Security Elements Research Articles

РАЗРАБОТКА ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ КАК СРЕДСТВО АВТОМАТИЗАЦИИ БИЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕССОВ В СОПРОВОЖДЕНИИ ПРОЕКТА И ОЦЕНКЕ ЗАДАЧ

The article discusses the issue of project support and task assessment. Particular attention is paid to the data collection process, the main purpose of which is to collect information-rich data. An important part of this process is understanding the type and sources of data required. The problems of fragmentation of data sources and their inconsistency have been identified. The need to conduct an assessment of the project and tasks is also described. Taken together, this will allow you to avoid risks in terms of budget, project timing and product quality. Project performance assessment is carried out at all stages of the project, from planning to completion. Its goal is to adjust the trajectory of the project. Based on the assessment results, amendments are made to the documentation, team composition, product characteristics, or a decision is made to close the project. Automation of business processes is proposed. Among the technical means and software systems that reduce routine operations and optimize the use of enterprise production resources, computer systems, sensors, actuators, controllers, software and other devices are usually used. They allow you to collect and process data, monitor and regulate the operation of various devices and processes, and also carry out management using special software. The authors offer one of the most common solutions, namely, application development. The project management application provides a systematic and automated approach to project evaluation, facilitating the accumulation of experience. It allows you to calculate the time and cost of creating software, and connect evaluation templates. Suitable for assessing different areas of development, users can customize assessments by feature or project phase and upload results for business proposals. An authorization code is provided for the proposed application in the Swift language, as a mandatory element of information security. An algorithm for user actions when implementing the most common function – creating an estimate – is also described. The application also provides export of files to Excel, as the most commonly used package.

Financial conflicts as a threat of weakening the financial security of business entities in Ukraine

The article examines the economic content of financial conflicts, their impact on the financial security of economic entities. Financial security is highlighted from the point of view of an important element of economic security of business entities. Financial conflict is defined as a confrontation between participants in economic relations, which appears in the process of their economic activity as a result of a mismatch of goals, benefits and the long-term goal of functioning. In order to more thoroughly illuminate the internal nature of the conflict in the field of finance, its key components and characteristic features are highlighted. The main causes of financial conflicts of business structures are determined. The key factor in the emergence of corporate conflicts was determined to be the separation of the owners from the management of the company, as a result of which there was a significant separation of interests between these parties. It is proposed to use value-oriented management tools to resolve financial conflicts. Tax conflicts and conflicts arising in the field of financial management are analyzed. The main prerequisites for solving financial contradictions in the functioning and development of enterprises in Ukraine have been determined. The economic essence of compliance as the construction of a risk management system, which will make it possible to ensure an increase in the level of compliance with the economic and financial legislation of the country, an increase in the degree of corporate culture in society and the formation of a favorable business climate in the country, which will help attract investment resources and increase the income of the country's budget system, is highlighted. The main component of tax compliance is determined - the study of risks in the field of taxation that arise in the event of taxpayers violating tax legislation and causing losses to the state. It is proposed to build an effective tax compliance system in order to strengthen the financial security of the country, which is characterized to a large extent by tax security, that is, the receipt of taxes and fees to the budgets in the projected amount and the creation of prerequisites for its growth.

ЗАХИСТ ДАНИХ В ЕПОХУ ЦИФРОВОЇ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ЯК ЕЛЕМЕНТ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА: ВИКЛИКИ ТА РІШЕННЯ

In the modern era of digital transformation, data protection is becoming a critically important element of information security for enterprises due to the increase in the number of cyber threats, the increased value of data, the need to comply with regulatory requirements, the growth of data volumes and the impact on the reputation of the enterprise. The study of this issue is extremely relevant, as it helps to understand the challenges faced by enterprises in the context of digital transformation, and also offers specific solutions and strategies for effective data protection. The purpose of the article is to analyze the modern challenges enterprises face during digital transformation, which affect their information security, as well as to provide proposals for effective data protection, particularly through programs aimed at increasing the adaptability of information protection. Three main approaches to the division of information protection challenges faced by enterprises during the transition to digital transformation and theirimpact on data security are distinguished, in particular: technological, organizational, and strategic. A harmonious combination of these three approaches allows you to create a comprehensive information protection system that ensures efficiency, reliability, and compliance with security standards. The necessity of integrating information protection into the strategic business planning of enterprises is investigated and ways of solving this task are proposed. Attention is focused on the fact that it is important for enterprises, especially those at risk, to consider cyber security as an integral part of their business. This means establishing basic protection measures, and actively investing in programs aimed at increasing the adaptability of the information protection system. By integrating key tools such as risk analysis, monitoring systems, incident response plans, staff training, and the use of modern technology, businesses can become more resilient to potential cyber threats. Continuous improvement and support of these measures will allow us to effectively adapt to new threats and maintain a high level of information protection in the long term.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ АГЛОМЕРАЦИЙ

Rural territories are a fundamental component of the development of agriculture and the national economy, since it is in these territories that the natural resources necessary for agricultural production are located, such as land and forests, water sources that are part of the structure of natural agricultural landscapes and parts of the ecosystems of rural areas. At the same time, rural areas are entrusted with the function of food supply to the population, which is one of the elements of national security on a national scale, which determines the relevance of the presented research. Rational and efficient use of the above resources is one of the main tasks of sustainable and progressive development of rural areas. To achieve efficient use of resources in rural areas, it is necessary to use innovative technologies in crop production and livestock farming, which will increase production indicators and ultimately provide the population with food for both the population of the region and the country as a whole. Therefore, state regulation of this sector of the economy should ensure food independence, which is a comprehensive macro-economic task of sustainability of the efficiency of the public production sphere, affecting the dynamics of development of rural areas, the level of income of the rural population and their differentiation, the level of labor force participation and the level of employment in regional comparison. In recent years, in world and Russian practice, processes have been observed to strengthen the role of cities and agglomerations as a natural process of urbanization. At the same time, ongoing socio-economic transformations and insufficient funding for local self-government have had a negative impact on changes in the operating conditions of business entities; decreasing incomes and rising rural unemployment; outflow of population to cities (primarily young people and the working population; reduction in labor productivity and destruction of engineering and social infrastructure. The complexity and multifaceted nature of the problem of sustainable development of agricultural production based on rural agglomerations, the methodology and methodology of their creation, operation and development, the relevance of this problem determined the topic of this study.

Information security: international legal aspects of its provision

The relevance of the topic under consideration is due to the globalization of the information space, which arises in connection with the intensive development of information technologies, which implies the need to develop new approaches to ensuring information security. Based on the principles of sovereign equality and international cooperation, States interact with each other in the common interest (including in the legal field), develop basic principles and norms on which the legal foundation for the legal provision of international information security is based. The author states that the importance of implementing coordinated measures by participants in international legal interaction in this area is due to the fact that if information security is an integral part of national security, then international information security is an immanent element of international security, without which it is impossible to build a system of secure interstate cooperation in modern realities. The author applied the method of theoretical analysis in the process of research, the conclusions are based on a formally logical method. The main conclusion of the author of the study is the following position: the goals of maintaining the state of security of the global information space may be unattainable without proper cooperation (in particular, organizational and legal in nature) in solving problems related to ensuring international information security at several levels of interaction: bilateral, regional, global. The high level of interdependence of countries and the need to ensure the principle of indivisibility of security form the global need to find compromises and common approaches in ensuring international information security. The definition of a single conceptual framework that does not allow ambiguity, contradictions and terminological uncertainty, as well as the basic principles that are the legal foundation of the legal regulation of international information security, should be implemented by developing a single international treaty. This conclusion is due to the ineffectiveness of the norms of "soft law" and international morality based on the principles of voluntary fulfillment of obligations implemented in the process of interstate interaction.

THE GROWING THREAT TO THE SECURITY OF INSTITUTIONS AND COUNTRIES AS A RESULT OF ELECTRONIC PIRACY IN CYBERSPACE, “LIBYA IS A MODEL”

Terrorism is the obsession experienced by all countries and people fear it to the point that it has become a part of daily life. Hardly a day goes by without a terrorist act beginning somewhere in the world. It has become unique and news of terrorism is shared in the media and receives the attention of people of all cultural levels and inclinations and existence. On the ground, it is due to policies and locations. However, history has advanced, but at the present time even after another very exciting new one, especially after the amazing spread of modern technology and the emergence of the information network (the Internet), which enables devastating bloody operations to be carried out with minimal effort and many security elements continue to prevent them from scratch. Or catch them later. Cyber war is one of the most prominent features of political and commercial conflicts between countries. In theory, cyber war means malicious activities through the Internet supported by a country, which target infrastructure, facilities, government institutions, industrial networks, and research, and are capable of disrupting the operation of vital infrastructure

Legal support for information security of legal entities under Lithuanian and Ukrainian legislation

In the rapidly evolving digital landscape, the safeguarding of information security for legal entities has emerged as a critical concern. This article investigates and compares the legal frameworks governing information security for legal entities in Lithuania and Ukraine, addressing the pressing need to understand and enhance legal support in this field. The relevance of this research stems from the escalating challenges posed by cyber threats, necessitating a robust legal infrastructure to fortify information security. The study delves into the fundamental elements of information security as mandated by Lithuanian and Ukrainian laws. It analyses the legislative provisions, compliance requirements, and institutional mechanisms established in both jurisdictions to protect sensitive data and mitigate cyber risks faced by legal entities. A comparative analysis is conducted to elucidate the similarities, disparities, and effectiveness of the respective legal frameworks.
 This research employs a multifaceted methodology and scientific methods to achieve comprehensive insights. It involves an extensive review of existing legal texts and regulations pertinent to information security in Lithuania and Ukraine. Additionally, case studies and practical examples are utilized to contextualize the application and enforcement of these legal provisions. The results of this study highlight the strengths and shortcomings within the legal frameworks of both countries concerning information security for legal entities. By examining the practical implications and challenges faced by businesses in adhering to these laws, this research aims to provide valuable insights for Ukrainian and Lithuanian companies concerned with maintaining a high level of their information security.
 In conclusion, this article underscores the critical importance of a robust legal framework in protecting the information security of legal entities. It offers a comparative analysis of Lithuanian and Ukrainian legislation, presenting valuable findings and recommendations to fortify and harmonize legal support for information security in both jurisdictions.

TANTANGAN TERKINI DALAM KEAMANAN INFORMASI ANALISIS RESIKO DAN UPAYA PERLINDUNGAN

Threats and attacks that can result in leaks of personal or sensitive data or reduced business performance have a significant impact on the security of networks and information systems. Insider attacks, eavesdropping, misconfiguration, missing functionality, confusion, man-in- attacks, virus attacks, denial of service attacks are some of the dangers that threaten your network security or threaten the security of your network. Attacks are possible. Influencing information systems. Companies risk losing information appropriate security measures, such as network and information system security. You can implement the right security solutions to predict and prevent various security risks and attacks. Confidentiality, integrity, and availability are three characteristics of security, and to determine which security technology best suits your organization's needs, you must first compare the various threats and attacks with the security technologies in use. Recommended security technologies intrusion detection systems (IDS), antivirus programs, and encryption systems. This is because this technology relies on predicting and protecting networks and information systems in many security elements.

Azerbaijan – Armenia – Georgia: Challenges and Prospects of Interstate Cooperation

In the conditions of the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war, the question of the future world order is more than urgent. The introduction of the sanctions regime against Russia led to the intensification of the latter’s efforts in the direction of creating its own ecosystem of survival, in which the states of the South Caucasus, in particular, the former Soviet republics such as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, are considered indispensable components. In their research, the authors analyze the features of the socio-political development of the named states of the South Caucasus in its relationship with the events of the Russian-Ukrainian war and changes. The authors draw attention to the importance of the South Caucasus for ensuring the ability of the Russian Federation to continue the war against Ukraine at the current stage. In its desire to regain its status as a world leader, the Russian Federation is trying with all its might to preserve the existing status quo in the region, on the one hand, while simultaneously improving its relations with Turkey and Azerbaijan, on the other. The latter was quite clearly revealed during the Second Karabakh War in 2020 and the events of September 19, 2023 in Nagorno-Karabakh. The return of Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan due to the termination of the existence of the NKR from January 1, 2024 opens up new prospects not only for regional development, but also for the resolution of other “frozen” conflicts created by Moscow. Eliminating the factor of military confrontation from the regional order is an important element of geopolitical stability and security in the region. And Georgia in this case plays an important role, on the one hand, as a potential mediator, and on the other, as a state that has a strategic partnership with Azerbaijan and good-neighborly relations with Armenia.

Role of Legal Certainty in Providing Economic Security: Ukraine’s Experience

Economic security is an element of the national security of the country. Even though regulation of economic security implies developing economic sectors or preventing threats, legal principles are not usually considered. The article analyzes how legal certainty as a principle forms a favorable environment, produces reliability, and encourages market players to realize their economic and entrepreneurial initiatives, provided that the country ensures a high level of it. A plurality of the elements of legal certainty makes the influence of the principle of legal certainty on the economic situation diverse and merely realized. It is proposed to divide these elements into two groups in the article. The first one consists of predictability, consistency, and stability. The second one incorporates the mechanisms, mostly legally provided, that prevent the violation of legal certainty. Further examples of court decisions and government acts show negative implications for economic security the violation of legal certainty can lead to. The stability that arises from legal certainty can help market players build their plans and calculate positive risks. Legal certainty contributes to the attraction of investments since profitability depends on the stability of legal regulation. Legitimate expectations are the components of the principle of legal certainty; they rely on the time an entrepreneur makes their business plans. Thus, the reliability that arises from respect to legitimate expectations plays a crucial role in long-term business planning. Immediate changes, the lack of enforcement caused by sudden changes in previously made decisions, and inconsistency in market management lead to a harmful economic effect on legitimate expectations.

Azerbaijan’s Path to Fulfilling Its Current Role in Building Global Energy Security and Its Prospects for the Future

The research problem of this paper concerns energy security in the regional and global dimensions in the context of Azerbaijan’s role in its construction, the aim being to verify whether Azerbaijan is one of the key elements in building energy security, especially in the South Caucasus, but also in relation to the European Union and even in a global sense. The factorial and comparative methods were mainly used to examine the indicated subject matter. This article shows that both natural conditions and the appropriate actions of the Azerbaijani authorities have been strengthening the country’s role for several decades not only as the main element of the energy security of the South Caucasus, but also as one of the key factors in building the energy security of the European Union and is shaping itself as a significant co-creator of global security in this sphere. Azerbaijan’s achievements to date in the sphere of energy security and forecasts for the future allow one to conclude that the state will have an increasingly stronger position as a guarantor of security in the discussed sphere in the South Caucasus, and its role as a co-builder of the Union’s energy security will take on new, unprecedented shapes. Also, in the global dimension, the role of Azerbaijan will increase.

Dynamic coefficient symmetric polynomial-based secure key management scheme for Internet of Things (IoT) networks.

With the extensive application and continuous expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), the access of a large number of resource-limited nodes makes the IoT application face a variety of security vulnerabilities and efficiency limitations, and the operating efficiency and security of IoT are greatly challenged. Key management is the core element of network security and one of the most challenging security problems faced by wireless sensor networks. A suitable key management scheme can effectively defend against network security threats. However, among the key management schemes that have been proposed so far, most of them do not take into account the efficiency in terms of connectivity rate and resource overhead, and some of them even have security risks. In this article, based on the symmetric polynomial algorithm, a dynamic coefficient symmetric polynomial key management scheme is proposed to better solve the IoT security problem. In this scheme, the nodes' IDs are mapped into the elements of the shared matrix M by the identity mapping algorithm, and these elements are used to construct polynomials P(x,y) to generate pairwise keys. The communicating nodes have their own coefficients of P(x,y) and thus have higher connectivity. The overall performance evaluation shows that the scheme significantly improves the resilience against node capture and effectively reduces the communication and storage overheads compared to the previous schemes. Moreover, the scheme overcomes the λ-security of symmetric polynomial key management scheme, and is able to provide a large pool of polynomials for wireless sensor networks, facilitating large-scale application of nodes.

German food security in times of crisis

The article deals with the German food security during the conflict in Ukraine. The study analyses the German food system resilience and the Ukrainian crisis impact on food security. The author aims to solve several scientific problems as well. The article examines the German understanding of food security and how the national concept corresponds to the approaches of international organisations. The author analyses the level of self-sufficiency in basic food products in Germany and the impact of the Ukrainian conflict on various imported food products. She examines official documents of the UN FAO, the government of Germany, and the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food to identify the conception of food security in Germany. The researcher scrutinises statistic data provided by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, the Federal Office for Food and Agriculture, the Federal Statistical Office and concludes about the level of German self-sufficiency in food. The interpretation of data data of fluctuations in the supply of oilseeds and oil reveals the effect of Ukrainian crisis on German food security as well. Official papers and statistic data analysis shows that Germany achieved self-sufficiency in basic food. The country focuses on strengthening the sustainability of agriculture and improving food quality in its national strategic papers. The weak element of food security is imports of oil and oilseeds, the supply of which declined in 2022. At the same time, raising prices and declining supplies of gas and fertilisers can become a serious threat to food security.

مناقشة القوانين والتصويت عليها في ظل دستور جمهورية العراق لعام 2005م ودورها في تحقيق الامن القانوني للأفراد

The legal rule is the basis of the legal security which issued by the legislative power for the citizen interest. So, the authority should, when discuss and vote on laws, give the priority to the citizen interest. The concept of the legal security has been clarified in addition to the elements of the legal security and what the authority should do during the legislation stage such as protecting the individuals. We have reached a conclusion that the constitution and the internal regulation of the parliament didn’t include a special majority to approve laws and didn’t oblige the parliament to send the laws proposals to the state council for sake of paraphrasing them.

Provably Secure Lightweight Mutual Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Cloud-Based IoT Environments.

A paradigm that combines cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) allows for more impressive services to be provided to users while addressing storage and computational resource issues in the IoT environments. This cloud-based IoT environment has been used in various industries, including public services, for quite some time, and has been researched in academia. However, various security issues can arise during the communication between IoT devices and cloud servers, because communication between devices occurs in open channels. Moreover, issues such as theft of a user's IoT device or extraction of key parameters from the user's device in a remote location can arise. Researchers interested in these issues have proposed lightweight mutual authentication key agreement protocols that are safe and suitable for IoT environments. Recently, a lightweight authentication scheme between IoT devices and cloud servers has been presented. However, we found out their scheme had various security vulnerabilities, vulnerable to insider, impersonation, verification table leakage, and privileged insider attacks, and did not provide users with untraceability. To address these flaws, we propose a provably secure lightweight authentication scheme. The proposed scheme uses the user's biometric information and the cloud server's secret key to prevent the exposure of key parameters. Additionally, it ensures low computational costs for providing users with real-time and fast services using only exclusive OR operations and hash functions in the IoT environments. To analyze the safety of the proposed scheme, we use informal security analysis, Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic and a Real-or-Random (RoR) model. The analysis results confirm that our scheme is secure against insider attacks, impersonation attacks, stolen verifier attacks, and so on; furthermore, it provides additional security elements. Simultaneously, it has been verified to possess enhanced communication costs, and total bit size has been shortened to 3776 bits, which is improved by almost 6% compared to Wu et al.'s scheme. Therefore, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme is suitable for cloud-based IoT environments.

STUDY OF LAND MANAGEMENT MECHANISMS AND LAND MARKET DEVELOPMENT

The need to improve the processes of land regulation is related to the problem of rational and effective use of land for various purposes in Ukraine. The issue of the land market is relevant in the conditions of martial law. Expropriation of agricultural land plots continues, agreements are actively concluded.
 The trends observed in the process of land use require new organizational and legal approaches to the regulation of land use and the creation of economic incentives for rational use. A mechanism for activating the land market and land protection in Ukraine is needed.
 The article summarizes the main principles of improving the effectiveness of the use of land of individual households, farms, holdings and the meaning of its assessment indicators.
 The study also examines the main achievements and problems of the land market in Ukraine; problematic aspects of the realization of the tenant's preferential right to purchase a plot of land and the transfer of the lease right without the owner's consent are revealed. The author describes the procedure and problems of compensation for damage caused to land owners by hostilities; raises questions about the territorial organization of agricultural and non-agricultural lands, assessment of the validity of land redistribution, restrictions on land use.
 The informational basis of the research is the materials of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, the State Service of Ukraine for Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre and the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, own research results.
 In the legal aspect, changes in the legislation on increasing the efficiency of land use by individuals and subjects of the state sector of the economy were analyzed. The positive consequences of the implementation of the specified legislative initiatives are indicated. The author emphasizes that land resources are today an element of food security in the conditions of armed aggression and recession of the national economy, which will worsen after the end of the war.

Deep Learning for Combating Misinformation in Multicategorical Text Contents.

Currently, one can observe the evolution of social media networks. In particular, humans are faced with the fact that, often, the opinion of an expert is as important and significant as the opinion of a non-expert. It is possible to observe changes and processes in traditional media that reduce the role of a conventional 'editorial office', placing gradual emphasis on the remote work of journalists and forcing increasingly frequent use of online sources rather than actual reporting work. As a result, social media has become an element of state security, as disinformation and fake news produced by malicious actors can manipulate readers, creating unnecessary debate on topics organically irrelevant to society. This causes a cascading effect, fear of citizens, and eventually threats to the state's security. Advanced data sensors and deep machine learning methods have great potential to enable the creation of effective tools for combating the fake news problem. However, these solutions often need better model generalization in the real world due to data deficits. In this paper, we propose an innovative solution involving a committee of classifiers in order to tackle the fake news detection challenge. In that regard, we introduce a diverse set of base models, each independently trained on sub-corpora with unique characteristics. In particular, we use multi-label text category classification, which helps formulate an ensemble. The experiments were conducted on six different benchmark datasets. The results are promising and open the field for further research.

Analisis Pemberian Pembiayaan Pada PT. BPRS Al-Washliyah Medan

This study aims to determine the procedure for granting credit, as well as the obstacles that occur in collecting non-performing loans at PT. BPRS Al Washliyah Medan. The results showed that the procedure for giving credit to PT. BPRS Al Washliyah Medan has been running well such as customers applying for credit to service customers, filling out the credit application sheet (APK) then given to the credit administration. Then it is handed over to the account officer (AO). The account officer conducts interviews and surveys on the spot. After that, make a credit analysis report (LAK) to be submitted to the credit committee, then decide whether or not the credit application is accepted. The credit administration accepts credit application applications and credit analysis reports to be kept as archives. Furthermore, the credit administration makes a credit approval (SPK) of 2 sheets accompanied by the customer's signature. Sheet 1 is for credit administration and sheet 2 is for customers. Based on the approved SPK, the credit administration makes a credit agreement (PK) of 2 sheets, sheet 1 for tellers and sheet 2 for accounting. The teller notifies the customer about the binding. Furthermore, the customer provides the original guarantee, then the teller realizes and provides credit guarantee to the customer. The original collateral is handed over to the credit administration as an archive. Based on the credit agreement, accounting conducts bookkeeping and submits the credit agreement sheet to the credit administration as an archive. The credit administration received the original guarantee and credit agreement to be used as an archive of PT. BPRS Al Washliyah Medan. Problems in collecting non-performing loans at PT. BPRS Al Washliyah Medan from the banking side minsally in conducting analysis, the manager or credit department is not careful, so that what should happen, is not predicted in advance from the customer. From the customer's own side, credit congestion can occur due to two things, namely: There is an element of intentionality. In this case, the customer deliberately does not intend to pay his obligations to PT. BPRS Al Washliyah Medan, so the credit given is bad. It can be said that there is no security element to pay. The presence of an element is accidental. This means that customers want to pay but can't afford it. Example: credit financed experiencing a disaster such as fire, flood or bankruptcy. So to pay the credit does not exist.

Detection Of Fake Bank Currency Using Machine Learning

Abstract: The development of colour printing technology has accelerated the production of counterfeit currency notes and their mass duplication. Counterfeiting of banknotes poses a significant threat to the financial system and undermines the integrity of currency .Image analysis to distinguish genuine banknotes from counterfeit ones based on distinctive features. Various image processing algorithms are then employed to extract key features, such as texture, colour, and security elements embedded in the banknotes. These features are crucial for differentiating authentic currency from counterfeit replicas .Machine learning algorithms, particularly deep neural networks, are employed to train a robust classification model using a labeled dataset containing examples of both genuine and fake banknotes. The model is designed to generalize well to unseen data, allowing for accurate detection of counterfeit currency across various denominations and designs. The proposed fake banknote detection system demonstrates promising results in terms of accuracy, speed, and scalability. It offers a reliable and efficient solution to financial institutions and law enforcement agencies for identifying counterfeit currency in real-time, thereby contributing to the preservation of the integrity of financial transactions and safeguarding the economy against illicit activities. Keywords:- KNN, SVM, Image Processing

A Battle of the Big Three?—Competing Conceptualizations of Personal Data Shaping Transnational Data Flows

Abstract In the unfolding digital era, personal data has increasingly been conceptualized in a hybrid way, primarily drawing on notions of economics, privacy, and national security. Such a sui generis nature makes personal data something of its own category, opening the door to different conceptualizations by different actors. This article identifies three primary conceptualizations of personal data adopted by three major powers (the US, the EU, and China) with respect to cross-border data transfers—namely, a factor of production, an embodiment of fundamental rights, and an element of national security. Highlighting different attributes of personal data, these conceptualizations differ in what they understand personal data to be, how they address the relationship between individuals, their data, and the governments, as well as what they frame as the most important normative goals for regulatory interventions. Moreover, these conceptualizations are embedded in different philosophies and ideologies, ranging from neo-liberalism to human rights and to sovereignty. These irreducible normative elements render the contestations among such conceptualizations unable to be easily resolved. Further, divergent conceptualizations of personal data mandate and justify different legal paradigms to institutionalize their basic logics and policy choices. Built on different primary conceptualizations of personal data, three major legal paradigms compete to regulate cross-border personal data flows: a trade paradigm, a privacy paradigm, and a security paradigm. Aligned with its major conceptual framing of personal data, a great power often embraces a particular paradigm as its dominant approach to regulate cross-border transfers of personal data. These paradigms strive to provide legal and regulatory solutions (including legal prescriptions, regulatory institutions, and enforcement tools) to address the salient problems identified and framed by different conceptualizations of personal data.