Share Of Sectors Research Articles

Changes in Agriculture

Since World War II fundamental structural change has taken place in People's Poland. The nation has been transformed from an agricultural and raw-material producing country into an industrial and agricultural one. Despite this, agriculture remains a very important branch of the national economy, providing employment for approximately six million people, or about 36 per cent of the total actively employed population. According to the preliminary data from the 1970 census, the number of people in our country who derive their livelihood from agriculture was 9.6 million, that is, 29.5 per cent of the total population. Agriculture and the agricultural food industry account for approximately one third of the national income. The importance of agriculture is further underlined by the fact that agricultural products account for more than half of the national consumption fund. Also, during the past twelve years exports of agricultural origin have been a significant source of foreign currency. Many factors, and above all the demographic situation, are responsible for the fact that small-scale agricultural production remains the dominant sector in Poland. In 1971 the small farms represented 83 per cent of the cultivated area, the State Farms 15.1 per cent, cooperative farms 1.3 per cent, and the Agricultural Circles 0.6 per cent. However, the socialized sector's share of the cultivated area, and the total value of its production, is slowly but systematically increasing. The State Farms' significance is greater than is indicated by their share in the surface of cultivated land. They play an important role in the intensification of agricultural production, supplying agriculture with high-yield grain, fodder crop seeds, seedlings, and pedigree stock. Their role in this regard is constantly increasing. Despite the fact that small-scale farms are the principal sector in agriculture, the state has at its disposal a number of effective means to influence the development and direction of the entire agricultural production. It should be noted that Polish agriculture exists within the overall framework of a socialist economy. Individual farming is subordinated to the socialist system in a variety of ways and at different levels. The state, besides directly administering the State Farms, also exerts indirect but effective influence on individual farms by providing various

Der zusammenhang zwischen produktionsstruktur und entwicklungsniveau

The Relation between the Structure of Production and the Stage of Economic Development. — The paper attempts to identify the regularities that characterize the process of sectoral change and to test their prognostic values. The central hypothesis is that the share of the various sectors of production in GNP depends essentially on the per capita income and the population size. First, the implications of this hypothesis are discussed along with the conditions under which the past structural patterns may be used for future forecasts.

Labor's Share in Manufacturing Industries, 1949–1964

Deals with a study that analyzed labor's share in the manufacturing industries in the United States for the period 1949 to 1964. Meaning and measurement of the constancy of labor's share; Aggregate labor share in the manufacturing sector; Labor share at the industry level. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)

The Agricultural Sector's share in the Economic Growth and Prosperity of S.A.

The Agricultural Sector's share in the Economic Growth and Prosperity of S.A.

Comparison of Volume and Distribution of Non-Agricultural Employment in the U.S.S.R., 1928-1955, with the U.S., 1870-1952

THE volume and distribution of employment have traditionally been of interest to economists as indications of economic structure. This concept is difficult to define rigorously, but, among other things, it involves estimates of the relative importance of the various economic sectors estimates which can be expressed in terms such as value added by sector, or the sector's share in total investment, capital stock, or employment. The large number of possible indicators suggests that conclusions drawn from an employment study should be checked against other economic data. Even alone, however, employment distributions provide valuable insights into economic structure. What is the employment structure in the Soviet Union? How does it differ from that in other countries? Do the changes in employment distribution suggest inferences significant for an interpretation of Soviet economic development? These questions point to the usefulness of an international comparison, despite its many perils. A U.S.S.R.-U.S. comparison seems a good starting point for several reasons: (i) Certain generally similar characteristics such as size, and diversity and abundance of resources are shared by the two countries. (2) Other characteristics of the two economies (such as the degree of industrial development, labor force distribution between agricultural and nonagricultural occupations, and rates of over-all investment) have been similar, though not occurring simultaneously.' (3) The United States is a good benchmark for American students because its economy is familiar and the data more readily understandable and available. Employment sectors in the U.S.S.R. are not rigorously comparable with those in the United States because classifications and coverage differ. However, by rearranging categories in both countries and by excluding military personnel from the American data, significant comparisons can be made.2