Space Security Research Articles

The Importance of Global Effort to Secure Space Sector from Cyberattack

The use of internet has grown massively since 1990s. It has brought both life improvement and criminal activities in cyberspace. The cyberattack has affected most sectors including space sector. The space sector is vulnerable to cyberattacks because a lot of human technologies depend on it. The actors behind it cannot be identified as an individual based on geographical location, so that, global effort is needed. The importance of global effort to secure space sector from cyberattacks is discussed in this paper. This paper used the descriptive method and library research techniques to collect data. Data about cyberattack on space sector and efforts to secure them were collected from academic journals and international organizations� documents. Then, they were analyzed using the global governance theory. The result shows that global effort to secure space sector from cyberattack is important because it is a transnational problem, furthermore space sector connects modern infrastructures worldwide.

MAD* Beyond Defence

Advancements in technology are regularly identified, assessed, and classed into emerging and/or potentially disruptive technologies, according to their ability to cause disruptions to defence systems, and in defence. Perhaps this is because defence capabilities centre on grand technology systems deployed at the level of nations. Hypersonic missiles are one example. The testing of a new hypersonic missile or a research program on types of hypersonic drones immediately sparks questions like: which other nations have such capability? or what types of technologies can be used to detect or counter these? In contrast, the ability to identify weak, faint factors that add up and lead to conflict are not brought together in a systematic manner. Nor is it common for there to be a cross-talk between a combination of methods used within military science and technology organizations over in to social sciences related to intelligence and/or conflict. This is a preventable strategic foresight issue relevant for enhancing, planning for, and investing in the security space. This paper describes the MAD (Methodology for Assessing Disruptions) tool, which is adaptable beyond the defence domain. MAD is a scenario-based two-part table-top exercise conducted to identify weak signals that have the potential to cause disruptions, which by consequence may coalesce into challenges for security. Exercising such methods is essential for security professionals to prepare and plan for future conflicts instead of constantly reacting to immediate acute problems.

ПОДХОДЫ К ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЮ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ЛИЧНОСТИ В СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ МЕДИА

Statement of the problem. In the modern world, information and information technologies play an important role in all spheres of society and the state. At the same time, the Internet not only provides new opportunities, but can also have a destructive effect on users, mainly young people. The purpose of the study is to identify the possibilities of ensuring information security and psychological safety in the Internet space. The research methodology is based on approaches to automatic filtering of social media content. Research results. Approaches to detecting prohibited content on the Internet are analyzed and compared. The choice of a method for conducting a computational experiment is substantiated and conclusions are drawn based on the results of its implementation. Conclusion. The article presents results of the research on the problem of an automated procedure for detecting and filtering content prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation on the Internet.

An Adaptive Launch Control for Balloon-Borne UAVs with Large Wingspans

Near space has attracted major countries’ attention due to the fact that it is a new cognitive space of Earth and acts as an important national security space. Near-space solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming a focus of research in the aviation field. However, it is difficult for solar-powered UAVs to climb such high heights and achieving optimal cruising levels is challenging. A balloon-borne-based aircraft that rises with the help of a balloon avoids difficult climbing processes and initiates a new research direction in the near-space aviation domain. Simultaneously, the special mode of taking off poses a great challenge for the pull-up control of balloon-borne aircraft, especially for large wingspan aircraft. In this paper, we propose an adaptive launch control for the pull-up process of large-scale balloon-borne-based aircraft. First, the flight control of the pull-up process for a large-scale balloon-borne-based aircraft is analyzed. Then, a flight dynamic model considering elastic deformation is established. Finally, an adaptive aircraft pull-up control algorithm is proposed. We evaluate it by performing simulation experiments and comparing it with the latest control algorithm utilized in physical experiments. The experiment’s results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm with respect to overcoming challenges in controlling pull-up processes and its superiority compared to the latest control algorithm.

Cyber Crimes and Cyber Hygiene Practices Among Young Girls

The world evidences an immense transformation from pen & paper culture to digital culture, particularly, post covid pandemic. We live in the digitally complex generation. The evolution of digitalization and explosive usage of internet have lead to cyber crimes (e-crimes) and cyber violations. With the increase of ‘Work from Home’ option, women are more prone to serious consequences of cyber attacks and lead to traumatic experiences. The Government of India has started attempting to renovate our nation into digitally enabled and empowered, through its “The Digital India” project. But, is the digitalization completely favourable for our people? The primary aim of the study is to answer this question by creating awareness on cyber crimes and security measures among women and young girls, whom the law looks down and does not recognize properly, even in today’s developed society. An attempt is made to keep them away from any sort harm by cyber usage or exploitations. In the direction to caution women about cyber threats by not hindering digitalization and innovation, the authors have analyzed previous research studies conducted with respect to cyber threats and security space, major cyber crime cases in India, Cyber laws, agencies that deal with cyber security and key initiatives implemented by our Indian government to protect innocent people from cyber threats. Hence, at the end of this study, protective measures and cyber hygiene practices are suggested to make women and young girls become more cautious and reorient their behaviour to make safest use of internet and protect themselves against cyber attacks.

Heimat Wilhelmsburg: Belonging and resistance in a racialized neighborhood

ABSTRACT Considering how Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg has been stigmatized for decades, and recently targeted for redevelopment, you would hardly guess from the outside that the neighborhood is beloved by racialized long-time residents, and considered to be a warm, welcoming Heimat: a space of belonging, where you do not have to justify your presence. This identification is tied to the neighborhood’s racialization; the qualities that have been labeled as problems to be transformed through social mix make it a space of relative safety and security, in a context in which many residents experience attempted exclusions from German identity. Based on interviews with racialized long-time residents, contextualized within racialization in Germany, the racialized displaceability embedded in social mix policy, the contested meaning of Heimat, and the experiences of Wilhelmsburg residents with migrantization, I argue that this emphatic claim is a strength that is threatened by the current process of social mix gentrification.

Underlying Security Transmission Design for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) Modulation.

With the aim of ensuring secure transmission in high-mobility wireless scenarios, this paper proposes a 2D permutation-aided Orthogonal Time Frequency Space (OTFS) secure transmission scheme, which uses the Gosudarstvennyi Standard (GOST) algorithm to perform disturbance control on the OTFS modulation domain. Furthermore, we develop an improved SeLective Mapping (SLM) algorithm, which can significantly improve the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) problem with very low complexity. In addition, we carry out the security analysis, investigating the proposed scheme’s resistance performance to a range of effective attacks. Finally, our numerical results show that our proposed transmission scheme can guarantee the underlying security property of OTFS.

Anti-weaponization of Outer Space for Maintaining Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities

Space weaponization should be prevented because of its detrimental effects on the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (LTSOSA). International law that currently governs weaponization in outer space should be implemented, and international rules that pertain to the LTSOSA should impose direct and indirect soft-law constraints on space weaponization. Nevertheless, the direct and indirect roles of international law in inhibiting space weaponization are limited, and a legal lacuna still exists in the governance of conventional weapons in the Earth's orbit. Independent and more focused discussions on specific issues related to space security are recommended given that the disagreement on related issues has prevented real progress from being made during multilateral discussions addressing the space technologies that could be used in a hostile manner. The integration of some norms of responsible space activity into the new LTSOSA Guidelines discussed under the auspices of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is also recommended, along with an ongoing strong political constraint on the deployment and testing of dedicated space weapons in outer space through the adoption of the United Nations General Assembly resolutions and international condemnation. The latter is a good alternative under the current circumstances to preserve the LTSOSA by working against the weaponization of outer space.

Harmonization of Media Legislation in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries as a Factor of Information Security

The article substantiates the need to harmonize the national laws governing the activities of the media of the EAEU countries in order to ensure information security in the post-Soviet space in the context of exacerbation of international geopolitical conflicts and intensification of information confrontation. The authors identify some aspects of media space regulation that are not robust legislatively including the conceptual apparatus, regulation of social media and copyright on social media platforms. The study analyzed main legislative acts regulating the activities of mass media in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. To clarify the meaning of legal norms some other laws and instructions were also taken into account. The article examines current regulatory framework according to a number of parameters identified by the authors for possible contradictions that hinder the formation of the unified information space of the Union. The analysis revealed discrepancies in legislation including requirements for media registration and accreditation of journalists, the use of language in the media, the supremacy of international treaties, as well as indications of the possibilities of international cooperation in the field of mass media. The study identified possible directions of work on the harmonization of the federal and republican legislations of the member states at the national and supranational levels. The authors proposed variants of harmonization, among them the compilation of a reference glossary of key concepts, model laws and a unifying set of legal norms common to all states. The study contains an assumption about the expediency of gradual harmonization using various tools.

Race-based readings of safety in public space in Milan, the challenge for urban design

Urban designers have long sought to plan more secure public spaces by encouraging a sense of territory through the surveillant and the surveyed. Nevertheless, the racial dimension of this territorialisation is insufficiently recognised. Our research tool, which we have trialled in Milan, identifies the influence of design in creating a sense of security in public space and, independently, the influence of race. It provides designers with a tool that could facilitate a more radically just practice that takes ownership of the role of race in perceptions of secure public space and challenges existing conscious and unconscious bias and which in so doing makes design practice more resilient to the rise of populist administrations increasingly engaging in bordering practices that conjoin migration, race and security at a national scale, but which are often enacted at the city scale.

Indicators Affecting the Urban Resilience with a Scenario Approach in Tehran Metropolis

Urban resilience refers to the capacity of an urban system to fully recover from unforeseen calamities. This study aims to assess the physical resilience indicators used to measure urban resilience in Tehran, the political and economic capital of Iran, and to pinpoint the most significant direct and indirect influences on urban resilience. The research process divided into two parts. The environmental scanning approach (reviewing papers and published sources, interviewing specialists, and monitoring conferences) and the literature review were employed in the first part to compile a database of the key information on the elements impacting physical resilience. The most significant factors impacting physical resilience over the next ten years were requested to be identified by specialists and intellectuals in the second part. Finally, the MicMac program was used to analyze the data after 29 variables were specified in Delphi. In light of the trace-analysis-dependence diagram, which depicts the instability of the influential factors and the persistence of their impact on other variables, the results demonstrate that Tehran’s physical resilience is in an unstable condition. According to the results, the factors that have the maximum impact on other variables are granularity drivers, emergency evacuation capacity, rescue and security spaces (emergency, fire station, and police station), impermeability, rate of the amendment and retrofitting measures in the buildings of each zone, building age, and the compatibility of land uses. The variables that are most susceptible to change from other variables include the distribution status of dangerous land uses, the quality of the buildings, the rate of historically vulnerable buildings, the vulnerability of internal and external roads, the rate of improvements and retrofitting measures in buildings in each zone, as well as historically vulnerable historical buildings.

Формирование и развитие институциональной системы обеспечения культурной безопасности региона

The purpose of the article is to study the cultural security of the South Russian region, taking intoaccount the relevance of this issue in the context of internal and external challenges in Russian society. The article contains conclusions about cultural security as an organic component of national and social security in the Russian regional space. It is noted that in the conditions of the need for social and political consolidation, the influence of risks in the field of culture increases as containing hidden conflict, but having the property of converting into social and political risks. The South of Russia as a multicultural education actualizes the model of cultural security at the level of preservation of cultural and historical heritage, continuity of traditions and innovations and prevention of cultural extremism. In the aspect of national security, the conflictogenic potential of cultural pluralism is noted, which is not only true for Western multicultural societies, but also has resonance in Russian regions, when cultural risks become obvious, determined by the closeness of cultural forms on the basis of the preservation, equivalence and immutability of cultural values, the main argument in favor of which is tradition. The institutional system of ensuring the cultural security of the South Russian region in a situation of internal and external challenges needs to mobilize the resources of state and public institutions. This is necessary to create a special platform that includes cooperation and dialogue, strengthening the forms of civil identity of the population based on the mechanisms of cultural heritage of historical memory. An equally important conclusion is that, as a consequence, it is necessary to block the channels of informal reproduction of cultural risks and imbalances, but this can be done through access to socio-informational and cultural resources of active groups of the population for whom associations of interests in the field of culture become the starting point in approving the goals of cultural security in the South Russian region.

The national security field under conditions of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022

This article touches upon the problem of organizing security space under the conditions of armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022. According to the understanding of the “security” concept, it is determined that the security space should put a state and its vital interests under protection from any internal and external threats. It is emphasized that in conditions of armed aggression, the central components of the security space should be international (global) security and national security. The main areas of international (global) security should include the development and control of weapons, the fight against international terrorism, the development by the international community of effective mechanisms for countering modern global security challenges (proliferation of mass destruction weapons, namely nuclear weapons). Inclusion of military, state, information and cyber security is proposed as the main areas of national security.

Quality of Public Space Safety at Kumbasari Tukad Badung Park, Denpasar

<p>Public space / public space is a container that accommodates certain activities of the community both individually and in groups. Public space is stated to be ideal and must have several important aspects, namely convivial, namely comfortable, safe, then becomes a forum for the community to interact between fellow users or other individuals. One of the public spaces owned by the city of Denpasar is Taman Kumbasari Tukad Badung, Taman Kumbasari Tukad Badung is located on the edge along the Badung river which has a length of approximately 548 meters, is in the middle of Badung Market and Kumbasari market and is located on the banks of the Badung River. This location poses a risk to the safety of its users, especially during the rainy season. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of security at the Kumbasari Tukad Badung Park facilities considering the position of this public space is on the edge of the Tukad Badung River. References. The research method uses quantitative statistical methods, namely by giving values based on existing standards. The results showed that the percentage of the quality of public space security in Taman Kumbasari Tukad Badung is in the range of 50%, where the facilities in Kumbasari Park can be said to have standard public space security.</p>

House price forecasting using the multi-level modelling method in Sydney

PurposeThis paper aims to develop a house price forecasting model to investigate the impact of neighbourhood effect on property value.Design/methodology/approachMulti-level modelling (MLM) method is used to develop the house price forecasting models. The neighbourhood effects, that is, socio-economic conditions that exist in various locations, are included in this study. Data from the local government area in Greater Sydney, Australia, has been collected to test the developed model.FindingsResults show that the multi-level models can account for the neighbourhood effects and provide accurate forecasting results.Research limitations/implicationsIt is believed that the impacts on specific households may be different because of the price differences in various geographic areas. The “neighbourhood” is an important consideration in housing purchase decisions.Practical implicationsWhile increasing housing supply provisions to match the housing demand, governments may consider improving the quality of neighbourhood conditions such as transportation, surrounding environment and public space security.Originality/valueThe demand and supply of housing in different locations have not behaved uniformly over time, that is, they demonstrate spatial heterogeneity. The use of MLM extends the standard hedonic model to incorporate physical characteristics and socio-economic variables to estimate dwelling prices.

Research on Ecosystem Security and Restoration Pattern of Urban Agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin

Reasonable identification of the ecosystem security space and pattern restoration for the Yellow River Basin will be significant for facilitating future ecological protection and restoration projects. This study employs ecosystem services and landscape connectivity to discern ecological source areas and conducts an optimization evaluation method of resistance surfaces and the minimum cumulative resistance (MCR) model to identify the ecosystem security pattern of urban agglomeration. Then, restoration measures are proposed. The results indicate that: (1) There are 46 ecological source areas in the ecosystem security patterns of the Lanxi urban agglomeration, with a total area of 8199.249 km2. Moreover, in terms of spatial distribution, ecological source areas are sparse in the east while crowded in the west of the Lanxi urban agglomeration and are mainly composed of natural reserves, forest parks, and farmlands. (2) The ecosystem security patterns contain 914 ecological corridors with a total length of 62,970.181 km, most of which are short-distance corridors, being dense in the part of the northwest with a webbed feature. (3) The study adds 10 ecological source areas to restore the ecosystem security pattern and ecological corridors to improve the rationality of the ecosystem security pattern. Meanwhile, this study proposes restoration measures to protect the ecological environment by defining the levels of ecological security in order to provide a reference for the government to formulate policies and regulations.

Spatial–temporal evolution characteristics of land use and habitat quality in Shandong Province, China

To explore the sustainable mechanism of land use and habitat quality, the present study examined the land cover data of Shandong Province from 1980 to 2020 to understand the spatial–temporal evolution characteristics of land use. The “Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Trade-off” (InVEST-HQ) model and spatial auto-correlation model were further employed to evaluate the habitat quality and analyze the relationship between its spatial distribution pattern and land use type. Our results suggested that cultivated land was the dominant land use type in Shandong Province from 1980 to 2020. During this period, the area of water and URL (urban and rural industrial and mining residential land) were gradually increased, while other land types decreased progressively. Political and socio-economic factors were the dominant factors for the evolution of land use types, which exhibited significant stage variation characteristics, and the most drastic change was observed from 2010 to 2020. We further found that habitat quality in Shandong Province was dominated by moderate degradation, whose degree of degradation was positively correlated with the degree of land use development. Moreover, the average habitat quality decreased obviously over the past 40 years, and the fastest decreased period was similar to the phase change characteristics of land use types. In addition, habitat quality was significantly clustered in spatial distribution. Hot spots (high-value areas) were mainly natural ecosystems, while cold spots (low-value areas) were mainly ecosystems that were significantly affected by human activities, such as cultivated land and URL. Our findings suggest that administrators should formulate differentiation policies, solve the development dilemma of low-level habitat quality areas and build land space security pattern to promote the ecological quality.

THE ESSENCE OF FINANCING THE SPACE INDUSTRY IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE COUNTRY'S RECONSTRUCTION PLAN

This paper studies the issue of financing the Space Industry at the State Level in the Postwar period as part of the country’s recovery plan, as one of the foremost critical zones of technological development and to ensure space security and defence. The European Space Agency (ESA) is, identified as the main player in the European space sector. It is determined that the current structure of ESA – Space 4.0 – provides for the success of European space activities in close coordination with the needs of European societies and economies. Despite all the prospects, offered by the Space Industry, a number of barriers can hinder full participation in the space economy. These ‘barriers’ include the requirement of large capital investments, technological risk and longer development times. Public-private partnerships have been, identified, as an effective way to overcome these barriers, so the government should play an important role in promoting innovation through the space sector. The war in Ukraine, which began on February 24, 2022, once again, reminds us of the unique value, and critical use of outer space for security and defence purposes. From intelligence gathering and monitoring to the availability of communications. It is determined that the war already has serious consequences for the European space sector. The Space Industry of Ukraine is a critical component of the national economy of Ukraine because it is the motor of numerous imaginative changes in other segments of the economy and contributes to the improvement of social, political, financial and natural circles of society. In Ukraine, there's an incessant disappointment in the State to fulfil its commitments to the ventures in the Space Industry. In the conditions of full-scale, ‘war’ the Space Industry is a key element of national security and defence of Ukraine. The financing of the Space Industry at the State level in the post-war period is crucial as part of the country’s recovery plan.

Man, State, and War in Space: Neorealism and Russia’s Counterbalancing Strategy Against the United States in Outer Space Security Politics

ABSTRACT This paper aspires to contribute to the limited field of neorealist scholarship on security affairs in outer space by conducting a case study of the Russian Federation’s security policy in the celestial sphere. In recent years, Russia has emerged as one of the key players in the international politics of outer space. However, Russia’s strategy of developing its space defense assets, while in parallel launching diplomatic initiatives in international organizations calling for the avoidance of an arms race in outer space, is ambiguous. I argue that the neorealist paradigm elucidates this case by highlighting the intensifying balancing trajectories of contemporary outer space security affairs. In a first step, hypotheses on states’ behavior in the field of outer space armament and arms control are derived from the body of neorealist scholarship on terrestrial international politics. This is followed by hypothesis testing against the case of Russia’s space security politics. It is contended that Russia is engaging in a predominantly competitive endeavor vis-à-vis the United States by utilizing a hybrid approach of internal and external balancing, as well as a pragmatic instrumentalization of international institutions to leverage its own economically disadvantaged position in outer space.

Bezpieczeństwo kosmiczne – współczesne wyzwania

This article deals with the principle of space security and the challenges it poses for states. Examples of many international negotiations show how difficult it is, especially with regard to countries whose diplomatic relations are very sensitive. Without this, however, it is impossible to make the use of outer space possible to proceed peacefully. Such is it because the principle was set out in the space treaty of 1967 and this is what the international community is striving for. Therefore, the United Nations plays an important role here, by implementing the newly created principles of sustainable development in space, guarding the security of states in space and its exploration on a peaceful basis. The text defines the term space security, refers to the history of the term related to, among other things, the United Nations (UN) CD – disarmament programs, the PAROS program, the PPWT treaty of preventing the placement of weapons in space, the START treaty, and recent developments in international law in the form of recommendations such as LTS (Long Term Sustainability) created under the agenda s of UNCOPUOS (UN) referring to security in space.