Security Arrangements Research Articles

MARITIME SECURITY REGULATION CONCERNING INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT FACILITY SECURITY CODE 2002 AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN INDONESIA

Ministerial Regulation Number 134 of 2016 is a form of ratification of the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code 2002 (ISPS Code, 2002), the objective of which is to establish a consistent standard framework for evaluating risk and enabling the government to compensate for changes in threats through measures appropriate safety measures. In its development, there are several regulations related to implementing the 2002 ISPS Code in Indonesia. These regulations were formed by adjusting the standard regulations in the 2002 ISPS Code with the safety conditions of ships and ports in Indonesia. The problem is, Indonesia has several large ports that operate as international ports in international trade. The type of research used is normative legal research sourced from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials whose data collection is carried out by literature study. The results of the study show two things: (1) Maritime security arrangements relating to shipping safety standards and port facilities in the 2002 ISPS Code are divided into two parts, namely part A (Part A) containing systematic arrangements and implementation of the ISPS Code for signatory countries including and Definition, Purpose, Scope of Ship Safety Standards and Port facilities and ISPS Code Compliance Procedure. And part B (Part B) contains further explanation about part A including Determination of Security Level, Implementation of Ship Security, Implementation of Port Facility, and Information and Communication Security. (2) The implementation of the maritime security regulation related to security standards ships and port facilities in the ISPS Code in 2002 in Indonesia contained in via Law No. 17 the Year 2008 on the voyage, Ministerial Regulation Number 134 the Year 2016 concerning Management of Ship Safety and Port Facilities.

Do or die? The UK, the EU, and internal/external security cooperation after Brexit

The European Union (EU) integration project is under attack from a reassertion of national sovereignty following Brexit and the Covid-19 crisis. Our analysis examines the impact that traditional forms of sovereignty and national interests will have on the conduct of EU foreign and security policy post-Brexit. We focus on the Brexit challenge to the EU mode of regulation and diplomacy in internal/external policies in Common Foreign and Security Policy, Common Security and Defence Policy, and Justice and Home Affairs. The article also considers key scenarios for future UK-EU security cooperation to inform analysis of likely policy outcomes for the UK and the EU. The article concludes that the EU will have a greater impact through its laws and regulations on the post-Brexit UK than vice versa and that Brexit is not an immediate threat to the EU's regulatory mode of security governance. The new realities of internal/external security governance in Europe post-Brexit will mean weakened EU–UK security arrangements, which will impact the scope and quality of European security cooperation beyond traditional defence. This is both undesirable and potentially dangerous for European security cooperation and for Europe's position in the wider world.

Networks of International Relations, Structural Power, and China’s Belt and Road Initiative

Reminiscent of the ancient Silk Road formed during the Han Dynasty, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) evokes powerful memories of China’s glorious past and has significant implications on international relations. Through a network analysis approach, this paper critically examines how and under what conditions the BRI is able to shape the structure of geo-economic and geopolitical interactions in China’s image. Given the highly interdependent nature of the world today, a country’s ability to exert geo-economic and geopolitical power in the international system will not only depend on its inherent economic and military capabilities, but also its position in global networks. This paper analyzes the dynamic evolution of China’s network centrality in trade and security affairs from 1990 to 2014, drawing on novel data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions Project (ATOP). This paper argues that the BRI is likely to further enhance China’s central position in trade and global value chains (GVCs), but the overall structure of international security arrangements would remain largely unchanged, with the West still being highly dominant despite China’s rising political and military influence. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach and leveraging research on network science, international political economy, and security studies, this paper employs a structural perspective in understanding the geo-economic and geopolitical consequences of the BRI.

Optimal Resource Allocation and Quality of Service Prediction in Cloud

In the present scenario, cloud computing service provides on-request access to a collection of resources available in remote system that can be shared by numerous clients. Resources are in self-administration; consequently, clients can adjust their usage according to their requirements. Resource usage is estimated and clients can pay according to their utilization. In literature, the existing method describes the usage of various hardware assets. Quality of Service (QoS) needs to be considered for ascertaining the schedule and the access of resources. Adhering with the security arrangement, any additional code is forbidden to ensure the usage of resources complying with QoS. Thus, all monitoring must be done from the hypervisor. To overcome the issues, Robust Resource Allocation and Utilization (RRAU) approach is developed for optimizing the management of its cloud resources. The work hosts a numerous virtual assets which could be expected under the circumstances and it enforces a controlled degree of QoS. The asset assignment calculation is heuristic, which is based on experimental evaluations, RRAU approach with J48 prediction model reduces Job Completion Time (JCT) by 4.75 s, Make Span (MS) 6.25, and Monetary Cost (MC) 4.25 for 15, 25, 35 and 45 resources are compared to the conventional methodologies in cloud environment.

Proposed Arrangements and Cyber Security Challenges in Nuclear Domain: An Explanatory study Of India

The goal of cyber security is to protect the internet against online attacks. One of the most frequently used terminologies in cybersecurity is “cyber-threats,” which refers to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for hostile purposes by a range of criminals. The complexity of cyber security architecture makes higher safety measures necessary to guard against system flaws and potential global catastrophes. One of the most important security issues today is cyber attack. a cyber breach could make nuclear systems safety and securitysafeguards ineffective, which is especially important for nuclear systems. India, which has a sizable and developing nuclear programme, has a similar situation. Over the past few decades, governments, including India, have invested a significant amount of time and money in building effective physical safeguards for nuclear installations, which has raised the risk of a cyber or hybrid attack. The risk of hacking, disruption, or sabotage rises as nuclear infrastructure becomes more and more reliant on cyber technology. Any cyberattack’s antagonistic goal is to take advantage of a system’s weaknesses in order to take over, operate, and keep a presence on the target system. Designing standards that can accommodate both immediate and long-term needs is crucial due to the sensitivity of nuclear materials and infrastructure. The study’s objective is to discuss the proposed arrangement of cyber security in nuclear domain in India.

The goal of the methodology for legal regulation of victim protection

The purpose of the research is to develop a theoretical concept of a security and recovery arrangements for protecting the violated rights and interests of persons, who have suffered from the commission of crimes in the framework of criminal proceedings, with the determination of the development prospects, legal support as well as the use in law enforcement practice. The methodological background of this research was such fundamental methods of scientific knowledge as general methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy), as well as special methods (comparative legal and formal legal). The research resulted in making the conclusion about the positive transformations in the criminal process of recent years; finally, the victim of a crime is gradually becoming key in the context of the changes introduced by the criminal procedural legislation. But it is believed by the author that the improvement of the criminal procedural mechanism should be not occasional but a comprehensive reform of the goals, objectives and principles of all criminal procedural activities, with an emphasis on the compensatory mechanism of legal regulation. The novelty of the research lies in the author’s approach to the consideration of the stated problem and that it made it possible to assert that the scientific understanding of the ideological content of the methodology of legal regulation of the protection of a victim implies the reform of criminal proceedings, from its content to the procedural position of the victim and restorative procedures.

Collapse in the Capital: The Evolution of Security Arrangements in Juba, South Sudan, 2014–16

Collapse in the Capital: The Evolution of Security Arrangements in Juba, South Sudan, 2014–16

Integrating the Informal Social Security Arrangements into the Formal Sector in Botswana

This paper makes an attempt to define informal social security and discusses the role of traditional support systems and extended family as social security institutions. Self organised mutual support systems which are neighbourhood or community-based informal systems that go beyond kinship and family ties are discussed. The African traditional values such as “botho” “ubuntu” and “harambee” are discussed. The idea that formal and informal social security systems having the same goal is advanced and that it is possible to build synergies between the two systems. Finally that an integrative approach needs to be adopted between the nonformal and the formal systems of social security.

Operationalising the African Standby Force: Challenges and Prospects

The African Standby Force (ASF) is the implementation arm of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), a security arrangement between the AU and the Regional Economic Communities/Regional Mechanisms to address the security challenges of the continent. However, the ASF is yet to be operationalised after almost two decades of its existence due to its inability to develop a rapid response capability. The challenges include the changing nature of the security environment, inadequate political will, weak institutional framework, and financial status of members. Nonetheless, there are still good prospects which could be explored to overcome the challenges of operationalising the ASF.

امن کا اسلامی بیانیہ: تعارف و اہمیت

Islam carries the message of peace and security in its own name. There are many instances in the Qur’ān and Sīrah of the Prophet (peace be upon him) which emphasize the need to establish peace and harmony in society. In fact, one of the first steps that the Prophet (peace be upon him) took after establishing the first Islamic state of Madīnah was to make arrangements for internal peace and security through the Charter of Madīnah and peace agreements with the surrounding tribes. However, despite the above-stated facts, Islam is often associated with terrorism in modern times. It is need of the hour to present a coherent Islamic narrative of peace that could defy these misreprestantions of Islam. This article is an attempt to present such a narrative of peace drawing upon the primary sources of Islam.

EXPLORING THE STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING RESILIENCE TO POVERTY IN BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

The challenges of poverty and insurgency had caused problems of different dimensions in north-eastern Nigeria. Specifically Bauchi state recorded 89.5 percent of Multidimensional Poverty Indicators above other states in the country. The main objective of this study is to explore the strategies to build resilience to poverty in the study area. In achieving this, a qualitative research design via semi-structured interview and purposive sampling were applied. Accordingly, twenty-two informants from the ministries, agencies, and commissions in addition to some selected underprivileged people were consulted during the data collection. Consequently, findings from the study indicated that national, state, community and individual strategies were suggested to overcome poverty and other socioeconomic challenges bedeviling the people in Northeastern Nigeria in general and Bauchi state in particular. These views of the informants are expected to address the socioeconomic challenges identified in the state. Perhaps, the community strategies include security initiatives, collaborations with NGOs to cushion the effects of poverty in the towns and villages with the contributions of the religious and traditional institutions. Furthermore, personal empowerment, enhancing peoples' confidence, and skills exhibit the individual strategies. Subsequently, by strengthening the federal, states as well as security arrangements to avert the problems discovered. The expansion of poverty reduction programs, accessible educational policies, youth empowerment schemes, rehabilitation, reconstruction, and the overall development of northeastern Nigeria were suggested.

Problem bezpieczeństwa Ukrainy: w poszukiwaniu rozwiązania

Independent Ukraine will soon turn 30, but the country in the heart of Europe cannot boast a predictable and stable security position. The conflict with Russia after the regime change in 2014 proved, that a prolonged conventional war in Europe is still a probability. In order to install a durable peace, the all-European security arrangement shall have no low-profile security positions of those European countries, which do not enjoy membership in military unions. The Cold-war legacy of perception of security as a divisible notion is a contradiction to the idea of security for Europe. As long as there are divergences in the level of security, there would be a temptation to test the opponent’s readiness and strength on the territory of a weaker country. This is what happened in Georgia in 2008 and has been happening in Ukraine since 2014. In search for a solution, a special attention shall be paid to the issues of status and perception of security. For a small power, which is not a member of a military bloc, it is existential to follow an approach of collective security, not collective defence. Perception of security as indivisible supposes prioritising intensive engagement of the UN and the OSCE. Ukraine as a small power shall also enhance its security position through implementation of decent democratic procedures and true market reforms. These measures have a potential to create global economic linkages through integration of Ukraine’s economy to the global capitalist system not as a supplier of raw materials, but on parity basis.

Outcomes of a multifaceted intervention to improve maternal satisfaction with care in secondary hospitals in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Background: Data in Nigeria suggests a high level of dissatisfaction among women attending maternity care in health facilities due to long wait times, disrespectful care, and poor attention by healthcare personnel. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention in improving self-reported indicators of maternal healthcare satisfaction by women who use referral facilities in two regions of Nigeria. Method: The design was quasi-experimental and consisted of two intervention facilities and two control facilities. The interventions included strategic planning, staff re-training, a computerized appointment system, health education/feedback, maternal death reviews and surveillance, and advocacy. A random sample of 2262 women was selected (1205 in the intervention sites and 1057 in the two control sites) to respond to a 24-item questionnaire on service satisfaction as they exited the health facilities. Adjusted Poisson and binary regression analyses were used to assess and compare proportions of reported satisfaction by women between the intervention and control sites. Results: Women in the intervention sites were 54% more likely than those in control sites to report overall satisfaction with services. They were significantly less likely to report inadequate security arrangements in accessing the health facilities (p < .1); and three times more likely to agree that health workers were extremely thorough and careful in attending to them (p < .1). Conclusion: The interventions had positive effects on improving women’s satisfaction with care. The findings from this study have implications for the design and implementation of interventions that address women’s concerns relating to the provision of care and consequently improve service utilization.

Bitter Years

Since the outbreak of the so-called Arab Spring in 2011, the regional system in the Middle East, as well as in the sub-regional system of the Arabian Gulf, has been in flux. Under these new circumstances, the order of the status quo has started to unravel, and a new order is being imposed, accompanied by new regional dynamics and security arrangements. Given their smallness, possession of significant resources, and geostrategic location, most of the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) were always vulnerable, because of either the disparity of their capabilities compared with stronger, larger, and aggressive neighbors or the demographic deficiency and general regional imbalance of power. Traditionally, and to preserve their security and stability, these states seek protection from external powers. This article investigates how small, rich states, such as the GCC countries interact, through the lens of structural realism.

Enhancing utilization and ensuring security: Insights to compromise contradicting conditions in new research reactors

Research reactors are typically well-suited for outreach activities at different levels. However, unplanned seeking to increase the utilization of a research reactor may result in weakening the nuclear security of this facility. Research reactor staff might be in shortage of a functional nuclear security culture; specifically, there might be a conviction that the necessities of research can be given the priority over consistence with security procedural requirements.Research reactors are usually parts of bigger institutes or research labs of different activities. Moreover, the employments of research reactors are usually with the purpose that easy entry to the reactor premises is fundamental. So, they could be co-situated in places with different sorts of activities, mostly under similar security arrangements. The co-area of research reactor offices among different kinds of research labs introduces explicit security issues, the effects of which should be viewed as when building up a nuclear security framework.Notwithstanding potential security vulnerabilities presented in the design, research reactors frequently have devices kept promptly accessible to encourage research and education. The accessibility of these sorts of hardware could be used by an authorized person to commit an unapproved activity or cause harm.This paper aims to present insights to compromise contradicting conditions in new research reactors in which both enhancing utilization and ensuring security are satisfied.

Transitions, disruptions and revolutions: Expert views on prospects for a smart and local energy revolution in the UK

Alongside ambitious targets for economy-wide decarbonisation, a ‘smart and local energy revolution’ narrative has recently emerged in energy policy and research. To consider the energy revolution proposition, this paper presents findings from a Policy Delphi survey of interdisciplinary energy researchers and stakeholders (n = 113) on alternative transition paths (disruptive or continuity-led) for the UK energy system. The paper includes quantitative and qualitative survey findings on a number of social and technical aspects of the energy revolution proposition: system governance, security and flexibility arrangements, power sector decarbonisation, the future of large supply firms and energy policy priorities. The results suggest that rather than a wholesale revolution the UK's energy transition over the next two decades will involve a mix of disruptive and continuity-led elements. Experts differ on a number of issues associated with the energy revolution proposition, including the impact of demand side response on whole system flexibility and whether energy systems are best governed at a local or national scale. However, rather than having fixed orientations to either disruption or continuity-led change, most experts respond on an issue-by-issue basis. The energy revolution proposition is socially constructed and contestable, and whole energy systems policy and research should go beyond uniform transition narratives.

Configure Routing Path Algorithms for Ethernet Topology

The multiplication of different associated stages, including the “Internet of Thing” [1], Control frameworks (ICS), associated vehicles and on-board arranges have brought about the concurrent utilization of various conventions and gadgets. Disorderly circumstances brought about by the utilization of various conventions and various kinds of gadgets, for example, heterogeneous systems, executed diversely by merchants, make it hard to receive an adaptable security arrangement, as late examinations on Intruder Detection Systems (IDS) in light of profound learning. These examinations advanced the profound learning model for their condition to improve execution, however the essential rule of the profound learning model utilized was unaltered, so it tends to be called cutting edge IDS with a model that has not many or no necessities. A few investigations have proposed IDS dependent on unaided learning innovation that doesn't require named information. In any case, not utilizing accessible assets, for example, organize parcel information, is a misuse of assets. In the event that the security arrangement considers the job and significance of the gadgets that make up the system and the standard convention security zone by specialists, the benefits can be utilized well, however they will not, at this point be adaptable. A large portion of the IDS examines dependent on profound learning models have utilized “Recurrent Neural Networks”[1] (RNN), which is a regulated learning model, in light of the fact that the attributes of the RNN model, particularly while consolidating memory long haul (LSTM), are better designed to mirror the progression of parcel information goes after some time and accordingly perform improved than other directed learning models, for example, convolutional neural system (CNN). Geography result may be an essential necessity for a few system the executives and investigating assignments the greater part of our systems nowadays incorporate neighborhood. In PC systems ascertaining procedures, exchange data with each other using associations information joins between centers. A distant way bearing discovering system in information systems decides the most straightforward way for information parcels established on space. Some far off way runs likewise yield into thought organize inactivity and different highlights that impact dissemination on a specific course.

The New Reality of Bangladesh: A Critical Analysis of New Normal Challenges and Opportunities

The post-COVID-19 new normal will arise as a game-changer in the policy-making of the world states. Accordingly, this article highlights the post-pandemic Bangladesh that should integrate biology affirmatively in the policy development procedures to reshape the new normal challenges as opportunities. The grounded theory method is adopted as a quantitative analysis tool relying on the secondary sources of data to portray the significance of biopolitics as political rationality in new norm Bangladesh. The researcher has used the neo-realism approach to develop the ‘Biopolitical Rationale Theory’, which uncovers how evolving neo-realist security demands the prioritization of biopolitics in every sphere of decision making for governing the post-pandemic new standard of existence. The 2020 corona outbreak proved that human life and the environment are the ultimate means of survival rather than the traditional security arrangements and extreme economic growth which are inhumane (rationality of death and militarization), unhygienic, and destructive to the environment (exploitation of nature is profitable). The article recommends some alternative new normal policies such as non-discriminative health policy, bordering in line with International Health Regulations (IHR), digitalization with better cybersecurity, virtualization of the tourist industry (application of Extended Reality), application of Career Resilience (CR), and Strategic Flexibility Analysis tools in the re-employment and career development, greening the economy, special arrangements for emergency health crisis and undertaking actions considering the environment as a remedy rather than a crisis. The review research concludes that the inclusion of biopolitics in the Bangladesh governance system can redesign the challenges of new normal as new opportunities. But the reshaping of such a new reality will itself prevail as a considerable challenge for Bangladesh.

5G Security – The Politics of Huawei Equipment in the United Kingdom

While the US Congress has long viewed Huawei as a security threat, this only recently became part of US foreign policy, with efforts by the Trump Administration to press allies to exclude commercial operators from buying its 5G network equipment. US success has been mostly amongst its ‘Five Eyes’ surveillance partners. For 15 years the United Kingdom had allowed the installation of network equipment from Huawei, subject to special security arrangements. However, growing US political pressure, a shift to the right in the Conservative Party and other domestic factors saw rising parliamentary support for the exclusion of Huawei. After months of deliberation and evaluation the government of Boris Johnson instituted a limited ban on operators using 5G equipment from Huawei in January 2020. Then, under further US and parliamentary pressure the UK government performed a u-turn to adopt an outright ban, albeit phased to limit the costs and delays for citizens.

Contesting Roles: Rising Powers as “Net Providers of Security”

AbstractWhat is a “net provider of security,” or a “global security provider”? How are such roles adopted by rising powers? We define a net provider of security as a social role, when an actor provides novel, niche, and functionally differentiated security duties, supporting burden-sharing in providing public goods. The nascent literature on these US-vectored roles characterizes role adoption as largely successful. However, rising powers contest the US-designated net provider of security role. Rising powers have stated or latent foreign policy goals to shape international order in their strategic vision, reflecting ideational capacity to reconceptualize their role in global politics, or a material capacity to reposition their rank. Building upon insights from role theory, we illustrate that rising powers exploit temporal and rhetorical ambiguities and leverage their material and ideational resources to execute role differentiation through three micro-processes of role resistance—role acknowledgment, role task rejection, and role task substitution—used to promote an idiosyncratic role, casting the US-vectored role as non-functional, non-representational, and untenable. We examine crucial cases of rising powers, India and China, to develop our theoretical contribution. Our findings speak to the literatures on the logic of identity management, rhetoric in international politics, the taxonomy of contemporary ad hoc security arrangements, and the epistemological project of globalizing international relations.