Sector In South Africa Research Articles

Talent Management: An Emerging Focus on the Banking Sector of South Africa

An organisation's talent management practice is a human resource strategy aimed at identifying, developing, deploying and retaining talented and high-potential staff. Talent management is primarily among the human resource practices of employee development. By identifying and enhancing the skills of employees, it not only increases their efficiency, but also results in higher job satisfaction, increased motivation, and elevated retention rates of staff.The purpose of this research was to look into the impact of talent management on South Africa's banking sector, with reference to the retention of employees. Those included in the study were randomly selected managers and staff from FNB, ABSA and Nedbank. The study's goal was to investigate if targeted talent management influences the retention of employees within the organisation.This study used a descriptive research design. To obtain quantitative data, the researcher applied a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data produced from Cronbach alpha, Z-test and Chi-square tests. The research disclosed that the primary talent methods are motivation, regular training and employee development.However, succession planning, career mentoring, recruitment, and selection - as talent management techniques have a direct relationship with employee retention. Based on the study’s findings, it is recommended that the organisation should develop effective talent management practices aimed at increasing the retention of employees.

The effect of a new wave of COVID-19 on the stock market performance: Evidence from the twenty JSE listed companies in South Africa

The lockdown shocks resulting from the global pandemic of COVID-19 in March 2020 brought untold economic imbalance to the financial sector in South Africa. The government’s proactive alternative measure of control to the new wave of COVID-19 must be investigated to offer policy suggestions for future economic and financial planning. Consequently, this study investigated the impact of the new wave of COVID-19 on the financial market with a special interest in the twenty JSE listed companies in South Africa. To enhance the quality in the frequency of study, daily panel data from November 2020 to January 2021 were sourced from S&P Capital IQ and Google online. The impact of COVID-19 was investigated alongside other variables that can influence the return of the stock markets on twenty JSE listed companies. The variables under investigation are daily exchange rate (dollar terms), dividend-adjusted share pricing, daily COVID-19 infection rate. Both robust descriptive and fixed effects time-variant analyses were adopted as the estimating techniques. The study provided empirical evidence that there is a direct but slow link between the daily incidence of infectious COVID-19 and returns on the stock market as key variables. This positive relationship indicates that both COVID-19 and financial activities could co-habit together to enhance greater return on the stock in South Africa. Hence, lockdown may not be most appropriate to the national economy of South Africa.

South Africa’s Red List of Terrestrial Ecosystems (RLEs)

Ecosystem level indicators are emerging as important pillars of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity; at the same time, the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLEs) is experiencing rapid global uptake. We applied a systematic RLE assessment to 456 terrestrial ecosystems in South Africa between 2017 and 2021. What sets South Africa apart in this endeavour is that an independently formulated ecosystem threat status indicator was developed between 2004 and 2008 and the list of threatened ecosystems (effectively a proto RLE) was integrated into the national environmental regulatory framework in 2011. Through this, Critically Endangered and Endangered types were afforded a form of statutory protection through increased regulation of land-use change activities. We describe the transition to the IUCN RLE framework and focus on both the technical steps of incorporating the best available data into a credible assessment, and the unique social and legal processes to ensure that the biodiversity conservation sector in South Africa understood and supported the proposed replacement of the existing list of threatened ecosystems (2011) with the RLE (2021). We discuss the policy development steps required in South Africa, and the pros and cons of maintaining a legislative link for RLE implementation.

Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium isolates from the private healthcare sector in South Africa: A pilot study.

Reports have emerged globally of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium infections. In South Africa (SA), there are substantial differences between private and public healthcare with regard to antimicrobial drug prescribing practice, which could affect AMR patterns of private and public healthcare patients. To perform a pilot study to determine the frequency of AMR of N. gonorrhoeae and M. genitalium in patients accessing SA's private healthcare sector. In this cross-sectional study, N. gonorrhoeae-positive cultures and M. genitalium DNA samples were collected from a private healthcare reference laboratory from August 2018 to August 2019. In N. gonorrhoeae-positive cultures, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed, followed by N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) to determine genetic relatedness of the isolates. To determine macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance rates, M. genitalium-positive samples were analysed by sequencing the 23S rRNA, gyrA and parC genes. Twenty-one N. gonorrhoeae- and 27 M. genitalium-positive specimens were included in this analysis. High rates of resistance were detected among gonococcal isolates, with 90% resistance to tetracycline, 86% to penicillin and 62% to ciprofloxacin, but no resistance to azithromycin, cefixime and ceftriaxone. NG-MAST revealed genetically diverse isolates with 83% novel NG-MAST sequence types. Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance-associated mutations were detected in 18.5% (n=5/27) and 7.4% (n=2/27) of M. genitalium strains, respectively. We observed high frequencies of ciprofloxacin, penicillin and tetracycline resistance in N. gonorrhoeae and macrolide resistance-associated mutations in M. genitalium in private healthcare sector patients in SA. This finding highlights the need to use diagnostics for sexually transmitted infections and to include the private healthcare sector in antimicrobial surveillance and stewardship programmes.

Mind the gap: Patterns of red blood cell product usage in South Africa, 2014 - 2019.

A key component of any successful healthcare system is the availability of sufficient, safe blood products delivered in an equitable manner. South Africa (SA) has a two-tiered healthcare system with public and privately funded sectors. Blood utilisation data for both sectors are lacking. Evaluation of blood utilisation patterns in each healthcare sector will enable implementation of systems to bring about more equality. To conduct a critical evaluation of red blood cell (RBC) product utilisation patterns at the South African National Blood Service (SANBS). Operationally collected data from RBC requests submitted to SANBS blood banks for the period 1 January 2014 - 31 March 2019 were used to determine temporal RBC product utilisation patterns by healthcare sector. Demographic patterns were determined, and per capita RBC utilisation trends calculated. Of the 2356441 transfusion events, 65.9% occurred in the public and 34.1% in the private sector. Public sector patients were younger (median (interquartile range (IQR)) 33 (22 - 49) years) than in the private sector (median (IQR) 54 (37 - 68) years), and mainly female in both sectors (66.2% in the public sector and 53.4% in the private sector). Between 2014 and 2018, per capita RBC utilisation decreased from 11.9 to 11.0/1 000 population in the public sector, but increased from 34.8 to 38.2/1 000 population in the private sector. We confirmed distinctly different RBC utilisation patterns between the healthcare sectors in SA. Possible drivers for these differences may be healthcare access, differing patient populations and prescriber habits. Better understanding of these drivers may help inform equitable public health policy.

Quantifying economic activity in the informal recycling sector in South Africa

Informal waste reclaimers are a key part of South Africa’s recycling economy, being responsible for around 51% of all paper and packaging waste collected in South Africa in 2017. Active in the waste and recycling landscape for more than three decades, their activity predates the earliest voluntary paper and packaging Extended Producer Responsibility schemes. However, these voluntary schemes have been instrumental in scaling South Africa’s recycling economy. Investment by brand owners, retailers, converters and recyclers has helped develop local end-use markets, creating a demand for paper and packaging recyclables and a resultant increase in their collection. An analysis of tonnage and price data shows that the mean estimate of money paid by the private sector to the informal waste sector through the purchase of recyclables at intermediaries such as buy-back centres, was ZAR625 million in 2012, increasing to ZAR872 million in 2017. This private sector ‘investment’ in the local recycling economy has led to direct and indirect job creation and improved livelihoods, particularly for a large, well-established and effective informal waste sector, and has indirectly funded municipal waste diversion strategies, saving municipalities in both the collection and disposal of waste. Significance: Informal waste reclaimers make a significant contribution to the diversion of paper and packaging recyclables from landfill to recycling in South Africa. Limited information exists on the earnings of informal reclaimers. This paper provides new insights on the annual financial payments made by the private sector to informal reclaimers for the collection of recyclables.

The Impact of Internal Branding on Employees’ Brand Supporting Behaviour in Banking

The paper explored the antecedents of employee internal branding and employee supporting behavior. There is limited research on internal branding in emerging markets especially in the banking sector in South Africa. The results indicate that internal branding through employee brand identification, brand commitments and brand awareness positively results in employee supporting behavior. The implications indicate that internal branding strategies should be a coordinated effort of human resources and marketing departments to develop employees who understand the importance of brand supporting behavior which influences bank loyalty by employees and brand loyalty by customers.

Primary healthcare seeking behaviour of low-income patients across the public and private health sectors in South Africa

BackgroundThe proposed National Health Insurance (NHI) system aims to re-engineer primary healthcare (PHC) in South Africa, envisioning both private sector providers and public sector clinics as independent contracting units to the NHI Fund. In 2017, 16% of the South African population had private medical insurance and predominately utilised private providers. However, it is estimated that up to 28% of the population access private PHC services, with a meaningful segment of the low-income, uninsured population paying for these services out-of-pocket. The study objective was to characterise the health seeking behaviour of low-income, patients accessing PHC services in both the public and private sectors, patient movement between sectors, and factors influencing their facility choice.MethodsWe conducted once-off patient interviews on a random sample of 153 patients at 7 private PHC providers (primarily providing services to the low-income mostly uninsured patient population) and their matched public PHC clinic (7 facilities).ResultsThe majority of participants were economically active (96/153, 63%), 139/153 (91%) did not have health insurance, and 104/153 (68%) earned up to $621/month. A multiple response question found affordability (67%) and convenience (60%) were ranked as the most important reasons for choosing to usually access care at public clinics (48%); whilst convenience (71%) and quality of care (59%) were key reasons for choosing the private sector (32%). There is movement between sectors: 23/76 (30%) of those interviewed at a private facility and 8/77 (10%) of those interviewed at a public facility indicated usually accessing PHC services at a mix of private and public facilities. Results indicate cycling between the private and public sectors with different factors influencing facility choice.ConclusionsIt is imperative to understand the potential impact on where PHC services are accessed once affordability is mitigated through the NHI as this has implications on planning and contracting of services under the NHI.

Improving the affordability and accessibility of healthcare services: A model for the integration of homoeopathy into the public healthcare system in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

IntroductionThe public healthcare system in South Africa services the majority of its population, as many are unable to afford the services that exist in the private sector. The public sector has become overburdened with many issues. Some of the issues that plague this sector include a lack of resources, insufficiency of personnel and financial constraints due to over-usage. Based on this context, the introduction of complementary alternative medicine, such as homoeopathy, into the public healthcare system exists as one of the potential resolutions to this burdened healthcare sector. Therefore, the aim of the study was gather data, both descriptive and statistical, from healthcare professionals in order to develop a model for integrating homoeopathy into the public healthcare system.MethodsThe researcher conducted a mixed methods study using the explanatory sequential design. Thus, the study was conducted in two Phases. Phase 1 employed quantitative measurement tools, where data was collected from medical doctors, nurses and homoeopaths through paper-and-pen/ electronic surveys. Phase 2 incorporated qualitative measurement tools, where data was collected from Chief Operating Officers as well as nursing managers through semi-structured interviews. The data from both phases was then compared and contrasted to guide the development of a model for integration.DiscussionsBased on the current circumstances that exist in South Africa, it was established from the results of the study that the integration of homoeopathy into the public healthcare system would be complex in nature, due to the changes that would need to be made in both the public and private sector.ConclusionsThe findings of the study have revealed that integration is not an isolated event and if were to occur, would involve the participation of various stakeholders. Currently, homoeopathy only exists in the private sector, along with the other natural therapies as well as mainstream medicine. The public sector only offers mainstream medicine and this has been a reality since inception of this sector. Though there have been some talks of certain natural therapies, such as traditional medicine being integrated into the sector, no solid discussions have been concluded.Lessons learntThe public healthcare sector in South Africa is under increasing pressure. The users of this sector are not always guaranteed health benefits and are unfortunately not able to receive the same quality of care as those who can afford the services of the better resourced private healthcare sector. The integration of homoeopathy presents as a possible solution to some of the issues experienced. The government in South Africa has raised the possibilities of an integrated approach to healthcare to address these issues, albeit it has been unclear how such integration will take place.LimitationsPatients/public sector users being excluded from the study was seen as one of the biggest limitations. The researcher believed that patients’ perceptions are equally important as those of the practitioners.Suggestions for future researchThe model not being tested and implemented presented as a limitation of the study. This meant that further research ought to be considered regarding the phenomenon being investigated.

Public and community libraries in Limpopo Province, South Africa: prospects and challenges

Acceleration of access to information through the provision of library and information services to rural communities is recognised with much appreciation by the library and information services (LIS) sector in South Africa. As more community libraries are being built and public libraries refurbished, it becomes important to investigate whether these library and information service centres meet the information needs of the communities they serve. This paper is a report of a qualitative and quantitative study that investigated the prospects and challenges for public and community libraries in Limpopo Province, South Africa. For data collection, a questionnaire with closed- and open-ended questions was distributed to staff in selected public and community libraries in Limpopo Province to complete. The study revealed that most of the challenges to the provision of access to library and information services in Limpopo Province are related to outdated and irrelevant materials, small buildings, lack of databases, insufficient internet access and connectivity, as well as lack of materials for people living with disabilities. It seems, therefore, that there are information needs that cannot be met by even newly established and improved libraries and information service centres. Studies of this nature in the country will make it possible to propose possible solutions and strategies for the future improvement of LIS, especially for future implementation of the national LIS policy for South Africa.

The impacts of COVID-19 on the sustainable management of the forestry sector in Southern Africa

The objective of the study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sustainable forest management in southern Africa. The study employed a targeted approach, also referred to as purposive sampling, to select respondents from the various sectors. The results show that COVID-19 had an 80% impact on forest management operations. The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a significant effect on the conversion of land from forest to other land uses. However, there was severe illegal logging and moderate to severe fires. The COVID-19 pandemic also had a severe impact on the agriculture, environment and ecotourism sectors, with nature reserves completely closed. From the forest production perspective, the impact of COVID-19 on production, supply, demand and the price of timber was generally low due to the commercial nature of the forestry sector in South Africa; the largest economy in SADC being classified as an essential sector.

Rethinking ‘supply and demand’ of technical and vocational education and training: insights from a company survey in three manufacturing sectors in South Africa

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a company survey focused on the role of technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in industrial transformation and growth in three manufacturing sectors in South Africa. We find two main patterns from our data: Those companies that take training seriously do this in a comprehensive way and reflect on this training as a combination of formal, informal, and on-the-job training. Second, the industries in which the majority of companies report use of TVET qualifications for hiring and in-house training are those in which training is integral to industrial strategy pertaining to new technologies, work-organisation, and products rather than as an adjunct to these core industry imperatives. These patterns have implications for policy, which tends in South Africa, like many countries, to be strongly focused on formal TVET provision, with little consideration of the broader picture of training, and with little sectoral specificity and little integration into economic development strategies. This also has implications for research into TVET, which, especially in the African context, has tended to look at formal provision on its own rather than as one component of a broader set of vocational skills development interventions.

Unmasking governance failures: The impact of COVID-19 on small-scale fishing communities in South Africa

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the pre-existing vulnerability of the small-scale fisheries sector in South Africa and exposed the structural inequalities and ongoing injustices facing this sector. The failures within the fisheries governance and management system linked to the slow pace of implementing the Small-scale Fisheries Policy of 2012, have further exacerbated their vulnerability. This paper explores the immediate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the small-scale fisheries sector and exposes how governance failures within the fisheries sector have increased their vulnerability. Restrictions on fishing activities and mobility, closure of conservation areas, unfair fines and arrests, loss of markets and barriers to sale of fish products as well as lack of access to water, have had significant impacts on small-scale fishers and coastal communities. The lack of social protection and the limited emergency relief provided by government further exacerbated their precarious position. Despite their vulnerability, fishers have demonstrated a measure of resilience, supporting those in need with food, lobbying government to amend restrictions and recognise their rights, and challenging efforts to fast-track development and exclude their voices. The crisis has highlighted an urgent need for broad, national level transformation to deal with the poverty and injustices facing poor coastal communities, as well as fisheries-specific policy reform.

An Exploration of Comprehensive Student Support Systems in Technical Vocational Education and Training Colleges for Students with Disability

ABSTRACT There has been an increase in enrollments for students with disabilities in the post-school education sector in South Africa of late. This category of students encounters numerous challenges during their time of study at institutions of learning. It is imperative therefore for tertiary institutions to establish a learning environment that addresses challenges faced by students with disabilities. The public Technical, Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sector in South Africa offers student support services to the enrolled students including this cohort. The paper utilized the qualitative approach and the interpretivist paradigm to derive profound understanding of student support systems in TVET colleges for students with disability. This paper is a case study which focuses on student support systems for students with disabilities. The barriers to the effective utilization of student support services and strategies of mitigating challenges experienced by students with disabilities are explored in this paper. The case study involved student support staff (10) and students (36) from two public TVET colleges in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa on student support systems for students with disabilities. It emerged from the study that students with disability experience challenges that interfere with their academic journey and noted further that the existing student support systems in the TVET sector does not adequately address the varying needs of students with disability.

Assessing the prices and affordability of oncology medicines for three common cancers within the private sector of South Africa

BackgroundPrices of cancer medicines are a major contributor to the cost of treatment for cancer patients and the comparison of these cost needs to be assessed.ObjectivesTo assess the prices of cancer medicines for the three most common cancers ((breast, prostate and colorectal) in the private healthcare sector of South Africa.MethodsThe methodology was adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO)/ Health Action International (HAI) methodology for measuring medicine prices. The Single Exit Price (SEP) variations between product types of the same medicine between the highest- and lowest-priced product and between Originator Brand (OB) and its Lowest Priced Generic (LPG) of the same medicine brand was compared, as of March 2020. The affordability of those medicines for cancer usage based on treatment affordability in relation to the daily wage of the unskilled Lowest-Paid Government Worker (LPGW) was also determined. Also, a comparison of the proportion of the population below the poverty line (PL) before (Ipre) and after (Ipost) procurement of the cancer medicines was determined.ResultsSEP Price differences ranged from 25.46 to 97.33% between highest- and lowest-priced products and a price variation of 72.09% more for the OB than the LPG medicine, except for one LPG that was more expensive than the OB. Affordability calculations showed that All OB treatments for all three cancers (breast, prostate and colorectal), except for paclitaxel 300 mg (0.2 days wage) and Fluorouracil (Fluroblastin) 500 mg (0.3 days wage) costs respectively were more than 1 day’s wage, with patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer needing 32.5 days wages in order to afford a standard course of treatment for a month.ConclusionThere was a considerable variation in the price of different brands of cancer medicines available in the South African private sector.

Estimated herbicide use in the commercial forest sector in South Africa

ABSTRACT This paper examines herbicide use in South African commercial plantations in 2017/18 across three climate zones (cool temperate − CT, warm temperate − WT and subtropical − ST) for three genera (eucalypts, pines and acacias) grown for two end-products (sawn timber and pulpwood). Herbicide information was obtained from 46 timber plantations owned by six forestry companies, comprising 343 872 ha surveyed. The herbicide survey was divided into three climate zones due to increased vegetation growth (and hence more herbicide use) on more productive ST sites compared to moderately productive WT sites, with the lowest vegetation growth on CT sites (lower productivity). The survey was further divided into three distinct vegetation management phases associated with plantation forestry (pre-establishment, re-establishment and post-establishment) to compare herbicide use between genera grown on an annual basis. A total of 188 288 kg (or 0.55 kg ha−1) of herbicide active ingredient (a.i.) was applied in the area surveyed. Glyphosate-based products accounted for 97% of all the herbicides applied, and metazachlor and triclopyr butoxy ethyl ester accounted for 2%. Overall, herbicide use per hectare on an annual basis was highest in the ST zone, followed by the WT and CT zones. For both the CT and WT zones, the general trend was that the pre-establishment phase received noticeably more herbicides, followed by the re- and post-establishment phases (prerepost). This trend remained similar for the genera grown (prerepost), with hardwoods receiving more herbicides than softwoods. In contrast, there was little difference in herbicide use between the re- and pre-establishment phases for the ST zone, with the post-establishment phase being noticeably less. Besides providing benchmark data related to herbicide use in South African plantations, future research should investigate the potential for a reduction in herbicide use in those regions, vegetation management phases and management regimes where it is highest.

Caregiver Navigation Through Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs in South Africa

This research study aimed to explore the experiences of caregivers of children through the early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) process in the public health care sector in South Africa. A qualitative research design was employed. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 8 caregivers from 3 different levels of service delivery in the public health care sector who had children aged 5 months and 3 years. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis, which resulted in 6 interrelated themes. Most participants reported a positive experience in terms of service provision with professionals. Accessibility to services and long waiting periods, however, remain challenges within the EHDI process. Continuity of care and care coordination was found to need attention in South Africa, particularly for high-risk infants who require ongoing follow-up.

Challenges and Growth Trajectory of the Hospitality Industry in South Africa (1994-2020)

This article provides a reflection on the challenges and growth trajectory of the hospitality industry in South Africa during the period 1994 – 2020. The overview specifically focused on the challenges and growth in the hospitality sectors such as tourism, food and beverage and hotel industries. The review also captured general trends and perennial challenges that plagued the hospitality industry as a key sector in South Africa during the period under review. Analysis of documented evidence revealed that research studies published during the period under review on the performance of the hospitality industry in South Africa put considerable emphasis on skills and job satisfaction within the industry. Low wages, skilled personnel and working hours still pose a serious threat within the industry. Furthermore, governmental efforts which were essentially aimed at the fundamental transformation of the hospitality industry in South Africa appear to be yielding desired results.

Mainstreaming Black Women into Managerial Positions in the South African Corporate Sector in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)

The active participation of Black South African women in the corporate sector is essential for the achievement of equity and diversity. Since 1994 the sector has failed to promote black women into managerial positions despite the existence of the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 that requires the equitable representation of previously disadvantaged groups on all occupational levels. Conversely, the managerial positions in the South African corporate sector continue to be dominated by white males and little effort is being made to achieve equity. The paucity of black women persists in the corporate sector during a period in which South Africa, like many other countries, is preparing itself for the fourth industrial revolution, which has broad implications for the sector. Black women are under-represented in the emerging technological environment in South Africa, and this imbalance is further perpetuating the exclusion of black women from managerial positions. This paper argues that the emerging technological environment presents an opportunity for the corporate sector to reflect on the training needs of Black women and prioritise technology in its quest to achieve equity. An increase in the number of black women with technological skills would enhance their prospects of occupying meaningful managerial roles. The corporate sector in South Africa is expected to comply with progressive statutory interventions and policies to advance women in the emerging technological environment who have the right qualifications, experience, and competency to fill the managerial positions from which they were previously excluded. In this paper we examine and analyse the challenges which are hampering the progression of black women into managerial echelons in post-1994 democratic South Africa. In order to present an objective and balanced view, we also present the strides being taken by some corporates (very few of them) to address the problem of the obstacles to the advancement of Black South African women to managerial positions.

The spatial and social logic of the Minibus Taxi network: how access may support social inclusion in Cape Town, South Africa

ABSTRACT With the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations in 2015, aspirations towards creating more inclusive and sustainable cities became global standards of urban development. This presents an almighty challenge for policymakers and urban planners, particularly in the rapidly developing cities of the global South, which have historically been known to possess higher levels of segregation and inequality. This article focuses on an analysis of patterns of accessibility, created through different systems of transport, in relation to potential opportunities they may provide for interaction between different social and racial urban population groups, using Cape Town in South Africa, as the primary case study. It examines the relationship between specific social and spatial variables and the geographic positioning of stops and stations of the public Railway, MyCiti Bus Rapid Transit systems and the paratransit, privately-owned Minibus Taxi system. A relational approach was required in order to address both the physical and social aspects of this paper, thus drawing on the discursive and analytical techniques offered by space syntax. The Minibus Taxi system, born out of the informal sector in South Africa, has widely been stigmatised as “chaotic” and “haphazard”, however the empirical evidence shown by this analysis of accessibility, suggests that it possesses an inner spatial and social logic.