Secular Model Research Articles

Semi-Analytical Estimates for the Orbital Stability of Earth\u2019s Satellites

Normal form stability estimates are a basic tool of Celestial Mechanics for characterizing the long-term stability of the orbits of natural and artificial bodies. Using high-order normal form constructions, we provide three different estimates for the orbital stability of point-mass satellites orbiting around the Earth. (i) We demonstrate the long-term stability of the semimajor axis within the framework of the J_2 problem, by a normal form construction eliminating the fast angle in the corresponding Hamiltonian and obtaining {mathcal {H}}_{J_2}. (ii) We demonstrate the stability of the eccentricity and inclination in a secular Hamiltonian model including lunisolar perturbations (the ‘geolunisolar’ Hamiltonian {mathcal {H}}_mathrm{gls}), after a suitable reduction of the Hamiltonian to the Laplace plane. (iii) We numerically examine the convexity and steepness properties of the integrable part of the secular Hamiltonian in both the {mathcal {H}}_{J_2} and {mathcal {H}}_mathrm{gls} models, which reflect necessary conditions for the holding of Nekhoroshev’s theorem on the exponential stability of the orbits. We find that the {mathcal {H}}_{J_2} model is non-convex, but satisfies a ‘three-jet’ condition, while the {mathcal {H}}_mathrm{gls} model restores quasi-convexity by adding lunisolar terms in the Hamiltonian’s integrable part.

Exploring Tidal Obliquity Variations with SMERCURY-T

Abstract We introduce our new code, SMERCURY-T, which is based on existing codes SMERCURY and Mercury-T. The result is a mixed-variable symplectic N-body integrator that can compute the orbital and spin evolution of a planet within a multiplanet system under the influence of tidal spin torques from its star. We validate our implementation by comparing our experimental results to that of a secular model. As we demonstrate in a series of experiments, SMERCURY-T allows for the study of secular spin–orbit resonance crossings and captures for planets within complex multiplanet systems. These processes can drive a planet’s spin state to evolve along vastly different pathways on its road toward tidal equilibrium, as tidal spin torques dampen the planet’s spin rate and evolve its obliquity. Additionally, we show the results of a scenario that exemplifies the crossing of a chaotic region that exists as the overlap of two spin–orbit resonances. The test planet experiences violent and chaotic swings in its obliquity until its eventual escape from resonance as it tidally evolves. All of these processes are and have been important over the obliquity evolution of many bodies within the solar system and beyond and have implications for planetary climate and habitability. SMERCURY-T is a powerful and versatile tool that allows for further study of these phenomena.

HAPPINESS AS A DOUBLE GESTURE OF A TRIGGER: BREAKING AND CONCEPTING

The background of the study is an existential psychological analysis of the phenomenon of happiness as a state of radical break with the dominant signifiers of symbolic hegemony and, at the same time, voluntary value filling of the formed vacuum in the symbolic structure of a split subject with new meanings corresponding to his self. Research methods: structural psychoanalysis, poststructuralism, semiotics of culture, hermeneutics, philosophical comparative studies, deconstruction and universal ethics, theological methods of correlation between secular and religious models of thinking. Research results: comparison of the positive ontology of happiness in the Eastern Slavic Christian classical thought and the negative ontology of happiness in the Western post-Lacanian postmodernity; the implementation of the synthesis of images of happiness in the ways of thought of the postmodern West and the modern East on the basis of the dialogue of universalism and particularism, traditionalism and neo-modernism, personalism and collectivism. Conclusions: confirmation of the hypothesis of the double nature of happiness as a unity of metaphysical rupture and dialectical synthesis, manifested through the chronotopes of secular and religious cultures, traditions and innovations.

Transnational Diffusion of Health Policy Ideas in Uruguay in the Early Twentieth Century

AbstractThis article analyzes how policy ideas already adopted in Europe, particularly in France, were taken into consideration for the design of Uruguay’s National Public Assistance (NPA) policy. Established in 1910, the NPA was a pioneering government social policy for the time and for the region.Some have argued that the design of the NPA law followed the secular and republican model instituted in France at the end of the nineteenth century when France established the Assistance Publique, particularly regarding the extent of public assistance to the poor, the role of the state in the provision of health care (as opposed to charity-based provision) and the centralization of health-care services (as opposed to a decentralized health-care system).We analyze how these revolutionary ideas were discussed by the technicians and politicians who participated in the process that culminated in the approval of the law in Uruguay discussed these revolutionary ideas. We explore the factors that motivated the creation of the commission that developed the law. We also review available documentation on the drafting of the bill and the parliamentary debate that culminated in its approval. We find that the design of the NPA included many ideas diffused mainly from France. The French model was not simply emulated, however. Rather, the authors of the NPA thoroughly analyzed and considered the features and main consequences of the Assistance Publique, suggesting that diffusion in this case was more a process of learning than of simple mimicry.

The ocean pole tide loading and its effect on GPS position time-series

SUMMARY The changes in the centrifugal force induced by polar motion perturb the ocean, causing an ocean pole tide. The induced displacements due to the ocean pole tide, namely ocean pole tide loading (OPTL), previously ignored, raises the concerns in the GPS data processing with the increasing accuracy of Global Position System (GPS) technique. Though the amplitude of this effect is small, it is worth to demonstrate the magnitude and its impact on GPS solutions of the processing choices for correcting it from observations or onto estimated coordinates. For OPTL modelling, subdaily polar motion can introduce annual variations in OPTL with the small magnitudes in micrometres. The new secular pole model can cause OPTL vertical velocity difference up to 0.03 mm yr−1 compared with the mean pole model of International Earth Rotation and Reference System Service Conventions (2010). The OPTL deformation is dominated by the annual (∼365.25 d) and Chandler (∼433 d) periods, and the largest peak-to-peak variations can reach 0.70, 0.84 and 2.38 mm for East, North and Up components, respectively. We then investigate the effects of OPTL correction on GPS daily positions of 133 stations from 2014 to 2018. The root mean square of OPTL induced GPS daily displacements can reach submillimetre level. In most cases, a posteriori OPTL correction with daily averaged values applied onto the coordinates is acceptable considering the small deviation between the solution removing OPTL from coordinates and the solution correcting OPTL from observations. However, this does not hold when GPS coordinates have been aligned to a secular reference frame, as the annual/Chandler variations of OPTL would be biased. When reference frame alignment is required, either OPTL correction at observation level or a posteriori OPTL correction before reference frame alignment is recommended. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the effects of OPTL on the annual variations of GPS position time-series can reach as much as 0.4 mm in the verticals. It has limited effect on the linear velocity and reduction of the residuals scatter (annual variations excluded), within Global Geodetic Observing System requirements for the future terrestrial reference frame at millimetre level.

On the role of resonances in polluting white dwarfs by asteroids

ABSTRACT Pollution of white dwarf atmospheres may be caused by asteroids that originate from the locations of secular and mean-motion resonances in planetary systems. Asteroids in these locations experience increased eccentricity, leading to tidal disruption by the white dwarf. We examine how the ν6 secular resonance shifts outwards into a previously stable region of the asteroid belt, as the star evolves to a white dwarf. Analytic secular models require a planet to be engulfed in order to shift the resonance. We show with numerical simulations that as a planet gets engulfed by the evolving star, the secular resonance shifts and the rate of tidal disruption events increases with the engulfed planet’s mass and its orbital separation. We also investigate the behaviour of mean-motion resonances. The width of a mean-motion resonance increases as the star loses mass and becomes a white dwarf. The ν6 secular resonance is more efficient at driving tidal disruptions than mean-motion resonances with Jupiter. By examining 230 observed exoplanetary systems whose central star will evolve into a white dwarf, we find that along with an Earth mass planet at $1\, \rm au$, hot Jupiters at a semimajor axis $a\gtrsim 0.05\, \rm au$ and super-Earths of mass $10\, \rm M_\oplus$ at $a\gtrsim 0.3\, \rm au$ represent planet types whose engulfment shifts resonances enough to cause pollution of the white dwarfs to a degree in agreement with observations.

Unravelling the Indian Conception of Secularism: Tremors of the Pandemic and Beyond

The State’s engagement with religion has formed one of the recurring themes of conflict in India’s democratic experiment. The Indian model of secularism, which evolved in an attempt to resolve this conflict, has distinguished itself from separation-model secularism. This paper seeks to analyse the impact of the measures undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic on the Indian understanding of secularism. To this end, it provides an overview of the nature and evolution of Indian secularism. Thereafter, it encapsulates the steps taken by the State to meet the exigencies of the present contagion and attempts to gauge the impact of the said steps on the jurisprudence on religious freedoms. It then seeks to contextualise this impact by using it to inform the Indian conception of secularism and, thereby, promote a richer, more holistic understanding of how a deeply divided society has functioned as a secular State for seven decades.

Caesaropapism and Secularism in the Byzantine and Russian Tradition

Introduction. The role of Orthodox confessional heritage and the analysis of social traditions of the Balkan and Russian peoples are considered in the generalizing characteristic of the spiritual creations of the thinkers of Rus and Russia. The multidirectional tendencies of anti-clerical forces on the one hand, and of the Church community on the other, indicate that the topic of secularization of Russian society has not received an actual resolution. The purpose of the article is to examine the understanding of the processes of caesaropapism and secularism in Russian society, as well as the historiosophical and methodological consequences of this understanding. Materials and Methods. An integrative approach combined with historical-methodological and philosophical-historical analysis is considered as a theoretical and methodological research strategy. The solution of research problems was provided by a complex of complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific, historical literature, journalistic research on the problem under study, comparative analysis of texts, comparison, generalization) and empirical (study and generalization of normative and legal documents of the concepts of caesaropapism and secularism) methods. Results. The considered model of understanding secularization and secularism in the realities of Russian history indicates the secondary, borrowed nature of these concepts. According to the authors, the Decrees of the Byzantine emperors, acts of the Council of people’s Commissars “On the separation of Church from state and Church from school” did not meet the expectations of the participants of the local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, who expressed their aspirations in the document “on the legal status of the Russian Orthodox Church”. Discussion and Conclusion. The expected effect of the actual understanding of the processes can be a well-built model of state-Church relations, which can only appear if the diverse interests of the actors of modern state-religious policy in Russia are balanced. The proposed provisions and conclusions create prerequisites for further study of the phenomena of secularism and secularization in the design of the state-religious landscape of the near future.

Secular and semi-nonsecular models of cross-polarization kinetics for remote spins: an application for nano-structured calcium hydroxyapatite

The 1H → 31P cross-polarization (CP) kinetics in the nanostructured calcium hydroxyapatite (nano-CaHA) was measured under moderate (5 kHz) magic-angle spinning (MAS) rate. This material was chosen as it contains the distanced 1H–31P spin pairs and the interactions between them are characterized by a relatively low dipolar coupling (b) that could be comparable with the spin-diffusion rates (R). Therefore, the physical legitimacy to use the secular solution of the quantum Liouville–von Neumann equation is doubtful. The semi-nonsecular model of spin dynamics was applied, and the results were compared with those obtained by the secular approach. The comparable results obtained by both models show that the secular model is applicable, with certain reservation, also in the case of |b| ≈ R. The extremely high anisotropy of spin diffusion in the nano-CaHA was deduced. This can be a matter of the applied approach, as the interactions of the 31P spins with the proton bath were neglected in both models. The high anisotropy could also be caused by the physical reasons that stem from the structural and proton diffusion features of CaHA. This material belongs to low-dimensional proton conductors possessing a large motional freedom for protons along OH– chains.

A secular variation candidate model for IGRF-13 based on Swarm data and ensemble inverse geodynamo modelling

This paper describes the design of a candidate secular variation model for the 13th generation of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field. This candidate is based upon the integration of an ensemble of 100 numerical models of the geodynamo between epochs 2019.0 and 2025.0. The only difference between each ensemble member lies in the initial condition that is used for the numerical integration, all other control parameters being fixed. An initial condition is defined as follows: an estimate of the magnetic field and its rate-of-change at the core surface for 2019.0 is obtained from a year (2018.5–2019.5) of vector Swarm data. This estimate (common to all ensemble members) is subject to prior constraints: the statistical properties of the numerical dynamo model for the main geomagnetic field and its secular variation, and prescribed covariances for the other sources. One next considers 100 three-dimensional core states (in terms of flow, buoyancy and magnetic fields) extracted at different discrete times from a dynamo simulation that is not constrained by observations, with the time distance between each state exceeding the dynamo decorrelation time. Each state is adjusted (in three dimensions) in order to take the estimate of the geomagnetic field and its rate-of-change for 2019.0 into account. This methodology provides 100 different initial conditions for subsequent numerical integration of the dynamo model up to epoch 2025.0. Focussing on the 2020.0–2025.0 time window, we use the median average rate-of-change of each Gauss coefficient of the ensemble and its statistics to define the geomagnetic secular variation over that time frame and its uncertainties.

Taking a Step Back—Maslow’s Theory of Motivation: A Christian Critical Perspective

This article presents a review of the extant literature concerning Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory of motivation as the key component of Maslow’s broader view of motivation. It also includes a synopsis of prior criticisms of the theory. Further, this manuscript presents a Christian critique of Maslow’s motivation theory (specifically his methodology, view of human nature, and hierarchy of needs) so that the reader will gain new insights about motivation from a Christian worldview in contrast to Maslow’s secular model. After analyzing Maslow’s concepts, including self-actualization, peak experience, and the hierarchy of needs using a biblical perspective, we find that Maslow’s theory of human motivation is not supported by Scripture and Maslow is attempting to create a new worldview designed to supplant the traditional Christian worldview.

Ensino Religioso: um campo de aplicação da Ciência da Religião

O artigo a seguir representa um esforço de síntese sobre a narrativa da formação do Ensino Religioso nos documentos oficiais brasileiros relacionados à Educação. Assim, pretende ser um instrumento teórico-pedagógico para a compreensão desse componente curricular como um campo da Ciência Aplicada da Religião. Para alcançar esse objetivo dividimos o texto em três partes. Na primeira parte são abordadas as possíveis classificações do Ensino Religioso, que seriam: subárea de conhecimento da Ciência da Religião ou, Ciência da Religião Aplicada e componente curricular, que compõe o conjunto das disciplinas oferecidas no nível do Ensino Fundamental brasileiro. Na segunda parte do artigo são discutidos alguns elementos dos documentos oficiais, a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (2017) e as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para Licenciaturas em Ciência da Religião (2018), que asseguram a oferta do Ensino Religioso, segundo um modelo reflexivo e laico. Por fim, na terceira parte são apresentados e discutidos alguns pressupostos epistemológicos e metodológicos da CRE, que servem à fundamentação teórica e prática do Ensino Religioso.

Trends of the religiosity in a secular state: the reconstructing experience in the modern Kazakhstan

An overview of the state and trends of religiosity in modern Kazakhstan on the basis of sociological measurements is offered. Since the beginning of the 90s, under the conditions of worldview pluralism and the absence of constitutional restrictions on the binding of a certain ideology, the role and the purpose of the religion in Kazakhstani society has substantially transformed. The functions of religion as an institution of socialization turned out to be in demand against the backdrop of a decline in the worldview influence of other institutions of socialization: family, education and media. Scientific research focuses on the dynamics of religious conversion. The authorities and society are concerned about the involvement of Kazakhstani citizens in religious institutions and practices that are not traditional for the mental culture, in the patterns of islamization, evangelism, and neo-orientalism. The government is trying to develop an optimal model of secularism and find a consensus of interests of various religious institutions, believers and non-believers fellow citizens. The main results of the reconstruction of religiosity were obtained at the Institute of Philosophy, Political Science and Religious Studies on the basis of sociological measurements that have been carried out since the early 2000s as part of the implementation of fundamental and applied projects. On the basis of various measurements of the processes of religiosity, the methods of qualitative and quantitative sociology and the subsequent interdisciplinary theoretical reconstruction make it possible to reproduce the contours of the religious situation, detect trends, develop models, and provide the predictive estimates for stakeholders. Practical recommendations on the results of comprehensive studies of religiosity are demanded by the government bodies, experts, and researchers. Some results are reflected in scientific articles and monographs. The proposed article presents integrated results and conclusions on the identified topics.

Reconciliation and the secular

Using the lens of political theory, this article examines how the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) captures the ways in which Indigenous political actors operate in a spiritual key in the public sphere. It considers how the Calls to Action of the TRC – the implementation of which has received support from federal, provincial and municipal governments – imply a re-envisioning of Canadian society that cannot be accommodated within a rigidly ‘closed’ secularism, which sequesters ceremony and sacrality to the private sphere. The paper argues that the model of open secularism posited by Jocelyn Maclure and Charles Taylor, allows space for religion as a fundamental component of secular democratic order and participation, central to processes of Reconciliation in Canada.

Diaspora and development beyond the state: the case of Gawad Kalinga in the Philippines

ABSTRACTSince 2000, Gawad Kalinga (GK) has emerged as a prominent player in promoting diaspora-driven strategies for social and economic development in the Philippines. GK has its roots as the social ministry of a Catholic lay organization that started by providing housing and youth programmes for the urban poor, but in recent years, it has moved towards a more secular model of fostering social entrepreneurship. Nevertheless, a distinctly moral imperative still underpins GK’s work, both in soliciting donations and volunteerism, and in selecting and supporting its development beneficiaries. A significant portion of GK’s funds, and volunteer labour, comes from the Filipino diaspora. This paper raises questions concerning the model of social and economic development that GK represents. In particular, we examine the drawbacks of private charitable involvement in the execution of state responsibilities such as social housing and poverty alleviation; and we ask what forms of moral subjectivity are created and populated in this model of development and how does it select, socialize and discipline beneficiaries? More broadly, this paper argues that the GK case addresses some of the promises and pitfalls of diaspora-driven development visions.

Methodological aspects of determining the Kazakhstan model of secularism

The article discusses the basic principles of secularity and criteria for determining secularism in the scientific community. The authors analyze the Kazakhstan model of secularism and explore the specifics of state-confessional relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan. To date, the role and position of religion in a post-secular society, as well as the relevance of the issue of secularism, are widely discussed not only in the scientific community but also among the society. As you know, secularism is one of the basic principles of the functioning of modern legal states like Kazakhstan. Since the concepts of “secularism”, “secularity”, and “secularism principles” are not sufficiently studied in Kazakhstani scientific literature, this research attempts to systematically explain these phenomena. The authors of this article reveal the etymological content of the term “secularism” and consider the key obstacles to determine secularism in the studies of leading Western scholars. To compare key issues methods of comparative and etymological analysis were used. This article also discusses the religious situation in Kazakhstan, and state policy in the religious sphere. The practical importance of the study is the analysis of the Kazakhstani model of secularity and making recommendations to determine the principles of secularism.

The Relationship Between Physical Development and Economic Growth in Japan: From the Perspective of Regional Differences in Biological Parameters

Following the Second World War, there was a rapid increase in body size in Japan as a result of qualitative changes in the human environment from marked economic growth and the stable supply of nutrition. A phenomenon that facilitated this physical growth may be seen in the larger body sizes and earlier maturation combined with the secular trends in GDP resulting from high economic growth. However, this high economic growth did not occur uniformly nationwide. Similarly in physical growth, the trend for earlier maturation was not seen uniformly nationwide. This study applied the wavelet interpolation method to identify the age at maximum peak velocity (MPV) in pubertal growth (a biological parameter) from the growth velocity curves for height described for the 47 prefectures of Japan from 1955 to 2015. A secular trend model of this biological parameter was then constructed. This parameter as seen particularly in urban and rural areas was then applied to the secular trend model and, based on a composition that eliminates regional differences, the possibilities as a barometer of economic growth based on the biological parameter of early maturation were then explored. The results showed a trend for earlier maturation in all prefectures for both boys and girls. The multi-year span evaluation chart in this study showed a trend for earlier maturation from 1955 to 1970 in Tokyo and other large cities, after which there was a transition to average maturation. In Aomori, Oita and other rural areas, there was a trend for late maturation from 1955 to 1970, followed by a transition to earlier maturation. From these trends, there may be said to be a close relationship between physical growth and socioeconomic status. However, since the late 1990s the difference in maturation rate in urban and rural regions has disappeared. This may be from the effect of high economic growth coming to an end.

Świętość dla świeckich. Błogosławieni Archidiecezji Poznańskiej

The article shows the profiles of the seven blessed of the Archdiocese of Poznań, and passages from their memoirs. The author tries to discover the timeless features of the secular model of sanctity in the hagiographies of Edmund Bojanowski, Czesław Jóźwiak, Franciszek Kęsy, Edward Kaźmier- ski, Jarogniew Wojciechowski, Edward Klinik and Natalia Tułasiewiczówna. The article shows in each of the seven biographies the path of gradual maturation in faith embedded in the historical context of events crucial for Poland. A common feature of all the characters is their strong com- mitment to the cause of education and patriotism based on a solid religious and moral foundation.

Multiplanet disc interactions in binary systems

ABSTRACT We investigate the evolution of a multiplanet–disc system orbiting one component of a binary star system. The planet–disc system is initially coplanar but misaligned to the binary orbital plane. The planets are assumed to be giants that open gaps in the disc. We first study the role of the disc in shaping the mutual evolution of the two planets using a secular model for low initial tilt. In general, we find that the planets and the disc do not remain coplanar, in agreement with previous work on the single planet case. Instead, the planets and the disc undergo tilt oscillations. A high-mass disc between the two planets causes the planets and the disc to nodally precess at the same average rate but they are generally misaligned. The amplitude of the tilt oscillations between the planets is larger while the disc is present. We then consider higher initial tilts using hydrodynamical simulations and explore the possibility of the formation of eccentric Kozai–Lidov (KL) planets. We find that the inner planet’s orbit undergoes eccentricity growth for a large range of disc masses and initial misalignments. For a low disc mass and large initial misalignment, both planets and the disc can undergo KL oscillations. Furthermore, we find that sufficiently massive discs can cause the inner planet to increase its inclination beyond 90° and therefore to orbit the binary in a retrograde fashion. The results have important implications for the explanation of very eccentric planets and retrograde planets observed in multiplanet systems.

INVESTIGATION THE ROLE OF RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS IN SYSTEM OF GENERAL EDUCATION: FORMS OF STATE-CONFESSIONAL INTERACTION

The purpose of the article: This was aimed at conducting a system analysis of the forms of interaction between religious organizations and modern states implementing the secular model regarding the regulation of religion component in the field of general education.Materials and methods: Various general scientific methods and methods of logical cognition were used in this study including analysis and synthesis, systemic, formal-logical. The subject under study was investigated by the use of a formal legal method and content analysis.Results of the research: The necessity with respect to the role of the state to guarantee activities of confessional educational organizations implementing general education programs (their components) in legal, organizational, methodological and financial spheres were substantiated. It was proposed to unify the approach according which the state regulating the participation of religious organizations in the field of general education in order to ensure equal opportunities for students in implementation of freedom of conscience and religion.
 Applications: This research can be used for the universities, teachers, and students.
 Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of investigation of the role of religious organizations in system of general education: forms of state-confessional interaction is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.