Share Of Sectors Research Articles

After CDM: Domestic carbon offsetting in China

A domestic alternative to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is operating in China, creating new opportunities for offsetting greenhouse gas emissions. More than two thousands ‘Chinese Certified Emission Reduction’ (CCER) projects have been validated. The state-led programme is important as it represents a transition of China's carbon market from specializing in the export of emission reductions toward serving domestic consumption. This article provides a snapshot of the ‘post-CDM’ context in China. It explores whether the CCER scheme reveals a general pattern of development that is different from that of the CDM. Official project records are used to show the geographical and sectoral distribution of CCER projects. These records suggest that the western and northern areas of China will continue to play a key role in generating emission reductions, if not a stronger one than in the CDM. The shift toward inland may create development benefits. Sectoral distribution is a potential source of variations from the CDM. While the majority of emission reductions will be derived from renewable energy sources, a significant minority will come from waste-based ones. The market has expressed an interest in the re-use of biogas in rural areas. These initial observations could inform policy discussions and help forecast the potential share of key provinces and sectors in the new carbon market.

The fall (and rise) of labour share in New Zealand

ABSTRACTThe share of national income going to labour in New Zealand fell substantially between the 1970s and the end of the century. Approximately half of this decline was then recovered in the following decade. In this paper, we argue that the decline from the mid-1980s onwards is due to public sector reforms. Corporatisation re-orientated the public trading enterprises away from a broad range of social and trading objectives towards generating profits, while increased fiscal discipline in non-market government departments reduced payroll costs. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that most of the decline in aggregate labour share from the mid-1980s onwards can be attributed to a significant fall in the labour share of the public sector. To more formally analyse the effects of the reforms, we build a simple model of structural transition. The model yields several predictions that are consistent with observed trends in sectoral labour share. First, there is a large and permanent decline in public sector labour share after the reforms. Second, there is a smaller, short-run decline in private sector labour share that is reversed over the long run. The model can, therefore, explain not only the decline in aggregate labour share from the mid-1980s onwards; it can also explain the partial recovery in labour share beginning in 2002.

Development of State-Owned Enterprises of Transport Industry in Latvia

Abstract The transport infrastructure and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have a significant effect on competitiveness of transport industry, and indirectly determine the business environment in related sectors. In Latvia, all transport related state strategies and policies are developed, controlled and overviewed by the Ministry of Transport. Eleven companies are engaged in commercial/non-commercial activities, and evaluated whether the liberalization of certain activities would provide efficiency among SOEs in the transport industry of Latvia, given the sectoral weight and share of State involvement and control of the industry. There is limited and contradictory debate to what extent the Latvian state should involve in business activities of transport industry, and how to balance the multiple interests and targets of business, society and politics. The present research is based on the scientific papers, official documents of the World Bank and OECD (Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development), company websites and annual reports.

Exchange rate and foreign GDP elasticities of Swiss exports across sectors and destination countries

ABSTRACTThis article uses a detailed breakdown of Swiss trade flows to identify how the impact of the two main determinants of Switzerland’s exports – foreign demand and the real exchange rate – varies across sectors and export destinations. Our main findings are that (i) both foreign demand and exchange rate elasticities vary substantially across both export sectors and export destinations. (ii) Foreign demand trends are more important for structural considerations than the exchange rate. This is due to the fact that exports of the two largest export sectors are relatively sensitive to long-run foreign demand developments while they are relatively insensitive to changes in the exchange rate. (iii) The sectoral structure of Switzerland’s exports has shifted towards goods that have a lower short-run demand elasticity and a higher long-run demand elasticity. Goods exports are thus less influenced by business cycle fluctuations while they benefit more from long-term growth trends. (iv) The export share of sectors with a relatively low exchange rate elasticity has increased. However, this result is mainly driven by the strong rise in exports of chemicals and pharmaceuticals as well as precision instruments and watches, which are also the two important sectors responsible for the Swiss trade surplus.

Evaluation of Solar PV and Wind Alternatives for Self Renewable Energy Supply: Case Study of Shrimp Cultivation

The challenges in shrimp cultivation are the intensive electricity consumptions with associated greenhouse gases emissions, security of power supply, and environmental impact from the discharged waste water. Following Thailand energy roadmap, the renewable energy share in power production sector is targeted to be increased, for energy security and climate change mitigation. This paper evaluates six different scenarios of renewable energy implementation for shrimp farm in Thailand. The results show that the system with solar PV has higher reliability compared to the one with wind turbine at equal life cycle cost. The reliability of the system with solar PV and solar PV with battery varies significantly with the life cycle cost at low cost range then becomes stable. On the other hand, it was found to be quite stable in the cases of wind turbine with and without battery. Adding battery to the system significantly increases the reliability of solar PV and slightly increases for wind turbine. At the life cycle cost lower than $1 million, maximum reliability of the system with solar PV is around 53%. By adding battery, the reliability of the system can be up to 90%. The different magnitudes of the reliability between these two scenarios are higher at higher life cycle cost. For this case study, to reach higher than 50% reliability, the recommended renewable alternative is solar PV with battery.

Strategies to Accelerate Manufacturing Growth in India: A System Dynamics–Interpretive Structural Modelling Analysis

The stagnant manufacturing sectoral share in India’s gross domestic product (GDP) needs an in-depth understanding, analysis and recommendation for growth. Taking manufacturing to a higher growth trajectory has now become a necessity for India’s prosperity. The 2011 National Planning Commission’s (NMP) objective of 25 per cent contribution by manufacturing to India’s GDP by 2025, though challenging, needs an urgent focus. This article utilizes system dynamics (SD)-based simulation for three futuristic economic scenarios to assess the achievability of the NMP targets. The article also provides an understanding of a few critical issues of the manufacturing sector using the causal loop diagram approach of SD. The article also applies the interpretive structural modelling approach to 19 factors identified from the literature, which impact the manufacturing sector. Nine driving factors have been identified for accelerating the manufacturing sector: Technology, labour Reforms, Infrastructural and energy reforms, Good Governance, quality Education and Resource management (TRIGGER). The four dependent factors identified are Domestic value addition, Macroeconomic health, manufacturing Investment and Green-field projects (DMIG).

De- vs. Re-Industrialisation: Is Structural Change Reversible?

We investigate the causes of de-industrialisation and potential for re-industrialisation. Using WIOD data and introducing new measures of "induced value added chains", we directly relate a sector's income share to the net value added flows as induced by domestic and foreign final demand. This method identifies the declining share of manufacturing in domestic expenditures on final demand to be the main cause of de-industrialisation. International trade has a limited impact, though differences in comparative advantage between countries do matter. In addition, the strong decline of relative prices in manufacturing points to an interesting policy paradox: precisely if successful in raising competitiveness and hence productivity growth of manufacturing, they also further its global decline of relative prices. Contrary to the stated objective of re-industrialisation, meaningful industrial policies will accelerate de-industrialisation in the global economy. To raise the income share of manufacturing, policies must target, e.g., competition and productivity growth in services.

Etatyzacja gospodarki w okresie rządów komunistycznych w Polsce

In the years between 1944–1955 lasting foundations of the Polish economy were created based on communist dogma. In the mid-1950 s the so called socialized sector provided 75% of national income, however, multidirectional changes in economic policy in the following decades caused fluctuations in its importance. The changes were expressed by increases and decreases in the private sector share of jobs. As a result, the socialized sector was at its the peak in the 1970 s (86% share of the socialized sector in national income) only to fall to 81% of national income in the last year of communist rule. The dominance of the public sector was responsible for widespread mismanagement and social pathologies which led to the collapse of the economically inefficient system, preceded by a number of socio-political crises

Transatlantyckie partnerstwo w dziedzinie handlu i inwestycji - wsparcie czy zagrożenie dla wielostronnych porozumień międzynarodowych?

The article analyzes the benefits and costs of establishing the Transatlantic Partnership in the field of trade and investment for the United States, the European Union and third countries, in the context of theory of economic integration and WTO regulations. The following factors that increase the strength of the beneficial trade creation effect were analyzed: the place of the United States and the European Union in world trade, the importance of intra-regional trade in total trade, the share of sectors in the integration process, the level of customs duties before integration. The negative impact of TTIP for third countries was also examined. A The TIPP and WTO agreements were compared, particularly the attempts to regulate investor-state disputes in TTIP.

India’s Services Revolution Amidst Worldwide Structural Change

In the historical development experience of the world as a whole, there is an obvious kink around 1970s, i.e., the brief period around which the capitalist development has changed its course from industrialization to ‘tertiarisation’. The problem with India (and several other developing countries) is that in its historical development, share of industrial sector in Value Added has never reached 30 percent mark, but fall in the share of agricultural sector has almost solely been compensated by the rise in the service sector share; since the mid 1990s, the growth of India has been by the service sector alone. World Bank (Sustaining India’s Services Revolution, Report on the South Asia Region: India 2004) calls this scenario ‘India’s Services Revolution’. It seems that India has skipped the phase of industrialization to enter into the phase of ‘tertiarisation’. Naturally this ‘ahistorical’ development process followed by India has drawn the attention of the economists worldwide and many of them have identified India to be the ‘outlier’ in this regard. Here, in the context of ‘Globalisation’, we will try to evaluate critically, whether the course of development of India is an ‘outlier’ or ‘ahistorical’ path. Further, the obvious task that follows is the analysis of this ‘ahistorical’ development of India following the basic Input-Output framework for the explanation of the structural change of Indian economy.

Implications of De-Industrialization for Poverty and Income-Inequality in Pakistan

Abstract This study endeavors to identify the dynamic link among growth, inequality and poverty, instigated from deindustrialization, in Pakistan over the time period 1970-2013. The Reduced-form Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) is applied to estimate the empirical model. According to the results, trade openness has declining (mounting) impact on poverty (income inequality) over the specified time period. Moreover, the industrial sector share in GDP has appeared as a major contributing factor in tackling income inequality and poverty. This implies that the deindustrialization, as an emergent of trade liberalization, neutralizes the policy effect for income distribution and poverty in Pakistan. Besides, the Kuznet’s hypothesis has been proved to be true in case of Pakistan where GDP growth has led to increase in the income inequality. The role of industrial sector growth in tackling poverty and income inequality has emerged as vital but the move towards rapid trade liberalization has placed this sector in more competitive position and the persistent nature of income inequality has subdued the growth effects on poverty. The results underlie very pertinent policy to focus on the sector-specific growth in order to tackle the welfare issues. And a cautious move towards trade liberalization is also suggested.

DAMPAK PROGRAM BANTUAN SOSIAL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN KEMISKINAN KABUPATEN TERTINGGAL DI INDONESIA

<div>The issue of underdeveloped areas and the problems of inequality of</div><div>development is the disparity problem areas that endanger national unity. The purpose of this study is to examine the dynamics of poverty and the dynamics of social aid in underdeveloped areas, to analyze the effect of social aid Ministry of underdeveloped areas to economic growth in underdeveloped areas, and to analyze the relationship between economic growth and poverty reduction in underdeveloped area in Indonesia. The results showed the increase dynamics and decline of poor people in underdeveloped areas in Indonesia within the period 2010-2013. From the results of regression analysis of panel data model of economic growth known that variable social and cultural institutional support, infrastructure support, and help the world economy and a significant effort to increase economic growth in under dev eloped areas, while the human resources aid and specific support area is not significant in improving economic growth in underdeveloped regions. The results of the regression analysis poverty panel data model known that the variable number of unemployed, IPM, and the share of the services sector significantly affect to the level of poverty in underdeveloped areas, while the variable PDRB, the share of agriculture and industry sector share is not significant in influencing to the poverty level in underdeveloped area.</div>

English

Milk in terms of production value has the second biggest share in Croatian agricultural sector in 2013 (CBS, 2014). It could be speculated that after the abolition of quotas in the European Union, the declining trend in domestic production will continue and that exposure to free European market will significantly affect the competitiveness of domestic production. The aim of this paper is to analyse the prospects of Croatian dairy industry (sector) under certain conditions of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and to present projections simulated with the help of partial equilibrium model AGMEMOD. The main model inputs are policy and macroeconomic variables, supply-use balances of agro-food products and producer prices. The Baseline projections has shown that in 2025 in line with the CAP implementation there might be a decrease of dairy cows number by 33 %, the raw milk price by 14 % and the collected cow’s milk amount by 13 % compared to the five-year average of 2008-2012. The positive effect was noted in productivity, according to the simulation, with an increase by 25 %, which consequently may lead to increased deliveries to dairies for about 17 %. Therefore preliminary results show that accounting for milk processing the dairy sector in Croatia might obtain a favourable situation by 2025. Taking into account the EU market situation, there is an opportunity to increase milk processing given the current level of prices in the EU market and global markets, and taking into account the abolition of milk quotas. Also, the results suggest, according to the experience of other states, that the utilization of funds of 1 st and 2 nd pillar of the CAP (utilization measures across projects) in order to improve the production structure and efficiency will play an important role.

Розвиток багатофункціональності сільського господарства: досвід Німеччини

The article generalizes the experience of Germany to in the realization a multifunctional (economic, social and environmental) role of agriculture in society. Significantly exceeding the macroeconomic indicators of agriculture in Germany (in Ukraine, the sector's share in GVA is an order higher, and the rates of employment and agricultural use are higher), Ukraine is significantly inferior in terms of productivity: agricultural GVA per employee is an order lower grain yield per harvested area is half as in Germany. Ukraine has a distorted structure of agriculture with a predominance of crop production (accpounts for 76% of farm revenues), while in Germany the main source of incomes in agriculture is livestock (providing 60% of revenues). Based on the analysis of the two countries' agricultural profile ministries, the author reveals significant structural differences in the direction of budget expenditures (in Germany, 2/3 is constantly spent on social policy in agriculture), as well as beneficiaries of aid funds (in Ukraine it is not the farmers, but intermediate entities). The author considers individual directions and patterns of agricultural policy and practices to be implemented beginning with 2015 pursuant to the tasks of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. Namely strengthening the greening with the legal consolidation of the provision that 30% of decoupled support will depend on favorable (for the environment and climate) technologies in agricultural production. In the interests of rural development, the tasks include an annual grant of 4.5% of the maximum amount of the national budget as decoupled government aid (European Scheme Modulation).

The Processes of Consolidation and Effectiveness of Commercial Banks in the Years 2008-2013

The paper analyzes the mergers and acquisitions in the banking sector in Poland, and determined their impact on the structure of the sector and its effectiveness. The analysis was conducted between 2008 and 2013. In the analyzed sector was found growing concentration of capital in the form of mergers and acquisitions. All indications are that this trend will be maintained in subsequent years. Dominant share in the Polish banking sector are entities controlled by foreign investors, but in the period has been a slight decrease in this regard. In the analyzed period made as a result of mergers and acquisitions, we can observe an increase of concentration of the banking sector. In the period 2008-2013 there was a decrease in effectiveness of commercial banks; operation, which was caused by deteriorating macroeconomic situation. It can be said that the continuous consolidation processes in the period 2008-2013 have not influenced an improvement of financial results in the analysed sector, but the effects of these processes can be seen only in the long term.

СТРУКТУРНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ФІНАНСОВОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ МАЛОГО ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА

The article deals with the situation of small businesses as of 2014. Was done a comparative analysis of the sectoral distribution share of small businesses in their total number in Ukraine, in the USA and European countries. Characterize types of financial support. Traced the dynamics of changes in the volume of its own working capital, which constitutes the basis of self-financing of small businesses and the NBU discount rate from 2002 to 2014. Considered interrelation of financial security and the ability to raise funds from institutions of various enterprises activity. Was analyzed the features of financial security business in Ukraine at the national level with a parallel study of the principles enshrined finance world experience. Carried a quantitative assessment of changes of socio-economic development of entrepreneurship. Author determined the main types of financial security features characteristic of Ukraine. Determined full required amount of financial security to meet the needs of today's small businesses.

A magyarországi fúziók és felvásárlások térbeli jellemzőinek vizsgálata az 1997 és 2013 közötti időszakban

A tanulmány célja a Magyarországon az 1997 és 2013 között létrejött fúziók és felvásárlások (M&A, mergers and acquisitions) térbeli jellemzőinek és összefüggéseinek a vizsgálata. Az elemzés során 730 M&A-tranzakciót vettem górcső alá, amelyhez a Gazdasági Versenyhivatal versenyjogi határozatai adtak kiindulási alapot. Vizsgáltam a magyarországi M&A-tranzakciók térbeli sajátosságai mellett az ágazati és a pénzügyi (felvásárolt részesedések) jellemzőit és a közöttük levő összefüggéseket is.A tanulmány három egységből épül fel. Az első rész a szakirodalmi áttekintés, a második részben bemutatom a vizsgálatok során alkalmazott módszertant és a kapott eredményeket, a harmadik egységben az eredmények időbeli és térbeli összehasonlítására kerül sor.A vizsgált időszakban Magyarország kedvelt célpont volt a külföldi felvásárlók körében: a felvásárlók több mint 70%-a külföldi vállalat. Európai uniós országokban van a székhelye a külföldi vállalatok több mint 80%-ának. A felvásárló társaságok átlagosan 81%-os részesedést szereztek a céltársaságokban. A statisztikai vizsgálat eredményei azt mutatják, hogy a térbeli jellemzők (a felvásárló bázisországa és a külföldi leányvállalatok regionális eloszlása) nem voltak hatással a céltársaságban megvásárolt részesedésekre. A legtöbb M&A a feldolgozóiparban, a kereskedelemben és a logisztikai szektorban történt. A feldolgozóiparban a legtöbb M&A a Benelux államokból, Németországból és Olaszországból származik. A kereskedelmi szektorban kiemelkedő Németország (30%) és Franciaország (16%) jelenléte. A felvásárlások regionális megoszlása a területi egyenlőtlenségeket tovább erősítette Magyarországon.

Does Wal‐Mart Cause an Increase in Anti‐Poverty Expenditures?*

ObjectivesThis article addresses the role of Wal‐Mart Store entrance in changing expenditures on federal and state anti‐poverty transfers in the United States.MethodsUsing a panel of the conterminous 48 states, correcting for time and spatial autocorrelation and local government mix and policy changes.ResultsI find that the number of Wal‐Marts and their employment share in the retail sector have no impact on food stamps or AFDC/TANF expenditures. In models that account for retail employment share a 1 percent increase in the Wal‐Mart's share reduced AFDC/TANF expenditures by 3.3 percent.ConclusionsI find that Wal‐Mart does increase Medicaid expenditures by roughly $898 per worker, which is consistent with other studies of the Medicaid costs per low‐wage worker across the United States.

PRIVATIZATION AND RESTRUCTURING OF THE IRON AND STEEL ENTERPRISES IN UZBEKISTAN

The Republic of Uzbekistan pays a special attention to the expansion of the private sector share and to attraction of private investors to the most important branches of the economy. At the moment the leading place in the steel industry of Uzbekistan take «Uzbek Refractory and heat-resistant metals industrial complex (UzKTZhM)» along with «Navoi MMC», «AMMC» and JSC «Uzmetkombinat», each having a certain share of private capital. The article discusses the causes and characteristics of separate stages of privatization. as well as methods to overcome the current economic difficulties in every historical period under review. In Uzbekistan, the implementation of decentralization and privatization of enterprises took place in three main stages. Period 1990–1995. (formation) – 1995–2000. (development) – 2000 – up to now (restructuring and integration). The author proposes and justifies constituent elements to ensure restructuring of enterprises in the metal industry of Uzbekistan and the scheme of financial support of the open joint stock company «Uzbek refractory and heat-resistant metals industrial complex (UzKTZhM)» restructuring and integration The proposed scheme of financial support of restructuring and integration of «Uzbek Refractory and heat-resistant metals industrial complex « is based on the creation of the holding company «Uzbek Refractory and heat-resistant metals industrial complex» and its constituent four joint-stock companies:JSC «Molybdenum» AK «Wolfram», JSC «Light» and JSC «Engineering». The state should own the controlling stake.

R&D and Innovations on Tertiary Sector’s Performance and Its Contribution to the World Economic Growth

Growth effects of R&D, especially in the service sector, are focused in this paper. By using a Romer type growth model with a R&D sector and a final goods retailing sector, we point out growth effects from the labor share of the R&D sector and the service sector. From the empirical analysis on the steady state equation, a positive per-capita income contribution from service sector’ GDP share is put out at light as well as the number of researcher is here indicated for its weight on understanding the subject. And for world growth data we apply principal component analysis: a strong causality effect among per-capita GDP, R&D investment, and service sector share is deduced.