Sectoral Patterns Research Articles

Ultrawideband Electromagnetic Absorber Using Sandwiched Broadband Metasurfaces

In this letter, we propose an ultrawideband electromagnetic absorber using sandwiched broadband metasurfaces. The proposed absorber consists of three layers. The broadband metasurface for high frequencies is loaded on the upper layer. Another broadband metasurface for low frequencies is loaded on the lower layer. The two broadband metasurfaces form a sandwich with the air space in the middle layer. Each metasurface is realized by a periodic array of circular sector patterns with chip resistors. The fabricated absorber shows higher than 90% absorptivity from 3.87 to 14.84 GHz. Under oblique incidence, the absorber shows higher than 80% absorptivity from 3.78 to 15.63 GHz when the incident angle is less than 40° in the transverse electric mode. In the transverse magnetic mode, the absorber shows higher than 80% absorptivity from 5.11 to 15.13 GHz when the incident angle is less than 50°.

Sectoral and spatial patterns of Chinese cities’ export structures

ABSTRACTIn the light of evolutionary economic geography, a city’s export structure can reflect its capacity. Based on China’s export data during 2001–2011, this paper examines the evolution of 338 Chinese cities’ export structures, and their spatial patterns and product dynamics. By employing hierarchical clustering analysis and new indicators to measure Chinese’s export product and destination structures, this paper shows that regional disparity in terms of export product and destination structures exists. More importantly, the evolution of Chinese cities’ export structure is co-shaped by the process of convergence and divergence. We argue that regional disparity can be alleviated by reducing market segmentation and facilitating inter-city knowledge spillovers. Furthermore, the export product structures of Chinese cities are highly correlated with their export destination structures, indicating that export promotion policies should take into account both export product diversification and export market diversification.

TAX INCENTIVES AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN BANGLADESH: AN EVALUATION OF POLICY IMPACT ON SECTORAL GROWTH

Tax incentives are tools used worldwide to enhance domestic and foreign investment and enhanced investment leads to expected economic growth. This study is an attempt to review the industrial policies and direct tax incentives of Bangladesh to have a deep insight on the congruence among them and also show some indirect impact of tax incentives on development through analyzing some fiscal and investment data. Content and document analysis method has been used to accomplish this study. Sources of data were the industrial policies, tax codes and economic surveys of Bangladesh and some scholarly articles. By reviewing some tax related aspects of industrial polices and existing direct tax incentives provided by the tax authority, it was found that incentives suggested by industrial policies and actually provided tax incentives are almost same and the changing pattern of priority sectors have been shifted to infrastructure, power and technology sectors. By observing some investment and GDP related data it is found that local private sector investments are dominant over FDI and the manufacturing sectors contribution to GDP are increasing and consistent in last 13 years.

Growth of Service Sector in Haryana

Over the last two decades, Haryana has emerged as one of the most prosperous states of Indian federation. The State has transformed itself from a State known for its agricultural production to a well rounded development State. Haryana’s growth and development trajectory has been progressive since its inception. Service sector boom along with sizeable industrialization has propelled a vertical increase in state per capita income. The key drivers of fast service sector in Haryana are -its well-developed physical infrastructure such as power, roads and railways and social infrastructure like education and health, growing IT sector, several projects such as KMP Expressway, DMIC Project, international cargo airport and SEZ. The structural change in Haryana has been in tune with the growth pattern of Indian economy and global economy in terms of changing shares of sectoral output in the State domestic product. The state economy has experienced a rise in the share of service sector. Service sector growth became the main driver of the growth process of the economy of Haryana. An analysis of the growth pattern of Service sector and sub sectoral growth behavior pattern in terms of output shares is essential to understand the role of Service sector in the economy of Haryana. Service Sector refers to multitude of activities which comprise of activities like Trade, Repair Services, Transportation, Hospitality, Entertainment, Communication, Health, Education, Support and Advisory Services.The part A of the paper discusses the growth profile of service Sector along with its sub sectors. Part B analyses the contribution of Service sector to growth in Haryana.

Committed emissions from existing energy infrastructure jeopardize 1.5 °C climate target.

Net anthropogenic CO2 emissions must approach zero by mid-century to stabilize global mean temperature at the levels targeted by international efforts1–5. Yet continued expansion of fossil fuel energy infrastructure implies already ‘committed’ future CO2 emissions6–13. Here we use detailed datasets of current fossil fuel-burning energy infrastructure in 2018 to estimate regional and sectoral patterns of “committed” CO2 emissions, the sensitivity of such emissions to assumed operating lifetimes and schedules, and the economic value of associated infrastructure. We estimate that, if operated as historically, existing infrastructure will emit ~658 Gt CO2 (ranging from 226 to 1479 Gt CO2 depending on assumed lifetimes and utilization rates). More than half of these emissions are projected to come from the electricity sector, and infrastructure in China, the U.S.A., and the EU28 represent ~41%, ~9% and ~7% of the total, respectively. If built, proposed power plants (planned, permitted, or under construction) would emit an additional ~188 (37–427) Gt CO2. Committed emissions from existing and proposed energy infrastructure (~846 Gt CO2) thus represent more than the entire carbon budget to limit mean warming to 1.5 °C with 50–66% probability (420–580 Gt CO2)5, and perhaps two-thirds of the budget required to similarly limit warming to below 2 °C (1170–1500 Gt CO2)5. The remaining carbon budget estimates are varied and nuanced14,15, depending on the climate target and the availability of large-scale negative emissions16, Nevertheless, our emission estimates suggest that little or no additional CO2-emitting infrastructure can be commissioned, and that earlier than historical infrastructure retirements (or retrofits with carbon capture and storage technology) may be necessary, in order meet Paris climate agreement goals17. Based on asset value per ton of committed emissions, we estimate that the most cost-effective premature infrastructure retirements will be in the electricity and industry sectors, if non-emitting alternative technologies are available and affordable4,18.

Spatial and Sectoral Patterns of Firm Entry in China

This article provides new empirical evidence on the patterns of firm entry across sectors and space. Based on Pavitt’s four manufacturing industry categories—supplier-dominated, scale-intensive, specialized suppliers, and knowledge-based—we use China’s firm-level database, covering all manufacturing firms with sales above 5 million RMB from 1998 to 2008, to investigate the relation between spatial patterns of new entry firms and industrial structure change and firm heterogeneity. Based on our analysis, there are three key findings. First, industrial structure change plays an important role in influencing the sectoral pattern of new firm entry. Second, the transformation from a supplier-dominated industry to a scale-intensive industry from 1998 to 2008 in China has largely influenced spatial patterns of new entry firms (mainly spatial agglomeration and entry similarity between regions). Third, the heterogeneity of firms (mainly firm ownership, firm size, and technological relatedness) affected the location choice of new entry firms. Based on our findings, we conclude that the importance of industrial structure change and the heterogeneity of firms in revealing the spatial pattern of new entry firms should receive more attention. Key Words: China, firm entry, firm heterogeneity, industrial structure change, sectoral and spatial pattern.

Sectoral patterns of innovation cooperation in Polish industry

Research background: Contemporary research on industry concentrates on the relations between enterprises and their environment. Research on industrial structures conducted throughout the world, including Poland, are not extensive and limited due to the confidentiality of statistics. K. Pavitt (1984) was the first researcher who evaluated the relationship between industry structure and innovation activity. According to Pavitt, innovation dynamics and trajectory depend on the structure of domestic industry and is unique. In Poland T. Rachwal (2010) determined that over the studied years, changes in the indicator defining diversification in industrial divisions were minimal, but at the same time there was an observable fall in the importance of traditional divisions, such as the production of clothing, textiles, and the leather. In contrast, divisions as the production of metal, rubber, and plastic goods increased their share in terms of employees, as did furniture and vehicle manufacturing.
 Purpose of the article: The purpose of the paper is to identify sectoral patterns of innovation cooperation as revealed by data on about 5209 Polish enterprises. The authors attempt to find the answer to the following three questions: (1) Is the domestic aggregation sufficient for stimulating innovation cooperation in the Polish industry? (2) Is there any sectoral heterogeneity in innovation cooperation? (3) Are enterprises representing high technology industries the most involved in innovation cooperation? The main goal of the study was an attempt to seek out the directions and influence of various industries on the innovation cooperation of enterprises in Poland.
 Methods: Empirical data that served as the basis for conducting calculations were collected with the help of a questionnaire survey sent to industrial companies throughout Poland. A total of 5,209 properly completed forms were collected. The average rate of return was 11,6%. The collection was held over the years 2008?2013. The methodological part of the study was developed using the logistic regression method based on probability theory of the study.
 Findings & Value added: The study has shown that the higher the technology, the more often enterprises cooperate in the area of innovation. The research has not only shown the specifics of the domestic industrial system as well its level of technological advancement, but it has also taken into account the significance and input into the analyzed system.

CAN HUMAN DEMOGRAPHIC OR BIOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCE MAMMAL ROADKILL? A CASE STUDY IN THE GO-060 HIGHWAY

Roads cause several environmental impacts, such as roadkill of wild animals, which may result in the decrease of local fauna density. Roadkill occurs because roads intersect the habitats of many taxa, especially in fragmented landscapes, such as the Cerrado biome. The present study aimed to determine whether demographic variables or biological characteristics influence the mammal’s roadkill rate. A survey was conducted in the section of the GO-060 highway located between the municipalities of Trindade and Ipora, from April to September 2012, during the dry season. We used Kruskal-Wallis tests to investigate possible differences among roadkills per sector, species, order, food habit, and activity pattern. Pearson correlation was used to verify the association between roadkill rate and home range. The influence of body mass on the roadkill rate was estimated through a simple linear regression. To verify whether human demographic variables influence the roadkill, we used a multiple linear regression. We recorded 89 individuals of mammals during 18 field trips and obtained a roadkill rate of 0.025 individuals/km/day. Mammals with different food habits have different roadkill rates, once herbivorous mammals are less prone to be roadkilled than omnivorous and insectivorous species. Characteristics such as home range, body mass and activity patterns were not determinant of roadkill rates in this study. Similarly, human demographic variables did not influence the number of roadkills. Biological and ecological characteristics should be considered when implementing measures to reduce roadkill. Hence, it becomes clear that surveys of fauna roadkill should consider both human demographic and biological variables, once, in this research, none of them are relevant by itself, they can be considered complementary information, and can be used to support practical actions.

Domestic and external sectoral portfolios: Network structure and balance-sheet contagion

This paper uses a unique comprehensive database on French security assets and liabilities to study the dynamics of domestic and external sectoral portfolios, their network structure, and their role in the propagation of shocks. We first show how the sharp deterioration of the net external portfolio position of France between 2008 and 2014 was driven by sectoral patterns such as the banking sector retrenchment and the increase in foreign liabilities of the public and corporate sectors, but was mitigated by the expansion of domestic and foreign asset portfolios of insurance companies. We also provide a network representation of the links between domestic sectors and the rest of the world, and document their evolution between 2008 and 2014. Second, we put forward and estimate a model of balance-sheet contagion through inter-sectoral security linkages. The estimation of the model through GMM shows that the financial sectors of the economy (banking, mutual fund, and insurance sector) are affected by balance-sheet contagion.

A high-definition spatially explicit modelling approach for national greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes: reducing the errors and uncertainties in global emission modelling

Industrial processes cause significant emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere and, therefore, have high mitigation and adaptation potential for global change. Spatially explicit (gridded) emission inventories (EIs) should allow us to analyse sectoral emission patterns to estimate the potential impacts of emission policies and support decisions on reducing emissions. However, such EIs are often based on simple downscaling of national level emission estimates and the changes in subnational emission distributions do not necessarily reflect the actual changes driven by the local emission drivers. This article presents a high-definition, 100-m resolution bottom-up inventory of GHG emissions from industrial processes (fuel combustion activities in energy and manufacturing industries, fugitive emissions, mineral products, chemical industries, metal production and food and drink industries), which is exemplified for data for Poland. The study objectives include elaboration of the universal approach for mapping emission sources, algorithms for emission disaggregation, estimation of emissions at the source level and uncertainty analysis. We start with IPCC-compliant national sectoral GHG estimates made using Polish official statistics and, then, propose an improved emission disaggregation algorithm that fully utilises a collection of activity data available at the national/provincial level to the level of individual point and diffused (area) emission sources. To ensure the accuracy of the resulting 100-m resolution emission fields, the geospatial data used for mapping emission sources (point source geolocation and land cover classification) were subject to thorough human visual inspection. The resulting 100-m emission field even holds cadastres of emissions separately for each industrial emission category. We also compiled cadastres in regular grids and, then, compared them with the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR). A quantitative analysis of discrepancies between both results reveals quite frequent misallocations of point sources used in the EDGAR compilation that considerably deteriorate high-resolution inventories. We also use a Monte-Carlo method-based uncertainty assessment that yields a detailed estimation of the GHG emission uncertainty in the main categories of the analysed processes. We found that the above-mentioned geographical coordinates and patterns used for emission disaggregation have the greatest impact on the overall uncertainty of GHG inventories from the industrial processes. We evaluate the mitigation potential of industrial emissions and the impact of separate emission categories. This study proposes a method to accurately quantify industrial emissions at a policy relevant spatial scale in order to contribute to the local climate mitigation via emission quantification (local to national) and scientific assessment of the mitigation effort (national to global). Apart from the above, the results are also of importance for studies that confront bottom-up and top-down approaches and represent much more accurate data for global high-resolution inventories to compare with.

El proceso de cambio estructural de la economía española desde una perspectiva histórica (The Process of Structural Change in the Spanish Economy)

Historical experience and the economic literature show that the process of structural change of economies towards more advanced stages of development is associated with a particular pattern of change in the sectoral composition of economic activity. In a first stage, the manufacturing share increases while agriculture’s share decreases. In a second stage, the manufacturing share starts to decline and the services share starts to grow. This paper presents a brief overview of the empirical evidence available on this process of structural change at an international level, highlighting the case of the Spanish economy. As a result of the rapid process of structural change over the last four decades, the productive structure of the Spanish economy has converged towards that of the European countries, with higher shares for services and manufacturing and a lower share for agriculture. Beyond the impact of cyclical fluctuations, we can expect increases in the services share, at the expense of manufacturing and agriculture. According to the literature, these patterns may be related to demand forces (the public’s preferences), supply forces (different sectoral productivity patterns) or a combination of both, owing to openness to international trade which can accelerate the process. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the causes of structural change in Spain is essential, inasmuch as the future development of this process will determine economic growth in the long run.

Embodied and Disembodied Technological Change: The Sectoral Patterns of Job-Creation and Job-Destruction

This paper addresses, both theoretically and empirically, the sectoral patterns of job creation and job destruction in order to distinguish the alternative effects of embodied vs disembodied technological change operating into a vertically connected economy. Disembodied technological change turns out to positively affect employment dynamics in the upstream sectors, while expansionary investment does so in the downstream industries. Conversely, the replacement of obsolete capital vintages tends to exert a negative impact on labour demand, although this effect turns out to be statistically less robust.

Only the Best? Exploring Cross-Border Investor Preferences in US Gateway Cities

Despite heady growth in cross-border investment into commercial real estate over recent decades, there are few studies that examine differences in investment preferences between domestic and cross-border investors at a micro level. We address the gap by examining the characteristics of assets acquired by cross border investors in six major US metro areas, comparing them with the purchases made by US investors in those same areas. Our study uses data on more than 67,500 transactions recorded by Real Capital Analytics (RCA) over the period from Q1 2003 to Q3 2016. As well as examining cross-border investors in aggregate, we isolate and examine purchases by investors from each of the four principal source nations for cross-border real estate investment in these cities. This is important since treating cross-border investors as a single group may obscure important differences between them. We employ multilevel logit techniques and we find across a number of specifications that cross-border investors prefer larger assets, newer assets and CBD locations regardless of nationality. However, temporal and sectoral patterns of investment, as well as evidence for return chasing behavior, vary with the nationality of investor being studied.

An alternative to market-oriented energy models: Nexus patterns across hierarchical levels

From a biophysical perspective, energy is central to the behaviour of social-ecological systems. Its ubiquity means that energy is entangled with nexus elements, including water, land, emissions and labour. At the science-policy interface, large market-oriented energy models dominate as the tool to inform decision-making. The outputs of these models are used to shape policies, but strongly depend on sets of assumptions that are not available for deliberation and gloss over uncertainties. Taking an approach from complexity, we propose an alternative to market-oriented energy models, describing the behaviour of energy systems in relation to patterns of nexus elements across hierarchical levels. Three characteristics are central to the approach: (i) the distinction of the model's building blocks into functional and structural elements; (ii) their hierarchical organisation and (iii) the description of nexus patterns at each level, through the tool of the processor. To illustrate the model, it is applied to Catalonia's energy sector, linking production and consumption patterns. The framework may help inform stakeholder deliberation on pressing energy and nexus issues.

Innovation in the main Brazilian business sectors: characteristics, types and comparison of innovation

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the innovation process of organizations representing the main sectors of Brazilian economic activity.Design/methodology/approachThe literature review focuses on analyzing the innovation process characteristics regarding the innovation types. The authors carried out interviews with executives and managers in charge of innovation at the leading large companies in the respective sectors analyzed. The data analysis of this qualitative research was structured in three steps. The first step is the analysis of data collected for encoding, the second step, the summarization of the common points presented by the companies in each sector and, finally, the interpretation of these data, aided by triangulation from secondary data that support the analysis of the collected primary data.FindingsThe main contribution of this study is to characterize the innovation process of organizations representing the main sectors of the Brazilian economy, with a classification regarding the sectoral innovation standard.Practical implicationsThe authors’ intent is that the paper can contribute with a comparative analysis among companies of the same sector and, subsequently, among companies of the different surveyed sectors. Thus, the characterization aims to present the companies’ innovation process and the comparative analysis aims to verify the innovation sectoral patterns. In addition, as implications for management practice, some strategies for better knowledge management in the organization are suggested for each type of innovation.Originality/valueThe main theoretical contribution focuses on the development of a conceptual model that structures the analyzed variables of the constructs “innovation process” and “innovation sectoral patterns”, allowing not only the characterization but also the comparative analysis of the representative organizations present in the sample.

Development of innovative industries in Russia under unfavourable external environment

Research background: Innovative development of industries and regions in Russia during the period 2005?2011 has not brought significant positive results. Innovative activity of regions and industries remained at a low level. After a relatively stable 2012?2013, the Russian economy faced the geopolitical crisis and economic sanctions in 2014?2015.
 Purpose of the article: The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the innovative development patterns of industrial sectors in selected Russian regions in the years 2012?2015, which include the period of negative external environment (2014?2015) for the national economy.
 Methods: The study enhances the analysis of statistical data and applies quantitative analysis methods (variance analysis). The research focuses on 14 regions of Russia, members of the Association of Innovative Regions of Russia (AIRR) and 2 specific industries: section D ?Manufacturing? and subsection DL ?Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment? which usually manifest high level of innovative economic activity.
 Findings & Value added: The research results show that the crisis period of 2014?2015 has not stimulated the increased innovative activities for both industries. The innovative sector (section D) grew faster than the non-innovative one in 2013, but this advantage became insignificant in 2014?2015. Some signs of revival for innovative enterprises in subsection DL were observed during the crises beginning in 2014, but this trend was not retained in 2015. The analysis of structural indicators (proportions) of the innovative sector shows that only a few AIRR regions have values comparable to the leading European countries. Most of the AIRR regions lag behind the leading foreign countries specifically on the ?Share of enterprises engaged in technological innovation? and ?Share of new or significantly improved products? Indicators. The study did not reveal the statistically significant positive dynamics of these indicators in the AIRR regions over the period 2013?2015.

Os impactos das inovações na diversificação da indústria brasileira: uma análise com base na Pintec e no Cempre

O artigo tem por objetivo associar as diferenças no padrão de diversificação com as diferenças no padrão de inovação dos setores industriais brasileiros. A literatura neo-schumpeteriana preconiza que o estabelecimento de padrões setoriais de inovação influencia os ritmos e as direções da mudança tecnológica de forma distinta entre os setores. Trata-se de um estudo empírico, com base nas informações estatísticas da Pesquisa de Inovação (Pintec 2011) e do Cadastro Central de Empresas (Cempre 2010), para investigar a relação entre inovação e diversificação, no sentido de contribuir para o entendimento dos padrões setoriais de diversificação da indústria brasileira. Os resultados estatísticos sugerem que a introdução de inovações, em grande medida, tem levado as indústrias a uma concentração de suas linhas de negócios em atividades que guardam alguma ‘proximidade’ em suas funções de produção, independente das atividades inovativas. Notadamente, certos setores, como os ‘baseados em ciência’, assumem comportamentos típicos de ‘diversificação baseada em atividades tecnológicas’.

Available Electrical Energy Resources in Egypt and World

The research aims at identify the available energy sources in Egypt and the World, whether traditional or renewable (petroleum, coal, natural gas, wind, solar, underground) and a background on their technologies and capabilities available in the world and Egypt. The researcher used the descriptive approach and the analytical method to identify the electrical energy sources and their technologies. The research applied on Egyptian Electricity Holding Company. The researcher carried out calculations using economic analysis models to link the patterns of consumption sectors with economic and social factors in addition to use of historical data to forecast demand scenarios for electric energy consumption until 2050 in order to conceptualize power generation scenarios based on the expansion of renewable energies. The researcher concluded that Egypt has various energy potentials especially renewable energies which enable Egypt to set medium and long plans with a balanced energy mix from all energy sources with a priority for renewables. The researcher recommended the necessity of strategic planning for the energy security in Egypt including energy mix form all available energy sources especially solar energy. Beside the approach of making Egypt as an energy hub (gas – electricity) depending of the geographical position of Egypt, in addition to completing the intuitional, legislation and regulation frameworks in order to enhance the role of the gas and electricity regulators to set regulations for gas and electricity markets.

IS THE CURSE OF NATURAL RESOURCES OCCURING IN INDONESIA?

Theories explain the occurrence of natural resource curse phenomenon as a the conditions in a country has an abundance of mining sector but unsustainable patterns of development. In case of Indonesia, several studies conducted to measure natural resource curse also occurs during decentralization era. Therefore, this research conducted by analyze the performance of APBD in mining areas. By using share analysis, the highest area is East Kalimantan Province, while the lowest is NTT Province. Meanwhile, from growth, the highest area is West Java and the lowest category is Banten Province. From the quadrant analysis, four areas are in the quadrant I, seven areas in quadrant II, six areas in quadrant III and most areas in quadrant IV. This massive number of mining areas in quadrant IV shall inflict a serious note for the Central Government, could be an early indication of the emergence of natural resource curse in Indonesia. 

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Intra-National Freight Transport: Measurement and Scenarios for Greater Sustainability in Spain

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions is a topic of major concern worldwide. Following previous articles which provide a methodology for estimating GHG emissions associated with international trade by transport mode at the world level, in this paper, we estimate an equivalent database of GHG emissions for inter-regional trade flows within a country (Spain). To this end, we built a new database of GHG emissions for origin–destination flows between Spanish provinces during 1995–2015. For each year, we combine industry-specific flows by four transport modes (road, train, ship and aircraft) with the corresponding GHG emissions factor for each mode in tons*km, drawn from the specialized literature. With this dataset of GHG emissions, we generate and analyze the temporal, sectoral and spatial pattern of Spanish inter-regional GHG flows. We then forecast emissions for 2016–2030 and consider how transport mode shifts might produce a more sustainable freight system within the country through the substitution of environmentally friendly alternatives (railway) for specific origin–destination–product flows in high-polluting modes (road).