Training Of Security Personnel Research Articles

EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES ON SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN CROSS RIVER STATE-NIGERIA

The study examines the impact of crime on sustainable tourism development in the southern senatorial district of Cross River State, Nigeria, focusing on kidnapping, armed robbery, and drug abuse/trafficking in relation to the Calabar Carnival. Employing a survey design, data from 384 respondents were collected through questionnaires and interviews. Simple linear regression analysis indicates a significant association between kidnapping, armed robbery, drug abuse/trafficking, and sustainable tourism, particularly the Calabar Carnival. Recommendations include prioritizing local community involvement in tourism management to address security concerns, enhancing security personnel training in tourism education and modern policing techniques, and allocating increased funding for alternative means of subsistence for indigenous populations. These measures aim to mitigate negative impacts, encourage tourism, and foster sustainability in the region.

MANAGING PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN A VOLATILE ENVIRONMENT IN NIGERIA NORTHEAST ZONE: IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION LEADERS

School leaders’ effectiveness and conducive learning environment are devoid of threat, fear, and loss of life and properties enhance the achievement of educational goals with students’ academic performance. This study aims to determine school leaders’ perceptions and current understanding of managing schools in a volatile environment and the policies guiding school management in a volatile context. To gather data, semi-structured interviews with five purposively selected principals in the Northeast of Nigeria were conducted which were later transcribed and analysed with content analysis. The findings showed school leaders’ approaches to managing public schools in a volatile environment as there were no policies in place on school administration in a volatile context. The findings also reveal the inadequacy of security in schools and the inadequacy of training of security personnel. The study concludes that stakeholders should put in place appropriate measures to safeguard life and properties.

Research on Execution Risk and Security Improvement Measures of Major Sports Events

This research paper delves into the critical aspects of execution risk management and security enhancement in major sports events. With the ever-growing popularity of sports events worldwide, ensuring the safety and security of participants and spectators has become a top priority for event organizers, government agencies, and stakeholders. The paper presents a comprehensive and structured approach to address the challenges associated with event security, providing valuable insights into risk assessment methodologies, stakeholder involvement, emergency response planning, venue and perimeter security, crowd management, transport and logistics security, security personnel training, intelligence and information sharing, and the significance of ongoing research in this field. By highlighting key findings and recommendations, the paper aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to create secure and enjoyable experiences for all involved in major sports events. The research highlights the importance of continuous improvement, collaboration, and technological advancements to strengthen event security and mitigate potential risks in an ever-evolving global landscape.

Would you let this guy into a bar? Identifying cues that signal a perceived increase in the propensity for violence of potential bar patrons

Abstract Objectives Bars, pubs, and clubs are hotspots for alcohol-related aggression. Consequently, admittance decisions made by security personnel have important implications for the safety inside these venues. However, the cues used by security personnel to determine the potential for intoxicated violence and inform admittance decisions vary substantially. Methods Here, we manipulate theoretically and practically relevant cues to determine the effects of their utilization on perceptions of violence and admittance decisions. Participants viewed images of real inmates convicted of violent or non-violent crimes, accompanied by cues derived from interviews with security staff. Results We found that body tenseness, drug and alcohol intoxication, searching behavior, avoidant behavior, and neck and face tattoos were positively associated with a greater perceived likelihood of violence. Admittance decisions mirrored these findings. Students and security personnel differed in their utilization of some of the cues. Conclusions To our knowledge, the current research was the first to take a quantitative approach to understanding the cues that security personnel and young adults might use to identify potentially violent patrons. These finding may help inform training for security personnel.

Implications of Cross Border Proliferation of Small and Light Weapons (SALWs) for Nigeria’s National Security: A Study of Kaduna State, 2010-2020

This work examined the security implications of the Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALWs) in Nigeria laying more emphasis on Kaduna State. The work relied on both primary and secondary data. For the primary data, they were obtained through an in-depth interview with key stakeholders who are abreast with issues of the subject matter, this included all three arms of the armed forces, the police, customs, immigration, and those who have been victims of attack and culprits who were arrested with SALWs. While secondary data were sourced from textbooks, journal articles, seminar papers, and newspapers, among others on the subject matter. The work adopted the relative deprivation theory as a framework of analysis. Findings of the work show that there were serious security implications of the proliferation of SALWs for Kaduna state which has led to an increase in crime rate, political violence, conflicts, and disruption of economic activities within the period under review. The study, therefore, recommends inter-agency and bilateral cooperation on border patrol, adequate equipment and training of security personnel, proper remuneration for security agents, improved government policies and framework to grow the economy and create jobs, strict adherence to prescribing laws and regulations governing the possession and use of small arms and light weapons among others.

Utilization possibilities of constructive simulations in security personnel training

Currently, constructive simulations are commonly used for the state purposes, mainly for the military personnel, police, firefighting and search and rescue teams. Due to the need of practical training, which has many advantages in comparison to the theoretical education, it can be effectively used for the practical education of personnel also in other professions. The article presents the potential uses of constructive simulations practical training of security personne, highlighting the training process and discussing the main advantages, disadvantages and future challenges related to this type of practical training in connection with the developed mobile monitoring system.

Immersive security personnel training module for active shooter events

There is a need to prepare for emergencies such as active shooter events. Emergency response training drills and exercises are necessary to train for such events as we are unable to predict when emergencies do occur. There has been progress in understanding human behavior, unpredictability, human motion synthesis, crowd dynamics, and their relationships with active shooter events, but challenges remain. This paper presents an immersive security personnel training module for active shooter events in an indoor building. We have created an experimental platform for conducting active shooter drills for training that gives a fully immersive feel of the situation and allow one to perform virtual evacuation drills. The security personnel training module also incorporates four sub-modules namely 1) Situational assessment module, 2) Individual officer intervention module, 3) Team Response Module, and 4) Rescue Task Force module. We have developed an immersive virtual reality training module for active shooter events using an Oculus for course of action, visualization, and situational awareness for active shooter events as shown in Fig.1. The immersive security personnel training module aims to get information about the emergency situation inside the building. The dispatched officer will verify the active shooter situation in the building. The security personnel should find a safe zone in the building and secure the people in that area. The security personnel should also find the number and location of persons in possible jeopardy. Upon completion of the initial assessment, the first security personnel shall advise communications and request resources as deemed necessary. This will allow determining whether to take immediate action alone or with another officer or wait until additional resources are available. After successfully gathering the information, the personnel needs to update the info to their officer through a communication device.

Immersive security personnel training module for active shooter events

There is a need to prepare for emergencies such as active shooter events. Emergency response training drills and exercises are necessary to train for such events as we are unable to predict when emergencies do occur. There has been progress in understanding human behavior, unpredictability, human motion synthesis, crowd dynamics, and their relationships with active shooter events, but challenges remain. This paper presents an immersive security personnel training module for active shooter events in an indoor building. We have created an experimental platform for conducting active shooter drills for training that gives a fully immersive feel of the situation and allow one to perform virtual evacuation drills. The security personnel training module also incorporates four sub-modules namely 1) Situational assessment module, 2) Individual officer intervention module, 3) Team Response Module, and 4) Rescue Task Force module. We have developed an immersive virtual reality training module for active shooter events using an Oculus for course of action, visualization, and situational awareness for active shooter events as shown in Fig.1. The immersive security personnel training module aims to get information about the emergency situation inside the building. The dispatched officer will verify the active shooter situation in the building. The security personnel should find a safe zone in the building and secure the people in that area. The security personnel should also find the number and location of persons in possible jeopardy. Upon completion of the initial assessment, the first security personnel shall advise communications and request resources as deemed necessary. This will allow determining whether to take immediate action alone or with another officer or wait until additional resources are available. After successfully gathering the information, the personnel needs to update the info to their officer through a communication device.

COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGIES IN NIGERIA: CASE STUDY OF THE BOKO HARAM

The government in Nigeria has, at different times, adopted different approaches to combat terrorism. This study is therefore aimed at examining the conditions necessitating the emergence and persistence of the terrorist activities, and why the strategies applied have remained ineffective. The study employed the use of In-depth interview to elicit data from respondents while content analysis was used to analyze data gotten from the field. Findings from the study revealed that individualistic and uncooperative authorities hampered counter-terrorism activities by the government. Nigeria's counterterrorism operation was ill-defined, ad hoc, and reactive. The study therefore recommends that an active counterterrorism policy must be done with adequate planning, review mechanisms, distinct threat profile, resource allocation, and application as well as proper training of security personnel.

Legal, Regulatory and Technical Responses to Terrorism in the Aviation Industry in Kenya

The impact of terrorists’ acts against the civil aviation industry cannot be gainsaid. It exerts immense pressure on the national and human security of many nations. Regrettably, there has been a barrage of terrorist attacks against aircraft and airport installations since the dawn of powered passenger flight. The study sought to examine the legal, regulatory and Technical responses to terrorism in the aviation industry in Kenya and employed the exploratory research design. Secondary data was collected from government publications, websites, internal records and reports, conference proceedings, research articles, and books, among others. The data collected were analysed thematically. From the study finding, it is evident that aviation security became a challenge, especially in the 1960s following an increase in the number of terrorist attacks in the industry. ICAO’s legal, regulatory and technical responses through international conventions and protocols to address the challenge were reactionary in nature especially in the period before the 9/11 US attacks. A review of their ineffectiveness called for responses that were more proactive and preventive in nature, as a better solution in mitigating terrorism in the industry. This called for the need for cooperation among various security supporting agencies in many states’ aviation industries. Presently, there are extensive counterterrorism responses employed in Kenya. These include legal, regulatory, and technical multiagency responses frameworks. Based on the study findings, the study makes the following recommendations. First and foremost, there is a need to undertake training for security personnel to better implement the legal, regulatory, and technical responses. There should also be an effort to strengthen the capacities of agencies to better respond to terrorism threats in the aviation industry through legislation, training, and funding interventions.

Legal, Regulatory and Technical Responses to Terrorism in the Aviation Industry in Kenya

The impact of terrorists’ acts against the civil aviation industry cannot be gainsaid. It exerts immense pressure on the national and human security of many nations. Regrettably, there has been a barrage of terrorist attacks against aircraft and airport installations since the dawn of powered passenger flight. The study sought to examine the legal, regulatory and Technical responses to terrorism in the aviation industry in Kenya and employed the exploratory research design. Secondary data was collected from government publications, websites, internal records and reports, conference proceedings, research articles, and books, among others. The data collected were analyzed thematically. From the study finding, it is evident that aviation security became a challenge, especially in the 1960s following an increase in the number of terrorist attacks in the industry. ICAO’s legal, regulatory, and technical responses through international conventions and protocols to address the challenge were reactionary especially in the period before the 9/11 US attacks. A review of their ineffectiveness called for responses that were more proactive and preventive, as a better solution in mitigating terrorism in the industry. This called for the need for cooperation among various security supporting agencies in many states’ aviation industries. Presently, there are extensive counterterrorism responses employed in Kenya. These include legal, regulatory, and technical multiagency response frameworks. Based on the study findings, the study makes the following recommendations. First and foremost, there is a need to undertake training for security personnel to better implement the legal, regulatory, and technical responses. There should also be an effort to strengthen the capacities of agencies to better respond to terrorism threats in the aviation industry through legislation, training, and funding interventions.

Human rights abuses in local government areas in Nigeria during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Faith-based organisations as agents of transformation

Background: There were cases of human rights abuse during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the Warri, Uyo, Afikpo, Aba North, Kaduna South and Idemili North local government areas. Indigenes of these areas went through excruciating pain and suffering after the declaration of total lockdown by their state governments. The state governments declared lockdown, with no (or inefficient) distribution of palliatives to the indigenous population.Aim: This article examines human rights abuses perpetrated whilst the victims were in the same vicinity as their aggressors during the lockdown occasioned by the coronavirus.Setting: The data were collected from the Warri, Uyo, Afikpo, Aba North, Kaduna South and Idemili local government areas.Methods: The phenomenological method of qualitative research was used in the study. Data were collected from official government documents, gazettes, and faith-based organisation (FBOs). The data collected were analysed descriptively.Results: Corruption among security personnel, the lack of sensitisation and training of security personnel by the government on the rules of engagement and the Lack of punishment of security personnel after their abuse of power are the motivating factors to the human rights abuses during the coronavirus pandemic in Nigeria.Conclusion: Citizens were forced to go out to look for money and food to buy. These citizens were engaged by security agents (enforcing the lockdown) and were harassed and killed. The findings reveal that lack of special training for COVID-19 security personnel, corruption and lack of sensitisation are the reasons for these cases of human rights abuse. Faith-based organisations have roles to play towards achieving a reduction in the escalating cases of human rights abuse in these areas.

Private security preparedness for disasters caused by fire

The subject of the research was the examination of the factors of influence on the preparedness of the private security for disasters caused by fire. In addition to determining the preparedness index, there are deeper insights into the interrelationships between various selected variables and the level of preparedness of members of the private security. Using the random sampling method, 300 adult members of the private security were selected, and they participated in the research. The results of the research indicate that members of private security were not sufficiently prepared to react to fires. The research results could be used as a starting point for conducting further research in this area since the improvement in training of security personnel plays an important role in disaster control and prevention, thereby producing safer and more secure work environment and society.

Cooperative co-evolutionary comprehensive learning particle swarm optimizer for formulation design of explosive simulant

Generally, the actual explosive is not suitable for the training of security personnel due to its danger. Hence, it is significant to create the simulant as similar as possible to the real explosive, where the difficulties are derived from finding safe compounds from the compound database and their related proportion. In this paper, a cooperative co-evolutionary comprehensive learning particle swarm optimizer is proposed to obtain the formulation design of explosive simulant. To be specific, the proposed algorithm employs particle swarm optimization as the optimizer and creates two cooperative populations focusing on finding compounds and their proportions, respectively. Moreover, a comprehensive cooperative strategy is designed to improve the solution diversity and thus enhance the search performance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to employ evolutionary algorithm to design explosive simulant formulation. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on several typical explosives and results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in comparison to other algorithms.

Airport operations and security screening: An examination of social justice

Airports are a crucial part of the United States transportation system and airport officials are continuously challenged to ensure that their operations are secure. A major part of providing airport security is implementing check points where passengers interface with the security screening system. The airlines and airport security administration receive negative publicity when passengers are mistreated at security check points. Further, these organizations spend a lot of time to assess the situation and take corrective actions. This study examines passenger perceived bias and the airport security screening system. Using data from a randomly selected sample of 145 airline passengers, six hypotheses are tested. The hypotheses exam the predictive relationships of control procedures, security personnel training, security personnel professionalism, and security screening systems on passenger perceived bias. Multiple regression analysis is used to test the hypotheses. The research findings indicate that security personnel professionalism is negatively and significantly related to passenger perceived bias. Also, security personnel training and security control procedures are positively and significantly related to security personnel professionalism. Management implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research are offered.

Effect of technological changes on airport security personnel: age-related analysis

Purpose- The aim of the study is to determine the impact of technological changes on age-based airport security personnel. Due to its strategic importance, airports have the potential to attract danger. There have been terrorist attacks at airports since the early years of aviation. Security control processes have been developed and implemented at airports since the 1970s. The airport security processes vary depending on the threat profiles. With the September 11, 2001 twin tower attacks, the world's aviation security processes have completely changed. Over the last decade, changes in the threat profile have occurred. The main purpose of aviation is to provide service to passengers by creating space and time benefits. The balance of passengers' comfort and safety to be maintained by air depends on the type of threats and the technology used in security. For this reason, large investments are made in the development of security technology at airports. Methodology- 28-item questionnaire was applied to the airport security officers over the internet. 276 security personnel working in airports participated in the study. Age-based analysis was performed using chi-square analysis. In this process, small-scale, relatively simple security systems at the airports, large-scale, high-tech systems were introduced. New technological systems are digital, networked, software oriented and mobile solutions. Although there is a rapid change in airport security technologies, the security personnel and the human element using the technology remain the same. Considering that human factor is the user of technology, the attitude of individuals towards technology is effective in ensuring airport security. Technological change has had a significant impact on the attitudes, behaviors and mental structure of the employees. Technological change causes many psychological effects such as monotony, boredom, fatigue, stress and anxiety. Findings- In the survey conducted to evaluate the approach of airport security personnel to technological change, 67% of security personnel were exposed to technological changes. The respondents defined technology as convenience and convenience (37%), innovation (36.6%) and efficiency (15.2%). Airport security personnel preferred to provide training and courses on the technology to be applied (48.6%) for the adoption of the new technology and 51.4% stated that they adopted the latest technological development applied in airport security in 7 days and under 6 days. 59.8% of the respondents stated that the technological change in airport security brought about an increase in the level of security. Conclusion- As a result of findings, it can be said that the management of technological change is important for organizations. Ensuring security at airports is important in terms of minimizing the psychological, social, economic and physical impacts of technology on security personnel due to the key human factor. Training of security personnel before the technological change to be applied increases the interaction between technology and individual and contributes to the personnel to make appropriate decisions because it recognizes the technology.

Security, Violent Events, and Anticipated Surge Capabilities of Emergency Departments in Washington State.

IntroductionOver the past 15 years, violent threats and acts against hospital patients, staff, and providers have increased and escalated. The leading area for violence is the emergency department (ED) given its 24/7 operations, role in patient care, admissions gateway, and center for influxes during acute surge events. This investigation had three objectives: to assess the current security of Washington State EDs; to estimate the prevalence of and response to threats and violence in Washington State EDs; and to appraise the Washington State ED security capability to respond to acute influxes of patients, bystanders, and media during acute surge events.MethodsA voluntary, blinded, 28-question Web-based survey developed by emergency physicians was electronically delivered to all 87 Washington State ED directors in January 2013. We evaluated responses by descriptive statistical analyses.ResultsAnalyses occurred after 90% (78/87) of ED directors responded. Annual censuses of the EDs ranged from < 20,000 to 100,000 patients and represented the entire spectrum of practice environments, including critical access hospitals and a regional quaternary referral medical center. Thirty-four of 75 (45%) reported the current level of security was inadequate, based on the general consensus of their ED staff. Nearly two-thirds (63%) of EDs had 24-hour security personnel coverage, while 28% reported no assigned security personnel. Security personnel training was provided by 45% of hospitals or healthcare systems. Sixty-nine of 78 (88%) respondents witnessed or heard about violent threats or acts occurring in their ED. Of these, 93% were directed towards nursing staff, 90% towards physicians, 74% towards security personnel, and 51% towards administrative personnel. Nearly half (48%) noted incidents directed towards another patient, and 50% towards a patient’s family or friend. These events were variably reported to the hospital administration. After an acute surge event, 35% believed the initial additional security response would not be adequate, with 26% reporting no additional security would be available within 15 minutes.ConclusionOur study reveals the variability of ED security staffing and a heterogeneity of capabilities throughout Washington State. These deficiencies and vulnerabilities highlight the need for other EDs and regional emergency preparedness planners to conduct their own readiness assessments.

Customers’ needs and expectations on servicescape surveillance management

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify customers’ needs and expectations regarding servicescape surveillance management (SSM) in order to suggest to service managers how they can carefully design a service environment to ensure a high level of security while concurrently enhancing the customer service experience. Design/methodology/approach Given that this study is explorative in nature, it is based on a specific method of qualitative data collection: focus group interviews. Three focus group sessions were organised with 24 Italian customers of retail stores, hotels and hospitals. The multi-expectation model proposed by Parasuraman, Berry and Zeithaml, which distinguishes between what customers consider acceptable (adequate service level) and what they hope to receive (desired service level), was chosen as the reference framework to investigate customers’ needs and expectations from SSM. Findings Servicescape surveillance must be compatible with customer satisfaction. Customers are acceptably satisfied when servicescape surveillance offers them feelings of physical safety, psychological security, economic security and the right to privacy. They desire that surveillance also allows them to live a positive service experience in sensorial, psychological, social and temporal terms. However, customers’ expectations of adequate and desired service levels are different in terms of the presence, quantity and visibility of surveillance in the three service areas examined. Interestingly, customers expect to find more visible surveillance measures inside retail stores rather than in hotels and hospitals, but they prefer to receive invisible surveillance in the servicescape. Practical implications Service managers should consider surveillance not as a cost or a tool for detecting and punishing inappropriate or criminal behaviour, but rather, as an opportunity for enhancing the customer service experience. They can invest in servicescape design elements, technological surveillance solutions and continuous training of security personnel to meet their customers’ adequate and desired service levels. Originality/value This study provides two major contributions. From the theoretical viewpoint, it extends knowledge of the hitherto under-researched area of SSM by identifying customers’ needs and expectations of surveillance and the customer service experience, which are topics usually examined separately in the literature. In terms of managerial implications, it provides store/hotel/hospital managers with recommendations on how to design a servicescape that is both secure and pleasant.

Using virtual reality to support the physical security of nuclear facilities

The Brazilian nuclear program has reinforced the importance of improving the physical security of nuclear facilities located in this country. Thus, the present work proposes the development of a new tool that allows the user to make interactions inside a virtual environment, which simulates the nuclear facility's structure, in order to aid on planning action strategies to improve its security. For such, a virtual model of the Brazilian nuclear research center known as Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear (IEN), located on Ilha do Fundão – Rio de Janeiro was developed. It is defined as a 3D model with a high degree of fidelity to the real environment in which it is based. Inside this model, characters known as avatars can move and interact in real time. Situations that could affect invader's visibility and detection such as natural and artificial illumination, climate and shadows can be represented with realism. In addition, the tool has a virtual CCTV surveillance system that allows environment supervising. Thus, the system makes possible strategies simulation, allowing an evaluation of the performed procedures as well as assisting in the training of security personnel in nuclear and radioactive installations.