Security Efforts Research Articles

Military Campaign Strategy with the Integration of the 1st Joint Defense Command and Local Governments of the Riau Islands Province

The Military Campaign is a series of several joint operations carried out sequentially, to achieve strategic and operational goals in a space and time (TNI 2019). This study aims to a). To analyze the implementation of Kogabwilhan I military operations in support of the military campaign in the Natuna region. b) To analyze the Riau Islands Provincial Government in support of the military campaign. c) To analyze the integration strategy of Kogabwilhan I and the Riau Islands Provincial Government in carrying out the military campaign. This study uses a qualitative method. Data collection techniques are interviews, observations and documentation studies. Research Results 1) Kogabwilhan I served as initial action, restorer, and deterrent according to the policy of the Commander-in-Chief. 2) the functions of the Riau Islands Government include security, economic development and infrastructure. 3). The implementation of territorial development activities through the Komsos method with community components. Discussion of the concept of the Kogabwilhan I military campaign in the implementation of the state's Strategic framework to determine goals in national defense and security efforts and develop national resources including the military, but to achieve this the context is also determined by community relations that support and intertwine activities between civilians and the military so that soldiers can love and respect loved by the people and awakened awareness of defending the country. Cooperation is defined as a form of social process to achieve common goals by helping each other and understanding each other's activities. So the implementation of the Defense Area Empowerment policy with the support of the Riau Islands community built a close and positive emotional relationship between soldiers and the community.

The Rule of Law Shoots Dead where Police Do against Criminals

Shooting to death on the spot is carried out by the police in enforcement and security efforts to protect the public and the police from the threat of resistance by criminals. However, in carrying out these actions, it is not uncommon to have legal implications for the police, in other words the police in carrying out these actions cannot be separated from criminal elements. Procedural errors and negligence in using firearms in carrying out police duties are often things that must be held criminally accountable. The responsibility of the police in carrying out the act of shooting to death on the spot against the perpetrators of the crime has a procedure in carrying it out. The procedure for the use of firearms and the authority to shoot and die on the spot carried out by the police are described in the Regulation of the National Police Chief Number 8 of 2009 concerning the Implementation of Human Rights Principles and Standards in the Implementation of the Duties of the Indonesian National Police and in Perkap Number 1 of 2009 concerning the Use of Force in Police Actions. The specification of this research is descriptive analytical, which is a research that aims to provide data that is as accurate as possible about humans, certain conditions or symptoms in relation to laws, regulations, and legal theories that are the object of research. This research method uses this research method using normative juridical research methods, namely by researching library materials which are secondary data and also known as library law research

Development of Profiling Methods for Contraband Firearm Volatile Odor Signatures

The early detection and location of firearm threats is critical to the success of any law enforcement operation to prevent a mass shooting event or illegal transport of weapons. Prevention tactics such as firearm detection canines have been at the front line of security tools to combat this national security threat. Firearm detection canines go through rigorous training regimens to achieve reliability in the detection of firearms as their target odor source. Currently, there is no scientific foundation as to the chemical odor signature emitted from the actual firearm device that could aid in increased and more efficient canine training and performance protocols or a better understanding of the chemistry of firearm-related odorants for better source identification. This study provides a novel method application of solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) as a rapid system for the evaluation of odor profiles from firearm devices (loaded and unloaded). Samples included magazines (n = 30) and firearms (n = 15) acquired from the local law enforcement shooting range. Headspace analysis depicted five frequently occurring compounds across sample matrices including aldehydes such as nonanal, decanal, octanal and hydrocarbons tetradecane and tridecane. Statistical analysis via principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted a preliminary clustering differentiating unloaded firearms from both loaded/unloaded magazines and loaded firearm devices. These results highlight potential odor signature differences associated with different firearm components. The understanding of key odorants above a firearm will have an impact on national security efforts, thereby enhancing training regimens to better prepare canine teams for current threats in our communities.

A humanitarian perspective: keeping people and their health, not national security, at the centre

ABSTRACT As part of the ‘UN Security Council and Health Emergencies’ collection, this article provides the humanitarian perspective in the collection. Over the last two decades, the UN Security Council has come to play an increasingly prominent role in global responses to health emergencies—including in COVID-19. In this article, scholars from International Relations, Public Health, International Law and humanitarian aid organisations reflect on this developing role, and the consequences (both positive and negative) for global health security efforts. From the humanitarian perspective, the nexus of health and security has become a war on words and a double-edged sword. The article highlights the difference between the ‘securitisation’ of health and securing health, where the latter is what is truly needed in ensuring health for all. It does so by bringing out examples of real field impact and challenges humanitarian actors face when narratives are manipulated as such and what role the UNSC can and should play in allaying negative repercussions.

India’s maritime security legal framework and its influence on international maritime security cooperation

ABSTRACT The Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) is a veritable constitution of the oceans that was negotiated with the overarching objective of protecting the “common heritage of mankind”. While the primary goal of developing countries was to protect their economic interests by seeking maritime areas with exclusive jurisdiction, the LOSC has a significant role in furthering maritime security cooperation among countries. The universally accepted trait of international cooperation in maritime security efforts requires a commonality of perception of threats and the legally acceptable ways in which they may be mitigated. In order to develop meaningful cooperative endeavours in maritime security, it is essential for India to develop a domestic legislative framework that supports its maritime security demands and promotes its standing as an upholder of the international order.

Behind-the-Scenes Look at McKesson's Security Efforts for Its COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Program

Behind-the-Scenes Look at McKesson's Security Efforts for Its COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution Program

The Role of food aid and livelihood interventions in mediating the relationship between household’s resilience and economic empowerment

The concept of resilience has been utilized to examine more complex ecological and socioeconomic systems such as agri-food systems in developing countries. Gaza has one of the high unemployment rates globally, therefore keeping people imprisoned in poverty and dependent on external support to existing. The strategy for poverty reduction in Gaza primarily consists of giving food aid or multi-purpose cash-based assistance and livelihood projects; nevertheless, this does not reduce unemployment or poverty in the long term. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have increased their efforts to provide more effective and comprehensive interventions to the affected populations, especially in the Gaza Strip. The research implemented a quantitative methodology distributed to over 300 household benefited from food aid and livelihood interventions through the NGOs in Gaza Strip. The questionnaire had been constructed based on the Likert Scale ranging from 1 (Strongly Agree) to 5 (Strongly Disagree). The data had been treated using SPSS statistical tool and AMOS for structural equation modeling and analysis to study the mediating effect of food aid and livelihood interventions on the relationship between household resilience and economic empowerment in the Gaza Strip. The research found that the resilience ability of many families in the Gaza Strip has increased because of the humanitarian assistance provided by NGOs, which lead to reducing poverty and household resilience plays a vital role in minimizing poverty and alleviating suffering through empowering and engaging them in the economy. The research also found that food aid tends to critically impact the relationship between household resilience and economic empowerment. NGOs play an essential role in engaging the poor in the economy through providing food security and encouraging new investments and efforts to improve help effectiveness via greater coordination among players involved in the implementation and better planning, targeting, and providing aid to people in Gaza Strip. The research findings also showed that livelihood interventions mediate the relationship between household resilience and economic empowerment in Gaza Strip. The structural model supports that the livelihood interventions modulated the association between household resilience and economic empowerment.

Capital in context: Funding US Inland Northwest food hub development before and during COVID-19

This study focuses on how 10 food hubs in the U.S. Inland Northwest resourced their start-up and development before and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Case studies include coop­erative, government agency, nonprofit, and family-owned food hubs. Because of the prominence of nonmonetary values as drivers in food hub devel­opment, we used a social entrepreneurship frame­work to understand how people, context, and a social value proposition affected access to and use of capital resources. We found that each food hub had a unique mix of capital sources and profita­bility that reflected and shaped who was involved, their mission, and their available resources. All operating food hubs that we studied strengthened and grew their business during the first year of the pandemic. Two federal COVID-19-related pro­grams—the Paycheck Protection Program and the Farmers to Families Food Box Program—played brief but instrumental roles in helping most organi­zations early in the pandemic, enabling several to pivot from heavily impacted markets (such as restaurants and educational institutions) to direct-to-consumer markets and food security efforts. For several, panic buying early in the crisis followed by a consistent large increase in demand fueled organi­zational growth. The food hubs adapted quickly, with some significantly changing their business model and expected trajectory as they weathered the first year of the pandemic, coming out stronger than before.

DAMPAK PAKTA PERTAHANAN TRILATERAL AUKUS TERHADAP KONDISI REGIONAL INDO-PASIFIK

This article was compiled to discuss the AUKUS Trilateral Defense Pact which is a collective security effort taken from the aggressiveness appointed by China in the Indo-Pacific region. There have been a variety of positive and negative responses from Australia from countries in the region, particularly China, which views the defense pact as a very responsible threat and an open challenge to their growing influence in the Indo-Pacific. This discussion is important because AUKUS is considered to be very detrimental to regional peace and security, and endangers efforts to destroy nuclear weapons, although it can be considered that this agreement will be a decisive step taken to take predatory tendencies from China. On the purpose of AUKUS and the reasons why Australia is more concerned with security than what is examined in this article, considering the ownership of supported vessels will support Australia's understanding to carry out longer patrols to maintain the Indo-Pacific security conditions that are often caused by the presence of a strong Chinese military in the area. AUKUS will be an important action in building the foundation that becomes a barrier for China to stop confronting other countries, commit violations at the borders of the Indo- Pacific region, and as a retaliation for aggressive actions against several countries in the region.

A neo-institutional perspective on the establishment of information security knowledge sharing practices

Information security knowledge sharing (ISKS) among an organization's employees is vital to the organization's ability to protect itself from any number of prevalent threats, yet for many organizations, their ability to establish ISKS practices is hampered by a lack of understanding of where and how the key drivers of these practices will emerge. Based on neoinstitutional theory and a multi-study field survey of 834 professional managers in the USA, we develop and test a model that explains the establishment of ISKS practices in an organization as a product of the institutional forces abut to the organization providing normative, mimetic, and coercive influences on top management beliefs and participations in ISKS. Our findings also emphasize the importance of establishing ISKS practices for ensuring employee compliance with information security policies and an effective culture of security. Prior research has shown the importance of institutional forces on organizational processes as well as the importance of ISKS to organizational security efforts. However, this study is one of the early studies to provide insight into the manner, in which institutional forces hold sway over the people responsible for establishing the ISKS practices of a firm; insight that it is essential for firms that have yet to establish such practices or have struggled in their attempts to do so.

Strategi Pemerintah Dalam Meningkatkan Ketahanan Pangan Pada Masa Pandemi Di Kabupaten Majene

This type of research uses qualitative research with the type of phenomenological research, namely examining a certain phenomenon that exists in society which is carried out in depth to study the background, circumstances, and interactions that occur about the government's strategy in improving food security during the current covid-19 pandemic in the district. Majene. The informant in this study was the secretary of the food security department of Majene Regency. The results of this study indicate that in the development and improvement of food security in Majene Regency, the government prioritizes the function of coordination with various related agencies and also community involvement. This increase in food security is an opportunity to improve the community's economy, so that a stable food industry can be realized that involves the community in managing and developing food security. However, based on the results of the study, realizing that the availability of food is not sufficient, community empowerment activities are carried out by the government / local agencies and provide counseling about food security efforts that can be done at home during this pandemic. One of them is by using the yard of the house to grow crops

Examining Stakeholder Outlooks on Football Policing and Security: The Case of Euro 2020

In the case of the 2020 Union of European Football Associations European Championship in men's football (‘Euro 2020’), this article investigates stakeholder perceptions on the ‘policing’ of fans. On a European-wide scale, the policing of fans is a contested topic. Meanwhile, the policing and security efforts required for sport mega-events like Euro 2020, uniquely planned to be staged in 12 different countries, require years of planning and enormous resources. Adding to this, the Championship's timeline was prolonged following the coronavirus disease-2019-related event postponement. Drawing from original insights from documentary research and qualitative interviews conducted before the postponement, this article argues that stakeholders strongly advocated for a communication and dialogue-based approach to fans. More specifically for Euro 2020, consistency in the policing approaches across all 12 countries was highlighted by stakeholders as being of paramount importance for fans’ security perceptions. The study thus extends existing insights into football policing and the wider understanding of security and policing in the present-day world.

Using GIS maps for measuring equitable community health and nutrition programs

Abstract Background The University of Minnesota (UMN) Extension Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) documents the geographic data of statewide community health and nutrition policy, systems, and environmental change (PSE) programs for low-income communities. SNAP-Ed collaborates with communities to organize food security efforts, offer direct nutrition education, and consult with organizations about promoting healthy foods and physical activities. UMN Extension's SNAP-Ed implemented 972 PSE programs with 1,077 community partners and reached 624,129 people between 2017 and 2020. Methods SNAP-Ed's support of population-level health and nutrition initiatives is intended to increase access to healthy foods for SNAP-Ed eligible individuals. Geospatial analysis can identify if program efforts reach target populations. Low-income and low-food access census tracts were identified by using the U.S Treasury and USDA, respectively. In this study, buffer boundaries were set around SNAP-Ed designated PSE programs, paralleling USDA's access boundaries of 10 miles for rural areas and one mile for urban areas. Low-program access tracts were identified by their weighted population centroid or geographic boundary's intersection with the food security program buffers. Results Results show that 78.5% of low-food access and low-income areas have moderate to high-program access. Furthermore, moderate to high-program access communities tend to have higher percentages of BIPOC population and higher poverty rates when compared to low-program access communities among low-income and low-food access communities. Conclusions UMN Extension will continue to use GIS analysis for understanding where to promote, support, and organize around the implementation of food security programs and therefore better reach eligible audiences. Key messages Using geospatial analysis allows us to measure community health and nutrition PSE program access and program access equity. Minnesota's low-income and low-food access population has higher community health and nutrition programs access.

Digital Strategies to Improve Food Assistance in Disasters: A Scoping Review.

Modern digital strategies, including Internet of Things, machine learning, and mobile applications, have revolutionized situational awareness during disaster management. Despite their importance, no review of digital strategies to support emergency food security efforts has been conducted. This scoping review fills that gap. Keywords were defined within the concepts of food assistance, digital technology, and disasters. After the database searches, PRISMA guidelines were followed to perform a partnered, 2-round scoping literature review. The search identified 3201 articles, and 26 articles met criteria and were included in the analysis. The data types used to describe the tools were text/opinion (42.3%), qualitative (23.1%), system architecture (19.2%), quantitative and qualitative (11.5 %), and quantitative (3.8%). The tools' main functions were Resource Allocation (41.7%), Data Collection and Management (33%), Interagency Communications (15.4 %), Beneficiary Communications (11.5%), and Fundraising (7.7%). The platforms used to achieve these goals were Mobile Application (36%), Internet of Things (20%), Website (20%), and Mobile Survey (8%); 92% covered the disaster response phase. Digital tools for planning, situational awareness, client choice, and recovery are needed to support emergency food assistance, but there is a lack of these tools and research on their effectiveness across all disaster phases.

Reconciling regional nitrogen boundaries with global food security.

While nitrogen inputs are crucial to agricultural production, excess nitrogen contributes to serious ecosystem damage and water pollution. Here, we investigate this trade-off using an integrated modelling framework. We quantify how different nitrogen mitigation options contribute to reconciling food security and compliance with regional nitrogen surplus boundaries. We find that even when respecting regional nitrogen surplus boundaries, hunger could be substantially alleviated with 590 million fewer people at risk of hunger from 2010 to 2050, if all nitrogen mitigation options were mobilized simultaneously. Our scenario experiments indicate that when introducing regional N targets, supply-side measures such as the nitrogen use efficiency improvement are more important than demand-side efforts for food security. International trade plays a key role in sustaining global food security under nitrogen boundary constraints if only a limited set of mitigation options is deployed. Policies that respect regional nitrogen surplus boundaries would yield a substantial reduction in non-CO2 GHG emissions of 2.3 GtCO2e yr-1 in 2050, which indicates a necessity for policy coordination.

Case study of VA Caribbean Healthcare System's community response to Hurricane Maria.

Hurricane Maria, which hit Puerto Rico in 2017, catastrophically impacted infrastructure and severely disrupted medical services. The US Department of Veterans Affairs Caribbean Healthcare System (VA CHCS), which serves approximately 67,000 patients and has most of its facilities on the island of Puerto Rico, was able to successfully maintain operations after the hurricane. As a part of the larger VA system, VA CHCS also has a mission to support "national, state, and local emergency management, public health, safety and homeland security efforts." The objective of this study is to better understand the ways VA and its facilities meet this mission by exploring how VA CHCS acted as a community resource following Hurricane Maria. This study investigated experiences of five employees in critical emergency response positions for VA CHCS, Veterans Integrated Service Networks (VISN) 8, and the Office of Emergency Management. All respondents were interviewed from March to July 2019. Data were collected via semistructured interviews exploring participants' experiences and knowledge about VA's activities provided to the community of Puerto Rico following Hurricane Maria. Data were analyzed using thematic and in vivo coding methods. All respondents underscored VA's primary mission after a disaster was to maintain continuity of care to Veterans, while concomitantly describing the role of VA in supporting community recovery. Three major themes emerged: continuity of operations for the San Juan VA Medical Center (VAMC) and its affiliated outpatient clinics, provision of services as a federal partner, and services provided directly to the Puerto Rican community. Recent disasters have revealed that coordinated efforts between multidisciplinary agencies can strengthen communities' capacity to respond. This case example demonstrates how a VA hospital not only continued serving its patients but, with the support from the greater VA system, also filled a wide variety of requests and resource gaps in the community. Building relationships with local VAMCs can help determine how VA could be incorporated into emergency management strategies. In considering the strengths community partners can bring to bear, a coordinated regional response would benefit from involving VA as a partner during planning.

US Strategy and the Rise of Private Maritime Security

What explains the rise of maritime private military security companies (PMSCs)? How do they differ from land-based PMSCs? I argue that PMSCs have become major providers of security at sea. Yet maritime PMSCs are not hired by states but by the maritime industry. The United States and allied forces do not guarantee merchant vessels’ day-to-day security. Consequently, shipowners rely on PMSCs and war and piracy insurance to operate their vessels in dangerous waters. The United States, however, plays a vital role in regulating PMSCs and creating environments in which PMSCs can operate effectively. This paper shows that order at sea depends not on the United States’ “hard” naval power but on its leadership in global governance and on its ability to create rules and norms for maritime behavior. It also shows that PMSCs can help secure the oceans if regulated and supported by state authorities. I illustrate this logic through three case studies of how the United States has facilitated private security efforts: during the Iran–Iraq Tanker War, in piracy-prone shipping lanes off Somalia, and in the Persian Gulf following attacks there in 2019.

COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plans from 106 countries: a review from a health systems resilience perspective.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has exposed long-standing fragmentation in health systems strengthening efforts for health security and universal health coverage while these objectives are largely interdependent and complementary. In this prevailing background, we reviewed countries’ COVID-19 Preparedness and Response Plans (CPRPs) to assess the extent of integration of non-COVID-19 essential health service continuity considerations alongside emergency response activities. We searched for COVID-19 planning documents from governments and ministries of health, World Health Organization (WHO) country offices and United Nations (UN) country teams. We developed document review protocols using global guidance from the WHO and UN and the health systems resilience literature. After screening, we analysed 154 CPRPs from 106 countries. The majority of plans had a high degree of alignment with pillars of emergency response such as surveillance (99%), laboratory systems (96%) and COVID-19-specific case management (97%). Less than half considered maintaining essential health services (47%); 41% designated a mechanism for health system–wide participation in emergency planning; 34% considered subnational service delivery; 95% contained infection prevention and control (IPC) activities and 29% considered quality of care; and 24% were budgeted for and 7% contained monitoring and evaluation of essential health services. To improve, ongoing and future emergency planning should proactively include proportionate activities, resources and monitoring for essential health services to reduce excess mortality and morbidity. Specifically, this entails strengthening subnational health services with local stakeholder engagement in planning; ensuring a dedicated focus in emergency operations structures to maintain health systems resilience for non-emergency health services; considering all domains of quality in health services along with IPC; and building resilient monitoring capacity for timely and reliable tracking of health systems functionality including service utilization and health outcomes. An integrated approach to planning should be pursued as health systems recover from COVID-19 disruptions and take actions to build back better.

SECURITY MANAGEMENT OF THE POLDA METRO JAYA COMMAND HEADQUARTERS IN ANTICIPATING DEMO ANARCHIST

This study discusses the process of tactical security efforts at Polda Metro Jaya Command Headquarters which focus on security, analysis of constraints and impacts faced in implementing physical security management at Polda Metro Jaya Command Headquarters in anticipation of anarchic demonstrations. This research was conducted using qualitative methods and using the Theory of Security Management Theory of Physical Security. This study found that the Police's efforts in securing the implementation of physical security management at Polda Metro Jaya Command Headquarters are still not optimal. The government needs to make improvements and additions in the form of a security management process through the integration of elements of planning, organization, implementation as well as supervision and control. First, the implementation of physical security management at the Polda Metro Jaya Command Headquarters currently includes a security management process, a physical security process and a tactical security process. The security management process consists of elements of planning, organizing, executing and supervising and controlling. Meanwhile, the physical security process consists of security personnel, access control, fences, locks, lighting and guard posts. Constraints in the security management process include the lack of maximal some elements in the security management process. Meanwhile, the constraints in the physical security process are in the form of a lack of proper functioning of the existing physical security components and the absence of several other physical security components at this time. The third effort to safeguard the implementation of physical security management at the Polda Metro Jaya Command Headquarters is expected, in the form of improvements and additions. Meanwhile, the improvement of several physical security components currently consists of security officers, access control, fences, locks, lighting and guard posts. Meanwhile, the addition of several physical security components currently consists of barriers, CCTV and communication devices.KEYWORDS: Security Management, Polda Metro Jaya Headquarters, Anarchist Demo Background

Traditional food processing practices of oats (Avena sativa) and its contribution to food security in Gozamin district of northwest Ethiopia

Oat is one of the cereal crops in Ethiopia, which is less recognized in terms of its food value and productivity. It is grown and utilized as a staple food only in a specific part of the country. The objective of this study was to assess the food significance of oat and document associated traditional food knowledge of the crop in Gozamin district, Northwest part of Ethiopia. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interviews. Secondary data collected from Gozamin agriculture development offices and research centers were used to support our results. A total of 388 households participated in this cross-sectional study. Data were edited, coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 20.0. The results of this study affirmed that 97.2% of the producers cultivated oat every year and high rainfall is the suitable weather condition for its production. As per the results of this study, oat is tolerant to acidic and marginally fertile soils where other plants do not grow and yield well. As compared to other conventional cereal crops, 85% of the participants of the study reported that the cultivation of oat does not require extensive farming and can be produced with minimum inputs. The entire population of respondents (100%) reported that oat grain was used as food. Almost all the respondents (99.2%) utilized oat as their staple crop for their families. Oat ranked first in terms of consumption at household level as compared to other cereal crops (tef, maize, wheat, and barley). In the district, oat is processed into different food types and beverages including injera, kitta/anababiro, gruel, porridge, enket, and local alcoholic drinks, tella. Oat is rarely used to prepare porridge and local alcoholic beverages as compared to other cereal-based staple food types. Porridge and local alcoholic beverages are commonly prepared for special occasions and on holidays. Oat is a less known crop in specific locations but could contribute to enhancing food diversity options to improve food and nutrition security efforts in the country.