Sectors Of Activity Research Articles

An examination of Pacific nations’ legislatures’ interactions with Supreme Audit Institutions and the impact on audit quality

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report a study of public accountability within the political and economic structures that characterise Pacific nations. The authors examine audit quality with respect to Pacific Island nations’ governmental reporting to investigate ways to improve accountability in a region that is economically and environmentally challenged. Design/methodology/approach The authors examine whether audit quality in Pacific Island nations is associated with the practical arrangements of Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs), taking into account external factors. The “practical arrangements” include the independence of a SAI (regarding its staffing and funding) and also the requirement for it to report to the Executive. The financial setting in each jurisdiction has been seen to impact the quality of financial reporting and auditing. The authors examine mediating factors such as income, political stability and education that may also impact audit quality. This study uses publicly available databases as well as jurisdictional annual reports and the associated audit opinions and management letters (where available). Jurisdictional reports on public financial management were also analysed. Findings The authors find that public sector audit quality is low in many Pacific countries, concluding that public accountability is impaired. While the authors recommend changes to the practical arrangements that can improve audit quality, the mediating factors also impact audit quality. They argue that a renewed focus on financial capability could enhance public accountability in these nations, but there are limiting factors that are difficult to overcome. Practical implications There are problems in providing accountability for public sector activities in Pacific nations. The authors suggest that improvements to the appointment and funding of SAIs to enhance their independence will help to reduce these issues. Originality/value The authors present a framework for analysing SAIs’ practical arrangements and audit quality that includes variables that may mediate the effects of these practical arrangements. They apply the model to 20 Pacific jurisdictions, showing that the practical arrangements of a SAI directly impact audit quality. Nevertheless, there are instances where audit quality is poor despite good practical arrangements, implying that mediating factors also play a substantial role in determining audit quality of a SAI.

Unlocking New Product Performance Through Market Orientation and Firm Capabilities in Malaysian Manufacturing SMEs

In Malaysia, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are critical to the economic transformation as they form the key domestic source of growth and the bedrock of private sector activity. Moreover, SMEs are also important in stimulating innovation and stabilizing growth during the economic slowdown. Therefore, this paper investigates how the relationships between a firm’s market orientation and its new product performance are mediated by such capabilities (marketing and technological capabilities). Embedded in the firm's Resource-based View (RBV), a theoretical framework for new product performance was developed. The empirical results demonstrate that a firm’s market orientation positively impacts new product performance. Also confirms that marketing capabilities do have a direct impact on new product performance. Besides, marketing capabilities serve as an indirect-only mediator (full mediation) for the relationship between market orientation and new product performance. A clear message for managers and owners is that they should develop strong firm capabilities to achieve superior new product performance.

Addressing the COVID-induced healthcare backlog: How can we balance the interests of people and nature?

The COVID-19 pandemic created healthcare backlogs of routine primary and preventive care, elective procedures, dental care, and mental healthcare appointments across the world. So far, governments are responding by enacting pandemic recovery policies that expand their healthcare sector activity, without much, if any, consideration of its effects on the environmental crisis that is (among other things) worsening human health and health equity. This study argues that, as a matter of health and social justice, governments have an ethical responsibility to equitably reduce the backlog with minimal environmental damage. To do so, a first key action is to give priority to policy options that minimise negative human impacts on the environment. Yet these policies alone will not be sufficient to address the backlog, particularly in relation to elective procedures. The study therefore contends that a second key action for governments is to enact the policy options that are best able to equitably reduce the remainder of the backlog, while accelerating the transition to sustainable health care in ways that are best able to reduce the specific environmental costs of those policy options. It concludes by considering whether limits apply to governments' ethical responsibilities that ultimately mean accelerating the transition to sustainable health care is not required when addressing the backlog.

CSR as a framework for sustainability in SMEs: The relationship between company size, industrial sector, and triple bottom line activities

Theoretical backgroundCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a very topical issue for companies around the world. In the European context, CSR is especially significant due to legislative demands for its reporting. CSR can positively impact organisations in terms of competitiveness, employer branding, and financial performance. The theoretical background of this study is based on the CSR pillars, which are social, economic, and environmental CSR activities. PurposeThe research aimed to investigate the awareness of CSR among Czech companies and to report the frequency of CSR activities. The purpose of the investigation was to analyse the relationship between the characteristics of companies and the realisation of CSR activities. Research methodologyA quantitative study among 1703 Czech companies focused on their knowledge of CSR, its implementation in corporate strategy, and the realisation of individual CSR activities. Analysis of variance and logistic regression were used with predictors: company size, industry in which it operates, and differences in time between data collection rounds. Main resultsThe results showed the effect of company size and industry sector on both the knowledge of CSR issues and the number of activities realized in the individual CSR pillars. The results further describe in detail the relationship between company characteristics and specific CSR activities. Originality/valueCSR practices in Czech SMEs have not been adequately covered in existing studies. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the frequency of implementation of CSR activities among Czech companies. Research limitationsThe present study provides a large sample of companies selected proportionally to their representation in the Czech Republic, which resulted in an imbalance in the individual characteristics of the companies in the sample. The study is also limited by three main independent variables and cannot provide extensive insight into all influences. Practical implicationsThe results can be used by companies to benefit from comparing themselves with other market participants or with the average situation in the monitored markers. They are also useful for further comparison between countries and for analysing the development of CSR activities over time.© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of the College of Management, National Cheng Kung University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Conceptual Principles of Blue Growth in the Development of Natural Assets in Urban Parks of Ukraine

Introduction. For the coastal regions of Ukraine, the conceptual provisions and principles of the blue economy, which define the main approaches to the functioning of maritime industries in the context of sustainable development, have recently become particularly relevant. Harmonious development of coastal regions is impossible without considering the main components of nature management and their connection with the concept of blue growth. One of the important directions of natural use within the city, particularly on the seaside, is recreation in city parks and related activities of related sectors of the economy. Therefore, this study substantiates conceptual approaches and defines the role and place of city parks in the economy of nature use based on blue growth. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the conceptual provisions of the use of natural resources of city parks as natural assets in order to form effective strategies of sustainable development, in particular, on the principles of blue growth of city parks in accordance with their condition and the degree of influence on the development of urban space and society. Results. In the context of the study, the differences of such concepts as: “natural capital”, “natural resources”, “natural assets”, “ecosystem functions”, and “ecosystem services” are substantiated, which is revealed by taking into account the conceptual and systemic features according to the presence of the consumer and involvement in economic and social processes. Based on this, the essence of the natural resources of urban parks as assets was analysed and substantiated using the GE/McKinsey matrix. It was determined that different city parks are unequal in terms of availability of natural assets and their contribution to urban improvement and economic development. In the matrix analysis process, urban parks were typified according to the degree of involvement of their natural assets in economic and social processes, which allowed for the prediction of differences in risks that arise in the process of decision-making and organizational and economic measures regarding the functioning of parks. Conclusions. Thus, based on the improvement of conceptual provisions regarding the use of the natural assets of city parks, a conceptual basis for the study was developed in the context of sustainable development, and the peculiarities of the understanding of city parks as natural assets were determined. Based on the matrix analysis results, the types of city parks were determined according to the quality of their resources and their importance (role) to the city, and the risks that arise in their functioning were substantiated. It has been proven that tasks and priorities regarding the development of city parks should be based on natural, economic, and social factors, and that their functional dependence on the effectiveness of decision-making is substantiated.

Perencanaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Sistem Hybrid Pada Jaringan Kelistrikan Di Rumah Sakit Umum Yarsi Pontianak

Electrical energy is very important in everyday life to support the activities of various sectors. Fossil fuels as an energy source are a top priority, therefore renewable energy is an alternative to replace the limitations of fossil fuels which is the main priority in efforts to generate electrical energy in Indonesia. The high intensity of sunlight in Indonesia, especially in Pontianak City, is very suitable for building a Solar Power Plant (PLTS). The aim of this research is to find out how much potential PLTS has using applications PVsyst 7.3by utilizing the roof of the hospital building. This research uses three methods for economic analysis and analyzing the feasibility of PLTS. The method used isNet Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI), and Discounted Payback Period (DPP). The results of research carried out using Software PVsyst 7.3 It was found that the PLTS system was installed on the roof of YARSI Pontianak General Hospital with a slope angle of 4O namely 115 kWp with the type of solar panel used being the Jinko Solar Tiger Neo N-type 72HL4-BDV 580Wp 198 units, 3 inverters of the SUN2000-30/36/40KTL-M3 type with a capacity of 40 kW, and batteries with type Sunlight RES OPzS with a capacity of 3060 Ah. Based on the results of calculations that have been carried out, the initial investment required is IDR. 1,578,472,422. Analysis of the economic feasibility of PLTS using 3 methods has been carried out to obtain an NPV value of Rp. 797.610.941,86, PI value of 1.505, and DPP value of 14 years. The three methods used in this research show that PLTS is feasible.

Greenhouse gas emissions from livestock: sources, estimation, and mitigation.

The increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has resulted in climate change and global warming. Human activities in many sectors, including agriculture, contribute to approximately 9.2% of total GHG emissions from Annex I countries. An argument on issues of livestock being the highest contributor to GHG emissions has grown since FAO's 2006 report Livestock's Long Shadow. The issue has continued growing, conflicting the importance of the industry in terms of food security and livelihoods, thus, monitoring GHG emission from this sector is vital. The most commonly used methods for calculating GHG emissions from the livestock sector are life cycle assessment (LCA) and the GHG inventory. Although the LCA presents information on the impacts of the livestock industry on the environment, the GHG inventory is the main tool used internationally for GHG reporting. This review comprehensively discusses the source of GHG emissions from the livestock industry and its estimation methodology, as well as the current strategies for mitigating these emissions.

Effect of financial contagion between real and financial sectors on asset bubbles: A two‐layer network game approach

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanism of asset bubble formation is important for maintaining financial stability and healthy functioning of the economic system. With gradual emphasis on the complex characteristics of financial markets, a new perspective for analyzing the emergence of asset bubbles is emerging: how to integrate the real economy with financial markets composed of heterogeneous individuals. In this study, we propose a two‐layer network game to investigate the impact of financial contagion between the real and financial sectors on asset bubbles. Among their interactions, shadow banking activities in both sectors increase the contagion risk across financial markets and construct a broader financial system. Both credit interactions and peer learning effects are captured in the network framework. Simulating relevant regulation policies, our experiments indicate that regulators should closely monitor returns on assets by setting an upper threshold. Financialization in the real sector significantly exacerbates the formation of asset bubbles, with medium‐level borrowing constraints minimizing bubble dynamics most effectively. The financialization practices of mature industries should be strictly regulated, while innovative industries should be allowed moderately flexible financing practices. The degree of friction within the financial market should be flexibly calibrated for financial institutions and genuine enterprises, aiming to mitigate systemic risks in the financial market while fostering robust growth in the real economy.

Scenario analysis of livestock-related PM2.5 pollution based on a new heteroskedastic spatiotemporal model

The air in the Lombardy Plain, Italy, is one of the most polluted in Europe due to limited atmosphere circulation and high emission levels. There is broad scientific consensus that ammonia (NH3) emissions have a primary impact on air quality, and in Lombardy, the agricultural sector and livestock activities are widely recognised as being responsible for approximately 97% of regional ammonia emissions due to the high density of livestock.In this paper, we quantify the relationship between ammonia emissions and PM2.5 concentrations in the Lombardy Plain and evaluate PM2.5 changes due to the reduction of ammonia emissions through a ‘what-if’ scenario analysis. The information in the data is exploited using a spatiotemporal statistical model capable of handling spatial and temporal correlation as well as missing data. To do this, we propose a new heteroskedastic extension of the well-established Hidden Dynamic Geostatistical Model. Maximum likelihood parameter estimates are obtained by the expectation–maximisation algorithm and implemented in a new version of the D-STEM software.Considering the years between 2016 and 2020, the scenario analysis is carried out on high-resolution PM2.5 maps of the Lombardy Plain. As a result, it is shown that a 26% reduction in NH3 emissions in the wintertime could reduce the PM2.5 average by 1.44 μg/m3 while a 50% reduction could reduce the PM2.5 average by 2.76 μg/m3 which corresponds to a reduction close to 3.6% and 7% respectively. Finally, results are detailed by province and land type.

How Moscow did not become a world center of marxist anthropology: historian L.V. Danilova, theoretical discussions of the 1960s, and international contacts of soviet scholars

The article analyzes theoretical and methodological discussions in Russian ethnography and historiography of the 1960s. The focus is on the fate of the historian L.V. Danilova and the collection, edited by her, “Problems of the History of Pre-Capitalist Societies” (1968), one of the brightest achievements of the non-dogmatic Marxism of the thaw era. On the basis of new archival materials, it reconstructs the project of the multi-volume publication “Laws of History and Specific Forms of the World Historical Process”, traces the roots of the “new direction” in ethnography, and offers a new reading of the activity of the history methodology sector of the Institute of History. International team of the would-be authors of this project could have made it a notable phenomenon in world Marxist thought. The author concludes that this did not happen because of the opposition of the conservative academic establishment.

Criteria for selecting third-party logistics service providers: Systematic Literature Review

Third-party logistics (3PL) is a strategic business partner for companies in carrying out company business activities that are outsourced or cannot be handled themselves. Mistakes in choosing a 3PL can have negative impacts on the company such as financial losses, reducing service quality, reducing customer trust, reducing the company's image, and so on. This article aims to classify third-party logistics based on current issue trends, the methods used in selecting criteria, and what criteria they produce. Using Systematic Literature Review, researchers reviewed, classified, and analyzed 56 relevant articles published in the 2020-2023 period from the Scopus database. The results of this review reveal that 3PL providers can be classified based on issue trends and company goals in selecting them, namely Traditional 3PL, Sustainable 3PL, Sustainable-resilient 3PL, Green 3PL, Gresilient 3PL, Traditional Third-Party Reverse Logistics, and Sustainable Third-Party Reverse Logistics. The priority criteria in selecting a 3PL provider are closely related to the 3PL classification, the industrial sector and business activity being outsourced, the country where the company operates, and the dimensions or attributes used in developing the criteria.

The Impact of Village Head Leadership and Village Fund Allocation on the Environmental Quality of Village Settlements

This study aims to analyze the impact of village head leadership and the allocation of village funds on the quality of the village settlement environment. Ecological standards are needed by living creatures for the sustainability of their lives. This can be a good ecosystem and requires an ecological label to balance economic interests and ecological preservation. With regional autonomy, it is hoped that it can improve the economy through development activities in various sectors, several environmental problems emerged during the regional autonomy era, including: a) air pollution caused by energy consumption; b) increasing amount of waste due to increasing population; and c) exploitation of natural resources such as logging and burning of forests, fishing with explosives, and uncontrolled exploitation of natural mineral resources. This study was conducted in Padang Pariaman Regency, which is in West Sumatra Province, involving 103 villages in Padang Pariaman Regency. The Smart PLS application is used to process and analyze data. The results of the study show that village head leadership has a significant influence on the quality of the village settlement environment and the allocation of village funds has a significant impact on the quality of the village settlement environment.

Source attribution of carbon monoxide over Northern India during crop residue burning period over Punjab

National Capital Territory of Delhi and its satellite cities suffer from poor air quality during the post-monsoon months of October–November. In this study, a novel attempt is made to estimate the contribution of different emission sources (industrial, residential, power generation, transportation, biomass burning, photochemical production, lateral transport, etc.) towards the criteria air pollutant carbon monoxide (CO) concentration over North India. Multiple simulations of the WRF-Chem model with a tagged tracer approach with different inputs (6 anthropogenic emission inventories and 3 biomass burning emission inventories) were used. The model performance was evaluated against the MOPITT retrieved CO surface concentration. Analysis of model simulated CO over North India suggests that anthropogenic emissions contribute around 32–49% to surface CO concentration while crop residue burning contributes 27–44% of which 80% originates from Punjab. For Delhi, the contribution from anthropogenic sources is dominant (53–77%) of which 10–28% is from the domestic sector and 14–55% is from the transport sector. Agricultural waste burning contributes about 15–30% to Delhi's surface CO concentration (of which 75% originates from Punjab). Crop residue burning emission is a chief source of CO over Punjab with a contribution of about 56–76%. The results suggest that industrial, transport, and domestic sector activities are more responsible for increased CO levels over New Delhi and surrounding regions than crop residue burning over Punjab. Furthermore, critical meteorological parameters like 10 m wind speed, boundary layer height, 2 m temperature, total precipitation, and relative humidity were evaluated against CO concentration to understand their impact on CO distribution. Results conclude that deteriorating air quality over the North Indian region is caused by a combination of prevailing meteorological factors (such as slow winds, shallow mixing layer, and cold temperatures) and man-made emissions.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Needs in Health Care Sectors-A Critical Analysis of Social Innovation in the Health Sector in Taiwan.

Social innovation is often used as a mechanism to jump-start public-private partnerships to leverage resources to achieve social impact; the analysis of sustainability and the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) cannot be emphasized enough. Due to advances in the information and communication technology industry in Taiwan, this paper aims to explore whether these advancements drive CSR as a form of social innovation to meet health needs in Taiwan. This paper uses a case study to look at CSR programs in the health sector in Taiwan. Corporations with diverse missions and different CSR approaches that are available on the internet are selected. The analysis of the case study takes a qualitative, exploratory approach to shed light on current initiatives. The majority of CSR programs in Taiwan are private sector activities that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic; current CSR activities in Taiwan are driven by awards, public relations, and external interests. Corporations in Taiwan have the potential to address the health care gaps of urban-rural health utilization among Taiwanese indigenous communities. It is recommended for corporations to (1) develop partnerships with public health experts or to (2) employ CSR personnel with health care backgrounds who can navigate the intersection between health, business, and policies to develop CSR strategies. Further evaluation of the projects mentioned in this paper to assess the direct and indirect impact on health outcomes could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the field of CSR in the health sector in Taiwan.

Corporate foreign bond issuance and interfirm loans in China

We use firm-level data to analyze international bond issuance by Chinese non-financial corporations, distinguishing those by sectors classed as ‘risky’. Dollar issuance is positively correlated with the differential between domestic and foreign interest rates, and this effect is particularly strong for firms in risky sectors. Strikingly, firms in risky sectors use the proceeds to do more interfirm lending than firms in non-risky sectors. Moreover, this lending rose significantly after the authorities sought to restrict the financial activities of risky sectors in 2008–09. Firms in risky sectors compound risk by engaging in speculative activities that mimic the behavior of financial institutions while escaping prudential regulation.

Impact of COVID-19 preventive measures on electricity demand: Evidence from Colombia

Lockdowns were one of the main preventive measures adopted by governments against the COVID-19 spread. Lockdowns changed people's routines and affected the activities of economic sectors in every country. Electric power sectors were also affected. The aim of this research is to determine the impact of preventive measures adopted by the Colombian government on the electric power demand of the main economic activities, using the difference-in-differences method and two-stage least squares estimation. In addition, a comparative analysis of the behaviour of the National Interconnected System total demand and disaggregated demand by markets in 2020, compared to previous years, was carried out. We evidence the recomposition of electricity consumption related to mandatory preventive isolation during the pandemic. The day with a more significant percentage difference compared with 2019 was April 10th, showing a decrease of 21.28 %. Therefore, this study contributes to improving the predictive models of the country's demand, optimizing the needs of future generations. Likewise, this study provides resources to optimize supplier portfolios and energy contracts for high-demand consumers.

FURTHER DISCUSSION ON INVESTMENT LAW, CYBERSECURITY LAW AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENT (FDI)

The purpose of this article is to present Further Discussion on Investment Law, Cybersecurity Law and Recommendations for Attracting Foreign Investment (FDI). Based on collects statisti-cal data from the statistical yearbooks of the provinces/cities from 2010 to 2021. We found FDI inflows have a positive impact on labor productivity in Vietnamese localities. Specifically, locali-ties have (i) the larger the proportion of FDI in progress in the total investment capital of the economy, (ii) the larger the number of projects, the more accumulated FDI in operation, (iii) FDI sector activity and (iv) the larger the share of net revenue of the FDI sector, the higher the labor productivity. Moreover, investors need to pay attention to cybersecurity law: Acts of distorting history, denying revolutionary achievements, and sabotaging the great unity bloc whole nation, offending religion, discriminating on gender, racial discrimination; Acts of spreading information harmful to organizations and individuals, including: false information causing confusion among the people, causing damage to socio-economic activities, causing difficulties for activities. actions of state agencies or official duty performers, infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of other agencies, organizations and individuals

Accountability, Probity, Transparency and Good Leadership in Public Sector Promote Societal Development

Projecting accountability, probity and good leadership in the management of public sector activities are part of every public official’s duty to adopt processes, practices and behavior that enhance and promote public sector values and interests that will enhance societal development. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine accountability and probity: necessity for good leadership and societal development. In order to achieve this objective, primary data were gathered through field trips from the use of well-structured questionnaires. The study employed a descriptive survey method as the research design. Data were presented in a simple descriptive format using frequency tables and were analyzed using mean and Pearson Chi-square contingency test with statistical tool (SPSS version 22). The findings revealed that the weakness in law enforcement and punitive measures in curbing corruption and reducing the incidence of mishandling of public resources are a common occurrence noticed in Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDA). It also recognized that despite good management of probity, mistakes, delays and disputes can arise and affect fund and resource management in public organizations. However, the study recommends that the government should be more active in imposing greater accountability and probity in the management of public funds. There is need for more proactive measures not only to sustain it but to re-invigorate it to ensure that things are properly done and public funds and resources are not just being embezzled in a rather reckless manner.

Factors of Dynamics of ICT Services Exports: The Case of Kazakhstan

The paper examines the trends in Kazakhstan’s export of information and communication technology services, which is currently one of the priorities of the country’s economic development.Aim and Tasks. Determining the impact of government spending, foreign investment and other significant factors on exports of ICT services; assessing the extent of this impact.Methods. Evaluation of the impact on the dynamics of ICT services export on the basis of comparative and correlation analysis, comprehensive analysis of the industry development indicators in the context of its export orientation, assessment of the impact on ICT services export of the factor of migration of companies and specialists from Russia in 2022–2023 and the resulting growth in the number of ICT sector enterprises with foreign capital.Results. It has been revealed that the influence of traditional factors on the export of ICT services by Kazakhstan, including state budget expenditures, gross inflow of foreign investments, and FDI stock in industries producing these services, has been insignificant or absent over the past decade. The maximum impact on the export of ICT services was caused by an increase in the presence of companies in the industry with the participation of foreign, primarily Russian capital, which occurred in 2022–23.Conclusions. The development of foreign trade activities in sectors of the economy with low initial indicators of export orientation may be more strongly influenced by non-traditional sporadic factors, such as migration of businesses and specialists in the case of the ICT sector in Kazakhstan, whereas traditional factors of their development, including government fostering and foreign investment may not be effective enough.

Survival Analysis of Small Business during COVID-19 Pandemic, a Brazilian Case Study

The impact of COVID-19 on the economy was devastating. Small businesses typically have few resources to fight against such adversity. Many businesses remained closed for some time during the pandemic period, resulting in significant consequences for people in terms of jobs, income and life. The objective of this research is to identify the factors that contributed to increasing company failures during the pandemic. Furthermore, this study aims to verify whether the size of the companies, the sectors of economic activity in which they operate and their geographic location influence enterprise failure. This article analyzes the survival of 8931 small businesses from 2017 to 2023, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study applied a survival analysis using the Kaplan–Meier procedure, complemented with the Cox procedure, to determine the effects of the size of companies, sector activity and location on the survival time. The results indicate that survival is much higher in small companies with large revenues that are located in the Campaign and West Frontier regions, as well as in the Northeast, North, Production, South, Taquari, and Rio Pardo Valleys regions, whereas the survival rates were extremely lower in the commercial sector and in financial intermediation activities. In the second analysis restricted to the commerce sector, the data highlighted the retail activities, accommodation and food activities sectors as the most affected in terms of overall survival. The results indicated that the survival of small business remained relatively strong during the COVID-19 pandemic, signaling the pertinent support from the government. The smallest business with revenues under USD 15,576 (BRL 81,000) per year were the most affected, with only 39% survival after 7 years. Some activities and some regions suffered more than others, emphasizing the need for special attention from authorities in future catastrophes.