unlikely objects to make traceable. Two recent scandals around a security unit and the payment processor Wirecard show how existing systems of financial surveillance that seek to capture ‘flows’ of money for security purposes are either enabled or frustrated. While this current regime of financial surveillance adheres to demanding the free flow of money through financial infrastructures and various actors and intermediaries, new digital currencies build on a set type of ledger(s) in which money is stored as data. Hence, what we understand as money does not ‘flow’, but is rather updated. This change in the underlying infrastructure means that traceability does not need to be enacted; it is an intrinsic feature of digital currencies. With new central bank digital currencies (CBDC), the regime of financial security thus changes from the monitoring of financial flows and flagging of (potentially) illicit transactions towards the storage of financial data in (de)centralised ledgers. This form of transactional governance is engendered by shifting geopolitical agendas that increasingly rely on fractured instead of globalised financial infrastructures, thus making CBDCs themselves subject to security efforts.

Quest for Regional Hegemony: The Politics of Ontological Insecurity in the Saudi–Iran Rivalry

The rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia has been unfolding over a long period, influencing the politics and conflicts in the Middle East. The dynamics, content, and form of the rivalry have changed dramatically following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Sectarianism is frequently seen as the constitutive element of the conflict between the two countries. This paper brings a new light into the literature on the nature of the evolving Saudi–Iran rivalry. Specifically, it explains Saudi Arabia’s ideational balancing and threat perception against Iran by highlighting the ontological security narratives under which the Saudi–Iran rivalry evolves. In doing so, it draws on the fatwas (i.e., religious opinions), issued by Saudi scholars, as an empirical object of investigation, and explores how they constitute and reconstitute Saudi Arabia’s ontological security narratives. In this way, this work critically explains the ontological security regime in Saudi Arabia and the nature of the political struggle and antagonism between the two countries.

Research on Trajectory Recognition and Control Technology of Real-Time Tracking Welding.

Real-time tracking welding with the assistance of structured light vision enhances the intelligence of robotic welding, which significantly shortens teaching time and guarantees accuracy for user-customized product welding. However, the robustness of most image processing algorithms is deficient during welding practice, and the security regime for tracking welding is not considered in most trajectory recognition and control algorithms. For these two problems, an adaptive feature extraction algorithm was proposed, which can accurately extract the seam center from the continuous, discontinuous or fluctuating laser stripes identified and located by the CNN model, while the prior model can quickly remove a large amount of noise and interference except the stripes, greatly improving the extraction accuracy and processing speed of the algorithm. Additionally, the embedded Pauta criterion was used to segmentally process the center point data stream and to cyclically eliminate outliers and further ensure the accuracy of the welding reference point. Experimental results showed that under the guarantee of the above-mentioned seam center point extraction and correction algorithms, the tracking average error was 0.1 mm, and even if abnormal trajectory points existed, they did not cause welding torch shaking, system interruption or other accidents.