Sections Of Intestine Research Articles

The influence of dietary supplementation with fermented agro-industrial residue of faba bean on Japanese quail performance, immunity, gut microbiota, blood chemistry, and antioxidant status

Antibiotic overuse in poultry feeds has disastrous implications; consequently, long-term alternatives must be developed. As a result, the current study aims to assess the impact of Aspergillus niger filtrate (ANF) high in organic acids grown on agro-industrial residue of faba bean (AIRFB) on quail diet, as well as their influence on bird productivity, digestion, carcass yield, blood chemistry, and intestinal microbiota. A total of 240 Japanese quails (aged 7 d) were used in this study, divided equally among 5 experimental groups with 48 quails each. Group 1 (G1) received a basal diet without any ANF, group 2 (G2) received a basal diet supplemented with 0.5 mL ANF/kg diet, group 3 (G3) received a basal diet supplemented with 1.0 mL ANF/kg diet, group 4 (G4) received a basal diet supplemented with 1.5 mL ANF/kg diet, and group 5 (G5) received a basal diet supplemented with 2 mL ANF/kg diet. The performance parameters were monitored at 1 to 3, 3 to 5, and 1 to 5 wk. Adding ANF increased body weight at 3 and 5 wk, as well as body weight gain at 1 to 3, 3 to 5, and 1 to 5 wk, compared to the control diet. The ANF fed quails had the highest feed conversion ratio compared to the control group. The addition of ANF to the quail diet had no effect on the weight of the carcass, gizzard, heart, liver, giblets, or dressing; however, it did lower triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and very low-density lipoprotein while increasing high-density lipoprotein levels. The quail groups that received ANF had enhanced immunological indices such as IgG, IgM, IgA, and lysozymes. It also increased the levels of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant contents, as well as catalase, and digestive enzymes such as protease, amylase, and lipase. However, it lowered the blood MDA levels compared to control. It has been demonstrated that the total gut microbiota, Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and the population of Salmonella are all reduced in ANF-fed quails. Histological examination of ANF quails' liver and intestinal sections revealed normal hepatic parenchyma, typical leaf-like intestinal villi, and comparatively short and frequently free lumina. In conclusion, Japanese quail showed improvements in performance, digestive enzymes, antioxidant indices, immunity, and capacity to reduce intestinal pathogenic bacteria after consuming diet supplemented with ANF.

Towards Preventing Anastomotic Leakage through the “No-perforation Virtual Staples”

Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a severe postoperative complication after gastrointestinal surgery, potentially leading to morbidity and mortality. The factors contributing to AL include poor blood flow to the suture line, tension, infection, underlying conditions, and surgeon-related factors. However, the stress concentration, which is a localized increase in stress due to discontinuities caused by sutures or staples, has often been overlooked. The working hypothesis is that by removing problematic stresses and simulating mechanical loadings on the anastomosis, improved recommendations for stapler design, surgical technique, and anastomotic construction can be derived to reduce the occurrence of leaks. The objective of this study is to develop and optimize "no-perforation" magnetic staples that can effectively minimize stress and prevent AL. In this study, magnet-metal bar couples coated with a biocompatible adhesive hydrogel were utilized to replace existing surgical staples. By employing magnetic forces, the tissue was deformed into a curved shape, which provided additional security for the new "magnetic staples". This technique aimed to eliminate complications such as high tension and poor blood flow often associated with traditional staples. To ensure safety, a double protection system consisting of the pectin adhesive (previously patented at BWH) and the "lock-in forces" of the magnetic staples was implemented. It was believed that relying solely on adhesion would not effectively prevent leaks. Preliminary data indicated that applying virtual staples for anastomoses was feasible. The primary innovation of this approach is the substantial reduction in stress concentration when the anastomosis is under tension. The conventional surgical teaching concerning bowel anastomoses has centered on the dangers posed by excessive tension and compromised blood supply. In contrast, virtual staples offer the advantage of adjustable shape and force, allowing for optimization of tension and blood supply. The study successfully identified the biomechanical forces and stress concentrations that contribute to anastomotic leaks and developed new "virtual staples" to address this issue. The new "virtual staples" are made of two magnetic compression rings crafted from medical-grade silicone and feature 8 strategically embedded magnets. These rings are engineered with a specific surface curvature to ensure optimal axial alignment and elimination of stress concentrations. Cases for delivery have also been designed and fabricated, which are compatible with standard commercial delivery devices used in surgical settings. This ensures a seamless integration into existing medical procedures and surgical workflows. Initial in-vitro experiments were conducted on sections of the porcine intestine to test the effectiveness of the Virtual Staples. These preliminary tests have shown promising results, including an absence of leakage at the joined or sealed tissue sites. Our research aims to predict the stress concentration sites in tissues and evaluate the effects of applying adhesive virtual staples under new conditions. Through a combination of experiments and simulations, we designed non-perforation staples and optimized the design by considering various factors such as staple size, shape, magnet strength, and stress distribution. Initial in-vitro experiments indicated the effectiveness of the design. With further optimization of the design, along with animal testing and clinical trials, this new technique has the potential to revolutionize surgical procedures. The MA Acorn Innovation Grant 2023. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Interactions between intestinal microbiota and metabolites in zebrafish larvae exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics: Implications for intestinal health and glycolipid metabolism

Previous studies have shown the harmful effects of nanoscale particles on the intestinal tracts of organisms. However, the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Our present study focused on examining the uptake and distribution of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in zebrafish larvae, as well as its toxic effects on the intestine. It was found that PS-NPs, marked with red fluorescence, primarily accumulated in the intestine section. Subsequently, zebrafish larvae were exposed to normal PS-NPs (0.2–25 mg/L) over a critical 10-day period for intestinal development. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that PS-NPs caused structural changes in the intestine, resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress. Additionally, PS-NPs disrupted the composition of the intestinal microbiota, leading to alterations in the abundance of bacterial genera such as Pseudomonas and Aeromonas, which are associated with intestinal inflammation. Metabolomics analysis showed alterations in metabolites that are primarily involved in glycolipid metabolism. Furthermore, MetOrigin analysis showed a significant correlation between bacterial flora (Pedobacter and Bacillus) and metabolites (D-Glycerate 2-phosphate and D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate), which are related to the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways. These findings were further validated through alterations in multiple biomarkers at various levels. Collectively, our data suggest that PS-NPs may impair the intestinal health, disrupt the intestinal microbiota, and subsequently cause metabolic disorders.

A non-invasive tool to collect small intestine content in post weaning pigs: validation study.

The Capsule for Sampling (CapSa) is an ingestible capsule that collects small intestine content while transiting through the natural digestive pathway. In this study, 14 Swiss Large White pigs weighing less than 12kg (Category < 12kg) and 12 weighing between 12 and 20kg (Category [12-20kg]) were given two CapSas and monitored for three days. The animals were euthanized for post-mortem sampling, allowing us to directly obtain gut microbiota samples from the gastrointestinal tract. This post-mortem approach enabled a direct comparison between the microbial content from the gut and the samples collected via the CapSas, and it also facilitated precise identification of the CapSas' sampling sites within the gastrointestinal tract. For the category under 12kg, only 2.3% of the administered CapSas were recovered from the feces. In contrast, in the 12-20kg category, 62.5% of the CapSas were successfully retrieved from the feces within 48h. Of these recovered CapSas, 73.3%-equating to 11 capsules from eight pigs-had a pH > 5.5 and were therefore selected for microbiome analysis. Bacterial composition of the CapSas was compared with that of the three segments of the small intestine, the large intestine and feces of the corresponding pig. The results were tested using a PERMANOVA model (Adonis) including sample type as a factor, and then pairwise comparisons were made. The bacterial composition found in the CapSas differed from that of the large intestine and feces (P < 0.01), while it did not differ from the first segment of the small intestine (P > 0.10). This study provides evidence that the CapSa effectively samples the intestinal microbiota from the upper section of the small intestine in post-weaning pigs. Furthermore, it was found that the collection of CapSas could only be successfully achieved in pigs classified within the heavier weight category.

Results of patient survival after surgical interventions for complicated forms of colon cancer performed in general surgical hospitals

The aim of the study: to evaluate the 1- and 3-year survival of patients operated for complicated forms of colon cancer (СC) in general surgical hospital. Materials and methods. The study group included 71 (100 %) patients with complicated forms of СС. Acute intestinal obstruction was detected in 49 (69.1 %) patients, tumor perforation – in 13 (18.3 %), acute colonic bleeding – in 3 (4.2 %) patients, a combination of acute intestinal obstruction with tumor perforation – in 4 (5.6 %) and intestinal obstruction with bleeding – in 2 (2.8 %) operated patients. Radical operations were performed in 48 (67.6 %) patients, palliative operations – in 18 (25.4 %), symptomatic operations – in 5 (7.0 %) patients. II stage of the disease was diagnosed in 15 (21.1 %), III stage – in 32 (45.1 %), IV stage – in 24 (33.8 %) operated patients. 19 (30.2 %) patients underwent specific chemotherapy after surgery. Results. Among patients with the II stage of the oncological process 1-year survival was 76.9 ± 11.7 %, 3-year – 53.8 ± 13.8 %; with stage III, 1-year survival was 65.6 ± 8.4 %, 3-year – 50.0 ± 8.8 %; in persons with IV stage of СC – 29.2 ± 9.3 % and 8.3 ± 2.6 % respectively (χ2 = 21.8, p = 0.0001). Among male patients, 1-year survival was 51.4 ± 8.5 %, 3-year – 31.4 ± 7.9 %; women – 61.1 ± 8.1 % and 44.4 ± 8.3 %, respectively (χ2 = 2.3, p = 0.1302). Better indicators were found in the case of cancer of the left sections of the large intestine than the right sections – the 1-year survival rate was 60.4 ± 7.1 % and 43.5 ± 10.3 % respectively; 3-year – 39.6 ± 7.1 % and 30.4 ± 9.6 % (χ2 = 0.74, p = 0.3906). Conclusions. The conducted analysis indicates a clear dependence of the survival results on the stage of the disease, gender and localization of the tumor process.

Evidence of Nesfatin-1 in Mouse Intestinal Enteroendocrine Cells

Objectives: Post-prandial insulin secretion is predominantly regulated by four intestinal hormones: glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), Cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY). Nesfatin-1, an insulinotropic and anorexigenic secreted peptide was reported in mouse hypothalamus. Data supporting nesfatin-1 expression in intestine is minimal. Is nesfatin-1 expressed in mouse intestinal cells? Does it affect intestinal hormones known to stimulate or inhibit insulin secretion? We present STC-1 cells as viable in vitro models to study nesfatin-1’s biological action in intestine. Methods: Immunofluorescence histochemistry (IHC) of intestinal sections from male C57BL/6 mice were carried out. STC-1 cells (n=8 wells/treatment) were dose-dependently treated with nesfatin-1, followed by RT-qPCR and immunoassay (ELISA) respectively. One-Way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test using GraphPad Prism software was used for data analysis. p&lt;0.01 was considered statistically significant. Results: IHC showed NUCB2/nesfatin-1 co-localizing CCK, PYY and GLP-1 in the intestinal mucosa of mice. Static incubation of STC-1 cells with nesfatin-1 upregulated both CCK, PYY and GLP-1 mRNA expression (1 and 10nM) and secretion at 1 hr post-incubation (0.1, 1 and 10nM). Conversely, nesfatin-1 downregulated PYY mRNA expression and secretion in STC-1 cells (all doses tested). Conclusion: The current data shows cell-specific localization of nesfatin-1 in the intestinal mucosa and establishes STC-1 cells as in vitro models to study nesfatin-1. This study adds a novel function for intestinal nesfatin-1 in stimulating insulinotropic intestinal hormones (GLP-1, GIP, CCK) and inhibit PYY which is insulinostatic.

Pectin-based emulsion gels prepared by acidic and ionotropic methods for intestinal targeted delivery in vitro

Considering the different potential roles of the small intestine and colon in the functions of bioactive components, this study was performed to design a pectin-based controlled delivery system targeting different intestinal sections according to emulsification gelation methods (i.e., pectin gelated with acidified ethanol, iron, and calcium: PE-H, PE-Fe, and PE-Ca, respectively). The properties and targeted delivery of pectin-based emulsion gels were compared. All emulsion gels exhibited similar diameter and acceptable roundness with naringin encapsulation efficiency of approximately 90%. Cross-sections of PE-H, PE-Fe, and PE-Ca exhibited loose networks, large voids, and dense structures, resulting in diverse time dependence during digestion. Furthermore, PE-Ca showed the fastest completion of gelation and exhibited excellent hardness properties, suggesting that it would have the strongest anti-digestive effect. PE-Fe showed time- and pH-dependent swelling behavior in simulated intestinal fluid. Simulated digestion experiments indicated burst release and slow release of naringin from PE-H and PE-Fe, respectively, due to their differences in pH responsiveness and time dependence; a similar amount of naringin was released from PE-Ca after enzyme-triggered digestion in simulated colon fluid. Overall, distinct emulsion gels achieved targeted disintegration in intestinal sites. PE-H and PE-Fe would contribute to the rapid and sustained release of naringin in the small intestine, respectively, whereas PE-Ca would contribute to naringin release in the colon. These findings provide new insights for the future design of specific delivery systems that can be used in the functional food industry; they indicate the robust potential for including pectin in emulsion-based foods with targeted functions.

Application of improved "Swiss roll" method in mouse intestinal tissue section

Application of improved "Swiss roll" method in mouse intestinal tissue section

Mitotic spindle positioning protein (MISP) preferentially binds to aged F-actin

Actin bundling proteins crosslink filaments into polarized structures that shape and support membrane protrusions including filopodia, microvilli, and stereocilia. In the case of epithelial microvilli, mitotic spindle positioning protein (MISP) is an actin bundler that localizes specifically to the basal rootlets, where the pointed ends of core bundle filaments converge. Previous studies established that MISP is prevented from binding more distal segments of the core bundle by competition with other actin-binding proteins. Yet whether MISP holds a preference for binding directly to rootlet actin remains an open question. By immunostaining native intestinal tissue sections, we found that microvillar rootlets are decorated with the severing protein, cofilin, suggesting high levels of ADP-actin in these structures. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy assays, we also found that purified MISP exhibits a binding preference for ADP- versus ADP-Pi-actin-containing filaments. Consistent with this, assays with actively growing actin filaments revealed that MISP binds at or near their pointed ends. Moreover, although substrate attached MISP assembles filament bundles in parallel and antiparallel configurations, in solution MISP assembles parallel bundles consisting of multiple filaments exhibiting uniform polarity. These discoveries highlight nucleotide state sensing as a mechanism for sorting actin bundlers along filaments and driving their accumulation near filament ends. Such localized binding might drive parallel bundle formation and/or locally modulate bundle mechanical properties in microvilli and related protrusions.

Probiotic capacity of commensal lactic acid bacteria from the intestine of Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)

The intricate balance of intestinal microbiota is significantly influenced by the pivotal role of indigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB). These LAB not only contribute to antimicrobial activity and enhance animal health and productivity but also serve as defense against intestinal infections. In the present study, the probiotic potential of LAB strains isolated from various intestinal sections of adult and young guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) was comprehensively assessed. Strains belonging to the genera Ligilactobacillus, Weissella, Enterococcus, and Limosilactobacillus were also identified. The antibacterial activities of the LAB strains against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus were quantified. Exopolysaccharide production, adherence capacity, antibiotic resistance, and bile salt tolerance (0.15 %, 0.30 %, and 0.45 %) of LAB were quantified. Further analyses focused on the effects of pH (2.9, 5.0, 6.4, and 7.4), temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C) and NaCl concentrations (3.5 % and 6.5 % w/v) on LAB growth. Strains GCI9 and GDE10 (Ligilactobacillus salivarius), isolated from the cecum and intestine of guinea pigs, exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium, E. coli and S. aureus. Remarkable adherence capacity to porcine gastric mucin was demonstrated by L. salivarius strains, specifically ACI1, GCI9, and GDE10, with the highest exopolysaccharide levels produced by ACI1 and GCI9 (1.71 and 1.76 mg/mL, respectively). The probiotic potential was further underscored by remarkable bile salt tolerance, especially in strain GDE10, and substantial exopolysaccharide production. These strains displayed notable adaptability to varying environmental conditions, including NaCl concentrations at 3.5 % and 6.5 %, temperatures ranging from 40 to 60 °C, and pH levels of 2.9, 5.0, 6.4, and 7.4. This comprehensive assessment of the probiotic properties of L. salivarius strains, particularly ACI1, GCI9, and GDE10, shows promise for the development of probiotic formulations aimed at enhancing the intestinal health of guinea pigs.

Characterizing interregional differences in the rheological properties and composition of rat small intestinal mucus.

The mucus layer in the small intestine is generally regarded as a barrier to drug absorption. However, the mucus layer is a complex system, and presently, only a few studies have been conducted to elucidate its physicochemical properties. The current study hypothesizes that the mucus layer contains solubility-enhancing surfactants and thus might aid the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs.Mucus was sampled from sections of the small intestine of fasted rats to analyze the rheological properties and determine the mucus pH and concentrations of proteins and endogenous surfactants, i.e., bile salts, polar lipids, and neutral lipids.The mucus layer in the two proximal sections of the small intestine exhibited different rheological properties such as higher zero-shear viscosity and lower loss tangent and higher protein concentrations compared to all subsequent sections of the small intestine. The pH of the mucus layer was stable at ~ 6.5 throughout most of the small intestine, but increased to 7.5 in the ileum.The bile salt concentrations increased from the duodenum (16.0 ± 2.2mM) until the mid jejunum (55.1 ± 9.5mM), whereas the concentrations of polar lipids and neutral lipids decreased from the duodenum (17.4 ± 2.2mM and 37.8 ± 1.6mM, respectively) until the ileum (4.8 ± 0.4mM and 10.7 ± 1.1mM, respectively).In conclusion, the mucus layer of the rat small intestine contains endogenous surfactants at levels that might benefit solubilization and absorption of orally administered poorly water-soluble drugs.

A rare case of bleeding in diverticular disease of the small intestine

The article describes a clinical case of bleeding from diverticula of the small intestine in patient E. 1957, who entered the State Budgetary Institution RO OKB on 10/03/2023. with clinical picture gastrointestinal bleeding of unspecified etiology. In the result of a diagnostic study, collection of anamnestic data and clinical picture, a diagnosis was made: gastrointestinal intestinal bleeding of unspecified origin. After FGDS and no visible sources of gastric bleeding, and lack of positive effect from conservative therapy, increasing hypotension, deterioration of general condition with hemoglobin 82 g/l. a decision was made to perform a blood transfusion and combined hemostatic therapy. Conservative treatment turned out to be ineffective, and therefore it was accepted decision on emergency surgical treatment. Urgent patient a diagnostic laparotomy was performed. During revision of the abdominal organs cavity, the source of bleeding was identified. A section of the small intestine was resected at a distance of 15 cm from the ligament of Treitz over a distance of 70 cm with multiple diverticula. An interintestinal side to side anastomosis. In the postoperative period, data for relapse. There is no gastrointestinal bleeding. On day 9 the patient was discharged under the supervision of a surgeon at the place of residence in satisfactory condition.

Quantitative Investigation of Intestinal Drug Absorption Enhancement by Drug-Rich Nanodroplets Generated via Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation.

Drug-rich droplets formed through liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) have the potential to enhance the oral absorption of drugs. This can be attributed to the diffusion of these droplets into the unstirred water layer (UWL) of the gastrointestinal tract and their reservoir effects on maintaining drug supersaturation. However, a quantitative understanding of the effect of drug-rich droplets on intestinal drug absorption is still lacking. In this study, the enhancement of intestinal drug absorption through the formation of drug-rich droplets was quantitatively evaluated on a mechanistic basis. To obtain fenofibrate (FFB)-rich droplets, an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of FFB/hypromellose (HPMC) was dispersed in an aqueous medium. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the presence of nanosized FFB-rich droplets in the supercooled liquid state within the FFB/HPMC ASD dispersion. An in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) assay in rats demonstrated that increased quantities of FFB-rich nanodroplets enhanced the intestinal absorption of FFB. The effective diffusion of FFB-rich nanodroplets through UWL would partially contribute to the improved FFB absorption. Additionally, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of cross sections of the rat intestine after the administration of fluorescently labeled FFB-rich nanodroplets showed that these nanodroplets were directly taken up by small intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, the direct uptake of drug-rich nanodroplets by the small intestine is a potential mechanism for improving FFB absorption in the intestine. To quantitatively evaluate the impact of FFB-rich droplets on the FFB absorption enhancement, we determined the apparent permeabilities of the FFB-rich nanodroplets and dissolved FFB based on the SPIP results. The apparent permeability of the FFB-rich nanodroplets was 110-130 times lower than that of dissolved FFB. However, when the FFB-rich nanodroplet concentration was several hundred times higher than that of dissolved FFB, the FFB-rich nanodroplets contributed significantly to FFB absorption improvement. The present study highlights that drug-rich nanodroplets play a direct role in enhancing drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, indicating their potential for further improvement of oral absorption from ASD formulations.

Organ growth and fermentation profiles of broilers differing in body growth rate

This study sought to determine the relationship among broiler performance, organ development, and indicators of microbiota colonization. A total of 1,200 two-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks, divided among 3 cohorts of equal size, were housed in battery cages, and allotted based on body weight. On study d 11, birds were weighed, and birds with BW gain within the 10th and 90th percentiles were assigned to the Slow and Fast groups, respectively. Birds (n = 30 for each group) selected on d 11 were provided water and a corn-soybean meal-based diet ad libitum while maintained individually through study d 25 (i.e., a 14-d growth period). Parameters regarding growth performance, organ and intestine weights and lengths, and intestinal volatile fatty acid concentrations were measured. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Fast birds exhibited greater (P < 0.001) BW gain and feed intake than slow birds, but feed conversion ratio (FCR) did not differ (P = 0.19). Additionally, Slow birds had higher (P < 0.05) relative weights (% of BW) for nearly all organs on d 11 and 25, most notably the gizzard, proventriculus, pancreas, and liver. Conversely, intestinal sections were longer (P < 0.05) in the Fast birds. Measurement of gut histomorphology did not show any notable differences between growth rate groups in terms of villi height, crypt depth, or their ratio for either time-point (P > 0.05). In terms of volatile fatty acid concentrations of luminal contents, acetate concentrations were 10.2% higher (P < 0.001) in the ileum of the Slow birds compared with Fast birds on d 25. Overall, the findings suggest that total BW gain is influenced by the development of metabolically active organs, as supported by lower weight gain in Slow birds with relatively larger organ weights and shorter intestinal lengths than their Fast counterparts. The general lack of differences in fermentation end-product concentrations in luminal contents does not rule out influence of the microbiota on growth rate of broilers, which warrants further investigation.

Pyroptosis Tuning in Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis via the Natural Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Romidepsin.

Cryptosporidium is an opportunistic protozoan, with many species of cross-human infectivity. It causes life-threatening diarrhoea in children and CD4-defective patients. Despite its limited efficacy, nitazoxanide remains the primary anti-cryptosporidial drug. Cryptosporidium infects the intestinal brush border (intracellular-extracytoplasmic) and down-regulates pyroptosis to prevent expulsion. Romidepsin is a natural histone deacetylase inhibitor that triggers pyroptosis. Romidepsin's effect on cryptosporidiosis was assessed in immunocompromised mice via gasdermin-D (GSDM-D) immunohistochemical expression, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-18 blood levels by ELISA, and via parasite scanning by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Oocyst deformity and local cytokines were also assessed in ex vivo ileal explants. Following intraperitoneal injection of romidepsin, oocyst shedding significantly reduced at the 9th, 12th and 15th d.p.i. compared with infected-control and drug-control (nitazoxanide-treated) mice. H&E staining of intestinal sections from romidepsin-treated mice showed significantly low intestinal scoring with marked reduction in epithelial hyperplasia, villous blunting and cellular infiltrate. SEM revealed marked oocyst blebbing and paucity (in vivo and ex vivo) after romidepsin compared with nitazoxanide. Regarding pyroptosis, romidepsin triggered significantly higher intestinal GSDM-D expression in vivo, and higher serum/culture IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-18 levels in romidepsin-treated mice than in the control groups. Collectively, in cryptosporidiosis, romidepsin succeeded in enhancing pyroptosis in the oocysts and infected epithelium, reducing infection and shifting the brush border towards normalisation.

Detection of some Physiological and Histological changes in laboratory rabbits infected with Necator americanus parasite

Background: The present study was conducted for the period from February to October 2022 in University of Samarra laboratories. Methods: This study included 20 male laboratory rabbits, whose weight ranged from (1.4-1.5) Kg, ten of them were as a control group and the other ten were infected with N. americanus parasite. Some biochemical tests such as lipid profile (HDL, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides) and liver enzymes (GOT and GPT) are examened, as well as tissue sections of the liver, lung and small intestine to see the changes that occur due to infection. Results: The present results showed significant differences for total cholesterol between control and infected groups (88.40 and 71.80) mg/dl, respectively, as for triglycerides, non-significant variances were recorded between control and infected groups (68.80 and 69.80) mg/dl, respectively, whereas for HDL the present results showed significant differences between control and infected groups (27.40 and 22.60) mg/dl, respectively. The current results showed significant increase in concentration of GOT of infected group compared with control group (27.20 and 15.60) mg/dl, respectively, as for GPT, non-significant variances were recorded between infected and control groups (17.80 and 14.60) mg/dl, respectively, while for Iron, significant differences occure between infected and control groups (74.00 and 101.40) mg/dl, respectivel. The histological study showed the presence of histological changes in the members infected group that were studied. Conclusion: The occurrence of significant differences in the levels of lipid profils (cholestrerol and HDL) and non- significant differences of triglycerides in infected group compared with control group. The current study recorded significant differences in GOT and Iron, and non- significant differences in GPT of infected group compared with control group. The occurrence of changes in hitological sections of liver, lung and intestine of infected group compared with control group.

The Eleutherococcus senticosus fruits' intractum affects changes in the transepithelial electric potential in the distal section of the rabbit's large intestine and inhibits hyaluronidase

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Maxim. has been used in traditional Russian medicine due to its recognized immunostimulant and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds present in the fruits have demonstrated the capability to modulate the activity of enzymes such as hyaluronidase, suggesting their potential value in the development of effective therapies for various conditions where anti-inflammatory properties are beneficial, such as gastrointestinal diseases and tumor growth. Aim of the studyIn order to support the use of the fruits in folk medicine, this study is aimed to evaluate, post-mortem, the impact of E. senticosus fruits intractum (40 % extract made from fresh fruits) on the transepithelial electrogenic transport of sodium ions in the colon. The objective of this study was also to examine the impact of the intractum on proinflammatory serum hyaluronidase in children diagnosed with acute leukemia. MethodsThe study employed the Ussing technique to examine electrophysiological characteristics of isolated epithelial tissue, using the distal colon wall isolated from 10 New Zealand white male rabbits. The effect of the intractum on the inhibition of human serum hyaluronidase was examined with turbidimetric screening methods, using the blood samples collected from patients diagnosed with acute leukemia. ResultsFor the first time, we discovered that the intractum used in the stimulation fluid, caused hyperpolarization reactions in colon tissue. Statistical analysis showed that these reactions were significantly different in relation to the control. The intractum significantly inhibited hyaluronidase activity with the mean value by group of 60 %, and 40 % for aescin used as a control. ConclusionThe results support the traditional use of the fruits in inflammatory-related diseases. The use of intractum of E. senticosus on the distal colon wall demonstrates its protective effect on the wall integrity and in a relation to hyaluronidase inhibition may additionally indicate its anti-inflammatory property. Thus, the results mean that the intractum may be used in colon-related diseases.

Alleviating effect of Lactobacillus pentosus CQZC01 probiotic strain on antibiotic-induced diarrhea in mice

This experiment used mice as the experimental subjects to study the alleviating effect of Lactobacillus pentosus CQZC01 (LPCQZC01) on antibiotic-induced diarrhea in mice. After adaptive feeding for seven days, Kunming (KM) mice were randomly divided into the following groups: positive control group, model group, normal group, high concentration group of LPCQZC01 (H-LPCQZC01, 1×109 CFU/mL), and low concentration group of LPCQZC01 (L-LPCQZC01, 1×108 CFU/mL). Except for the normal group, mice were orally administered with lincomycin hydrochloride (120 mg/day) for 7 consecutive days. Changes in body weight, food intake, water consumption, and fecal water content of mice were observed. A histological examination of mouse colon and small intestine sections was done to find out if Lactobacillus pentosus CQZC01 may help mice with antibiotic-induced diarrhea. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to the model group, mice in the H-LPCQZC01 and L-LPCQZC01 groups had considerably lower blood levels of nterleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and other variables. In comparison to the model group, the fecal water content in the H-LPCQZC01 and L-LPCQZC01 groups was considerably lower. The H-LPCQZC01 and L-LPCQZC01 groups consumed more food and liquids than the model group did. The H-LPCQZC01 and L-LPCQZC01 groups had more intact colon walls and more compact, regular, and organized intestinal villi. H-LPCQZC01 and L-LPCQZC01 groups had the lower CFTR, EGFR expression and stronger NHE1, NHE2 expression than model group. This study reveals that Lactobacillus pentosus CQZC01 may treat inflammatory lesions in the mouse intestines and successfully treat antibiotic-induced diarrhea in mice.

Are fecal samples an appropriate proxy for amphibian intestinal microbiota?

The intestinal microbiota, an invisible organ supporting a host's survival, has essential roles in metabolism, immunity, growth, and development. Since intestinal microbiota influences a host's biology, application of such data to wildlife conservation has gained interest. There are standard protocols for studying the human intestinal microbiota, but no equivalent for wildlife. A major challenge is sampling the intestinal microbiota in an effective, unbiased way. Fecal samples are a popular proxy for intestinal microbiota because collection is non-invasive and allows for longitudinal sampling. Yet it is unclear whether the fecal microbiota is representative of the intestinal microbiota. In wildlife studies, research on the sampling methodology is limited. In this study focusing on amphibians, we characterize and compare the microbiota (small intestine, large intestine, and feces) of two Hong Kong stream-dwelling frog species: Lesser Spiny Frog (Quasipaa exilispinosa) and Hong Kong Cascade Frog (Amolops hongkongensis). We found that the microbiota of both species are similar at the level of phylum and family, but diverge at the level of genus. When we assessed the performance of fecal microbiota in representing the intestinal microbiota in these two species, we found that (1) the microbiota of the small and large intestine differs significantly, (2) feces are not an appropriate proxy of either intestinal sections, and (3) a set of microbial taxa significantly differs between sample types. Our findings raise caution equating fecal and intestinal microbiota in stream-dwelling frogs. Sampling feces can avoid sacrifice of an animal, but researchers should avoid over-extrapolation and interpret results carefully.

Segmental variations in intestinal microbiota composition and functional capacity along the digestive tract of Litopenaeus vannamei

Litopenaeus vannamei represents the most cultivated crustacean species, accounting for approximately 80% of global shrimp aquaculture output. The intestinal microbiota structure and functionality are known to critically influence L. vannamei growth. While previous investigations of shrimp gut microbes emphasized the whole intestine, limited research has examined the composition and functional differences of microbiota across specific intestinal sections in L. vannamei. In this study, healthy shrimp samples were collected and divided into four sections after removing the contents: S(stomach), H (from posterior stomach to the distal end of the hepatopancreas.), G (the section from hepatopancreas’s end to the sixth abdominal segment), and R(rectum). The microbial composition and function were analyzed across locations via 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. The results revealed that significant α- and β-diversity distinctions existed between sections (p < 0.05). Microbial abundance and diversity were enriched within group G and H compared to group S and R. The result of PCoA analysis revealed similarities between group S, H, and G, while group R markedly differed (p < 0.05). Three dominant phyla were identified across sections - Firmicutes (enriched in group S and H), Bacteroidota (enriched in group G) and Proteobacteria (enriched in group R). At genus level, Bacillus, Flavobacterium, Vibrio, and Mycoplasmataceae predominated (>10%) across sections. The rectum pathways including carbon, nitrogen, sulfur metabolisms were significantly elevated. Quorum sensing and two-component systems were also overrepresented in rectum. One-way network analysis showed that the dominant microbiota of group S, H and G were Bacillus, Mycoplasmataceae, and Flavobacterium, which are promoters of beneficial bacteria in the gut, while the dominant flora of rectumthe most competitive genus of bacteria in the intestinal tract was Vibrio,and Pseudofulvibacter, Alcaligenaceae, and Pseudomonas represent potential probiotic genera that could be screened as antagonists against Vibrio in the shrimp gut. In summary, we hypothesize the stomach and H sections degraded organic matter, G section absorbed and digested macronutrients, and rectum section recycled materials and participated in circular metabolism. These segment-specific analyses provide novel perspectives into section-specific microbial interactions and functions along L. vannamei intestine.