Secretion Of Pancreatic Juice Research Articles

Aquaporins in Digestive System.

In this chapter, we mainly discuss the expression and function of aquaporins (AQPs) expressed in digestive system. AQPs are highly conserved transmembrane protein responsible for water transport across cell membranes. AQPs in gastrointestinal tract include four members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, and AQP8, and three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP3, AQP7, and AQP10. In the digestive glands, especially the liver, we discuss four members of aquaporin subfamily: AQP1, AQP4, AQP5, and AQP8, three members of aquaglyceroporin subfamily: AQP7, AQP9, and AQP12. In digestive system, the abnormal expression of AQPs is closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. AQP1 is involved in saliva secretion and fat digestion and is closely related to gastric cancer and chronic liver disease; AQP3 is involved in the diarrhea and inflammatory bowel disease; AQP4 regulates gastric acid secretion and is associated with the development of gastric cancer; AQP5 is relevant to gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and migration; AQP7 is the major aquaglyceroporin in pancreatic β cells; AQP8 plays a role in pancreatic juice secretion and may be a potential target for the treatment of diarrhea; AQP9 plays considerable role in glycerol metabolism and hepatocellular carcinoma; Studies on the function of AQP10 and AQP12 are still limited. Further studies are necessary for specific locations and functions of AQPs in digestive system.

Effect of Adropin on Pancreas Exocrine Function in a Rat Model: A Preliminary Study.

Simple SummaryAdropin plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and metabolism. It enhances glucose tolerance, improves insulin resistance, ameliorates lipid metabolism, and has antihyperlipidemic activity. It has previously been detected in various organs, including the pancreas. Our aim was to investigate whether adropin affects pancreas exocrine secretion. The influence of different doses of adropin was tested in basal and stimulated conditions (CCK-8 and vagal stimulation). In addition, the effect of adropin has been studied under vagotomy and capsaicin deafferentation conditions. Our results indicate that adropin inhibits pancreas exocrine secretion both in the basal and stimulated conditions, whereas vagotomy and deafferentation abolish the pancreas responses to adropin. Based on the obtained results, it can be assumed that the effect of adropin on the pancreas is related to an indirect vagal mechanism. Nevertheless, this hypothesis requires further verification.The aim was to investigate the potential effect of adropin (ADR) on pancreatic–biliary juice (PBJ) secretion (volume, protein content, trypsin activity) in a rat model. The animals were divided into control and five experimental groups: adropin, CCK-8 (CCK-8 stimulation), capsaicin (capsaicin deactivation of afferents), vagotomy (vagotomy procedure), and vagal stimulation (vagal nerve stimulation). The experiment consisted of four phases, during which vehicle (0.9% NaCl) and three ADR boluses (5, 10, and 20 µg/kg BW) were administered i.v. every 30 min. PBJ samples were collected from each rat at 15 min intervals after boluses. Exogenous ADR failed to affect the pancreatic responses after vagotomy and the capsaicin pretreatment and reduced the PBJ volume, protein outputs, and trypsin activity in the adropin, CCK-8, and vagal stimulation groups in a dose-dependent manner. In all these groups, volume of PBJ was reduced only by the highest dose of ADR (p < 0.001 for adropin group and p < 0.01 for CCK-8 and vagal stimulation groups), and the protein outputs were reduced by the administration of ADR 10 µg/kg BW (adropin and CCK-8 groups, p < 0.01 in both cases) and 20 µg/kg BW (p < 0.001 for adropin and CCK-8 groups, p < 0.01 for vagal stimulation group). The 10 µg/kg BW dose of ADR reduced the trypsin output in the CCK-8 group (p < 0.01), and the highest ADR dose reduced the trypsin output in the CCK-8 (p < 0.001) and vagal stimulation (p < 0.01) groups. In conclusion, adropin in the analyzed doses exhibits the negative feedback pathway. This mechanism seems to participate in the regulation of pancreatic juice secretion via an indirect vagal mechanism.

Slc26a6 is an apical membrane anion exchanger that drives HCO3--dependent fluid secretion in murine pancreatic acinar cells.

The nonselective anion exchanger Slc26a6, also known as putative anion transporter 1 and chloride/formate exchanger, is thought to play a major role in transport in exocrine glands. In this study, Slc26a6 null mice were used to explore the function of Slc26a6 in the exocrine pancreas. Slc26a6 primarily localized to the apical membrane of pancreatic exocrine acinar cells. The volume of stimulated juice secretion by the ex vivo pancreas was significantly reduced ~35% in Slc26a6-/- mice, but no changes occurred in the gross structure or gland weights of Slc26a6 null mice. The secretion of pancreatic juice by Slc26a6+/+ mice was dependent on while, in contrast, fluid secretion by Slc26a6-/- mice was independent of , suggesting that Slc26a6 mediates the -dependent component of fluid secretion. Consistent with these observations, disruption of Slc26a6 also significantly reduced secretion by the pancreas ~35%. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the apical Slc26a6 anion exchanger in acinar cells is involved in -dependent fluid secretion but that another major -independent pathway is the primary driver of the fluid secretion process in the mouse pancreas.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: prevalence, diagnosis, and management.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition caused by reduced or inappropriate secretion or activity of pancreatic juice and its digestive enzymes, pancreatic lipase in particular. EPI can result in clinical manifestation and biochemical alterations causing reduced quality of life and life-threating complications. EPI is common in pancreatic disorders, where it should be suspected and actively investigated, and in many extrapancreatic conditions. There are various tests available to diagnose EPI, with indirect, noninvasive ones, such as concentration of fecal elastase being more commonly employed. Administration of pancreatic enzymes replacement therapy remains the mainstay of EPI treatment. The present review article will discuss current evidence regarding the prevalence of EPI, the available tests to diagnose it and its treatment.

Management of toxicities associated with pegaspargase in treatment of patients with lymphoid malignancy: experience from 443 cases in a single center

目的总结培门冬酶治疗淋巴系统肿瘤的不良反应以及处理经验。方法通过回顾性分析北京同仁医院血液科2011年8月至2015年12月使用培门冬酶患者的临床资料，总结培门冬酶相关的不良反应以及处理经验。结果129例患者使用培门冬酶，累计共使用443例次，不良反应发生情况：2例（1.6%）患者出现过敏反应；19例（14.7%）患者发生胰腺炎（其中包括6例急性症状性胰腺炎、13例单纯胰酶升高的化学性胰腺炎），15例（11.6%）患者出现高甘油三酯血症，85例（65.9%）患者出现高血糖，7例（5.4%）患者出现低血糖；25例（19.4%）患者出现2级以上的转氨酶增高，21例（15.5%）患者发生高胆红素血症，62例（48.1%）患者发生低白蛋白血症；61例（47.3%）患者出现APTT延长，22例（17.1%）患者出现PT延长，15例（11.6%）患者出现TT延长，75例（58.1%）患者出现低纤维蛋白原血症，有11例患者（8.5%）出现血栓事件，有3例（2.3%）患者出现活动性出血。以上不良反应，分别经过抗过敏、抑制胰液分泌、降脂、降糖、保肝、补充血浆、止血等对症治疗后症状均好转。部分严重不良反应影响培门冬酶的按计划应用甚至导致停用。结论培门冬酶的不良反应非常广泛，有些非常严重，需要治疗时密切监测。

Duodenal infusions of isoleucine influence pancreatic exocrine function in dairy heifers

ABSTRACTFour healthy Holstein heifers (235 ± 12 kg) fitted with duodenal and pancreatic cannulas were used to investigate infusion of isoleucine (Ile) on the pancreatic exocrine function in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Three doses of Ile, 10, 20 and 30 g in 2500 ml water, respectively, were infused into the duodenum over a period of 12 h in Experiment (Exp) 1 and over 10 d in Exp 2. Hourly pancreatic juice and jugular blood were taken during the infusion period in Exp 1, and the blood samples were taken in 2-h intervals over the last 2 d in Exp 2. Compared with no Ile infusion, the Ile infusions in both experiments increased the concentration and secretion rate of the protein, activity of ɑ-amylase and trypsin and plasma cholecystokinin. The secretion rate of ɑ-amylase and the activity of trypsin linearly increased with the Ile doses. The pancreatic juice secretion linearly increased with Ile in Exp 2 but not in Exp 1. Isoleucine linearly increased plasma insulin in Exp 1, but not in Exp 2. No effects of Ile on pH of pancreatic juice, the activity of chymotrypsin and lipase and plasma glucose were found. In conclusion, duodenal Ile infusion could increase the pancreatic exocrine function of Holstein heifers, especially ɑ-amylase, and the increment appeared to be dose and time dependent.

Research advances in liver diseases associated with parenteral nutrition

For patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction or failure, although parenteral nutrition can maintain nutrition and save their lives, lack of food stimulus during the fasting period can cause abnormal secretion of gastrointestinal fluid, bile, and pancreatic juice, which may result in the abnormal secretion of a series of enzymes and lead to the development of various liver diseases. Recent research has focused on the prevention and treatment of such diseases, and this article reviews the research advances in recent years.

Caffeine Inhibits Fluid Secretion by Interlobular Ducts From Guinea Pig Pancreas.

Caffeine is contained in coffee, tea, and numerous beverages and foods. We examined the direct effects of caffeine on the physiological function of pancreatic duct cells by using interlobular duct segments isolated from guinea pig pancreas. The rate of fluid secretion was continuously measured by monitoring the luminal volume of isolated duct segments. Changes in intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]i) were estimated by microfluorometry in ducts loaded with Fura-2. Both secretin-stimulated and acetylcholine (ACh)-stimulated fluid secretions were substantially and reversibly inhibited by relatively low concentrations of caffeine as low as 0.03 mM relevant to blood levels after ingestion of caffeine-containing beverages. Caffeine inhibited ACh-induced elevation of [Ca]i and secretin-induced fluctuation of [Ca]i. Caffeine abolished thapsigargin-induced intracellular Ca release but did not affect the entry of extracellular Ca. Caffeine (0.05 mM) abolished ethanol (1 mM)-induced fluid hypersecretion in secretin-stimulated pancreatic duct. Low concentrations of caffeine directly inhibit pancreatic ductal fluid secretion stimulated by secretin or ACh and also ethanol-induced fluid hypersecretion. The inhibition by caffeine seems to be mediated by the blockade of intracellular Ca mobilization. Daily intake of caffeine may reduce the volume of pancreatic juice secretion.

Efficacy of Marmot Brown Fat in Treatment of Acute Pancreatitis

Objectives: The brown fat of marmots is called "human meat" among Mongolian people because they abstain from eating it. Our experimental study is the first academic-based study to investigate the effect of marmot brown fat (MBF) on acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods: This study used 82 healthy female Wistar rats (250-280 g). The study rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) relatively healthy (no medication and no AP, n = 10), (2) caerulein-induced AP rats without any treatments (n = 24), (3) AP rats fed by the MBF suspension (n = 24), and (4) AP rats injected with sandostatin (n = 24). The serum a-amylase level (SAAL) and histological examination were observed. Results: Significantly increased SAAL (group 1: 1347.10 ±10.76 units/L vs group 2: 1804.50 ±134.32 units/L) was confirmed in rats with caerulein-induced, mild AP. In both treatment groups 3 and 4, the SAAL was significantly decreased on the fifth day after treatment. Interestingly, advanced damage of pancreatic cells was observed in group 3. Additionally, the health condition of group 3 rats was poor, and spleen and lung tissue damage was detected by histological examination. Conclusion: Our study results suggest that the MBF suspension might be stimulating pancreatic juice secretion, therefore we conclude that the MBF suspension is not beneficial in the treatment of AP.

The Influence of Feed Intake and Conditioned Reflex on Exocrine Pancreatic Function in Broiler Chicks

The data of an experimental study of the influence of feeding and the conditional stimulus on digestive function in birds is presented. It is stated that feed consumption is a powerful stimulator of pancreatic secretion in broiler chicks. The secretory response of the pancreas was the highest in the morning when secretion of pancreatic juice was 1.8 times higher, amylase activity 3.2 times, proteases activity 3.3 times, lipase activity 2.1 times higher than before feeding (basal levels). The regulation of pancreatic activity is known to be complex-reflex with conditioned-reflex component being very important since it provides 25% higher juice secretion and 42% - 74% higher enzyme secretion compared to the basal levels during few minutes after the conditional signal.

Tiger Food for Short Bowel: Two Cases.

Dear Sir, Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS) refers to a critical reduction in the length of the intestine, leading to chronic diarrhoea, dehydration, malnutrition, weight loss and growth failure [1]. SBS is clinically evident when the total available length of small bowel is <200 cm and commonly caused by resection [2]. The nonsurgical options for management of SBS are: (a) total parenteral nutrition (TPN), which is costly, invasive and un-physiological; (b) para-sympathomimetics drugs, which cause dilatation of the bowel; (c) proton pump inhibitors and others. TPN in addition can lead to thrombosis of canulated vessel, bowel atrophy and sepsis. The surgical options are described to slow intestinal transit, taper dilated bowel segments in children in proximal to atretic segment and intestinal lengthening procedures such as serial transverse entero-plasty (STEP) and Bianchi’s procedure [3]. The third option is small bowel transplant. The standard dietary management of SBS with colon is 50-60% of caloric intake with complex carbohydrate, 20-30% with fat and 20-30% with protein. Complex carbohydrate in small bowel will cause diarrhoea as these will take long time and has to cover more distance to break down and undergo absorption. These reach colon and work as osmotic agent causing diarrhoea and hence simple sugars (mono/diasacharides) are used as these get absorbed in stomach and in available proximal small bowel. Diet rich in fat and protein cause delay in gastric emptying, higher gastric acid and bile and pancreatic juice secretion. Whereas, protein part get broken down and get absorbed in proximal jejunum and fat in the terminal ileum. The presence of Ileo Caecal valve (ICV) delays the discharge of fat rich fluid and bile acid. Living beings are divided into carnivorous (Flesh eating), herbivorous (plant eating) and omnivorous (eat flesh and plant). The herbivorous has got the longest small bowel, the carnivorous the shortest and omnivorous remain in the middle. Loss of a part of small bowel in human makes the bowel equivalent to carnivorous, where carnivorous diet (tiger food) is appropriate is the novel thinking.

The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Pancreatic Ductal Secretion: The Background for Clinicians.

The human exocrine pancreas consists of 2 main cell types: acinar and ductal cells. These exocrine cells interact closely to contribute to the secretion of pancreatic juice. The most important ion in terms of the pancreatic ductal secretion is HCO3. In fact, duct cells produce an alkaline fluid that may contain up to 140 mM NaHCO3, which is essential for normal digestion. This article provides an overview of the basics of pancreatic ductal physiology and pathophysiology. In the first part of the article, we discuss the ductal electrolyte and fluid transporters and their regulation. The central role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is highlighted, which is much more than just a Cl channel. We also review the role of pancreatic ducts in severe debilitating diseases such as cystic fibrosis (caused by various genetic defects of cftr), pancreatitis, and diabetes mellitus. Stimulation of ductal secretion in cystic fibrosis and pancreatitis may have beneficial effects in their treatment.

Abstract B34: Diagnostics of pancreatic duct hypertension by the serotonin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

Abstract Background: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and humoral enhancer which stimulates the pancreatic secretion. Unlike secretin serotonin doesn’t change the proteinogramm of pancreatic juice1. Pancreatic and periampullary tumors can cause the dilatation of the main pancreatic duct. Its partial stenosis can remain undiagnosed on conventional MRCP. Increasing secretion of pancreatic juice after serotonin stimulation can improve the diagnosis, particularly the location and length of a lesion. Method: Eighteen patients with pancreatic cancer (n=14) and tumor of papilla Vateri (n=4) were included into the study. Median age was 64.9 years with range 45-84 years. Serotonin (0,01mg/kg) was administered perorally (n=2), intramuscularly (n=2), or intravenously with dilution (n=5) and without it (n=9). MRCP was performed before the drug application and 7 minutes after that. Results: In cases where serotonin was administered perorally, intramuscularly or intravenously with dilution we have not received any significant results (Tab. 1). The positive results were obtained in 5 (55.6%) of 9 cases when MRCP was performed 7 minutes after intravenous administration of concentrated solution. The mean increase in width of the main pancreatic duct was 1.1 mm (range 0.9-1.9 mm). Conclusion: The method of serotonin-stimulated MRCP can improve the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal hypertension. In these 5 cases the presented technique allowed us to detect the size and localization of a lesion more precisely: tumor of a papilla (n=2), cancer of a pancreatic head (n=3) including one case with involvement of the pancreatic body. In cases of primary ductal dilatation more than 5 mm (n=3) we have not received any positive results, so these patients were excluded from the study. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Alexey Kashintsev, Konstantin Pavelets, Nikolai Kokhanenko, Evgeny Imyanitov. Diagnostics of pancreatic duct hypertension by the serotonin-stimulated magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B34.

Pancreatic exocrine function in hens with addition of lysine and methionine to their ration

The addition of lysine to broiler feed doesn’t significantly change enzyme activity of pancreatic juice. Bringing methionine up to the ration standard promoted an increase in secretion of pancreatic juice by 19% and an increase of activity of amylase by 29%, proteases by 42%, and lipase by 26%. The addition of both amino acids to the ration stimulated secretion of the pancreas: the amount of pancreatic juice increased by 19% and the activity of amylase increased by 52% and proteases by 55%.

Anatomy and Surgical Management of Ampullary Neoplasm

Ampulla is a common channel where biliary and pancreatic duct join. The reason why it is called ampulla is that this area is enlarged where it penetrates the duodenal wall. As it protrudes into the duodenal lumen, it is also called papilla. Ampulla is surrounded by sphincter muscles which control the secretion of bile and pancreatic juice. Ampullary tumor includes broad spectrum of benign and malignant tumors which need different treatment options - Endoscopic papillectomy (EP), surgical ampullectomy (SA), and pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD). There is a consensus that benign tumors need EP and malignant tumors need PPPD. However, there are controversies regarding how to treat high-grade dysplasia (HGD), carcinoma in-situ, or T1 cancer. Surgical treatment includes SA and PPPD. The indication of SA is usually benign tumors which extend to bile duct or pancreatic duct or too big tumors to snare completely by endoscopy. Compared to EP, SA is less likely to leave remnant tumor which results in re-resection. In some limited cases of early carcinoma, SA can be attempted. Oncologically, however, SA is not recommended because there might be incomplete resection, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, or perineural invasion. As PPPD still has high morbidity, prolonged length of stay, and relatively high post-op mortality, SA can be recommended in old patients with co-morbidity that can be exacerbated after surgery. Technically important points of SA are as follows; first, resecting the whole layer of duodenum, second, re-implanting the bile duct and pancreatic duct with duodenal mucosa to keep the mucosal continuity. PPPD is a standard operation of malignant tumor because it can completely remove the tumor as well as regional lymph nodes. Keywords: Ampullary neoplasm, Anatomy, Surgery Keywords: 팽대부 ì¢ ì–‘, 해부학, 수ìˆ

Diagnostics of pancreatic duct hypertension by the serotonin-stimulating magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): A preliminary study.

196 Background: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which stimulates the pancreatic secretion. Pancreatic and periampullary tumors can cause the dilatation of the main pancreatic duct. Its partial stenosis can remain undiagnosed on conventional MRCP. Increasing secretion of pancreatic juice after stimulation by the serotonin can help to detect the location and length of a lesion. Methods: Eighteen patients with pancreatic cancer (n=14) and tumor of papilla Vateri (n=4) were included into the study. Median age was 64.9 years with range 45-84 years. Serotonin (0,01mg/kg) was administered perorally (n=2), intramuscularly (n=2), or intravenously with dilution (n=5) and without it (n=9). MRCP was performed before the drug application and 7 minutes later. Results: In cases where serotonin was administered perorally, intramuscularly or intravenously with dilution we did not receive any significant results. The positive results were obtained in 5 (55.6%) of 9 cases when MRCP was performed 7 minutes after intravenous administration of concentrated solution. The mean increase in width of the main pancreatic duct was 1.1 mm (range 0.9-1.9 mm). Conclusions: The method of serotonin stimulating MRCP can improve the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal hypertension. In these 5 cases, a presented technique allowed us to detect the size and localization of a lesion more precisely: tumor of a papilla (n=2), cancer of a pancreatic head (n=3) including one case with involvement of the pancreatic body. In cases of primary ductal dilatation more than 5 mm (n=3), we did not receive any positive results, so these patients were excluded from the study.

The Nobel Pancreas: A Historical Perspective

b i d c U a d o For everyone interested in the pancreas, it is truly a noble organ. Known to the ancient Greeks, its name n Greek “pan kreas” translates as “all flesh.” Aristotle elieved its function was to protect the great vessels and 4 enturies later Galen claimed it to be a cushion for the tomach.1 The Renaissance anatomists, beginning with esalius, defined its structure with its ducts, first shown y Johann Wirsung in 1642, to empty into the intestine. egnier de Graaf, of the Graafian follicle, was the first to tudy pancreatic secretion in 1664, using a goose quill nserted into the duct. In the 19th century, Claude Bernard n Paris, and others, showed the digestive capabilities of ancreatic juice for fat, carbohydrate, and protein.1,2 Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin, described the eponymous islets in 1869 and in 1889, Miring and Minkowski described experimental diabetes in the dog after pancreatectomy.3 In addition to understanding the natomy and physiology of the exocrine pancreas, Hans hiari had described the autodigestion of the pancreas hat accompanies pancreatitis in 1896. By 1900, the hisology and general understanding of the function of the ancreas was in place. The 20th century was to be occupied rst with understanding the control of pancreatic secreion and then the understanding of specific cell types of he pancreas as molecular machines evolved to carry out pecific functions. A timeline for this increase in undertanding of the pancreas and its diseases is shown in igure 1. More detailed coverage of the last 160 years is hown in Figure 2. In 1896, the Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel died, and in is will he left much of his fortune— earned in the manfacture of explosives, including dynamite, which he inented—to establish prizes that bear his name in different reas of knowledge to be chosen by different academies in tockholm or Norway. One of these prizes in Physiology nd Medicine and another in Chemistry will be discussed ere. The first Nobel Prizes were awarded in 1901 and they ave been awarded annually since then to one to three ndividuals in a specific area. In this Commentary, I will eview the advances in scientific knowledge in which the ancreas led the way to the extent that it was recognized y the awarding of 5 Nobel Prizes for work that either elated directly to products of the pancreas or used the ancreas as a cellular source to understand fundamental hysiological and cell biological processes. I will also note ome omissions and controversies. The early years of the 20th century were marked by nderstanding of the neural and hormonal control of the ancreas. One of the early giants of modern physiology as Ivan Petrovich Pavlov who, before studying the conitioned reflexes for which he is best known, studied the eural control of gastric and pancreatic secretion. Pavlov, orking in St Petersburg, Russia, developed the first modrn physiology laboratory with multiple staff who worked ogether as a team. They showed that psychic stimulation r putting food in the stomach led to secretion from the ancreas, which was collected via a pancreatic fistula.4 Acid and fat were especially good stimulants and carbohydrate was not. His laboratory also identified enterokinase, the intestinal activator of trypsin, and described the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion. Pavlov’s work was first summarized in a series of lectures and then in a book published first in Russian and then in English in 1902 entitled, The Work of the Digestive Glands.5 Pavlov’s contriution was recognized when he received the Nobel Prize n 1904 “in recognition of his work on the physiology of igestion.” Meanwhile, another famous experiment was arried out by William Bayliss and Ernest Starling at niversity College in London, in which they showed that n extract of the intestinal mucosa, when injected into a og with its pancreas completely denervated, led to copius secretion of pancreatic juice.6 This was, in fact, the first demonstration of a chemical messenger or “hormone,” a term coined by Starling in his Croonian Lecture of 1905 to the Royal College of Physicians. Thus was born the field of Endocrinology. Starling, probably the most

Leucine markedly regulates pancreatic exocrine secretion in goats

Four goats (30.1±1.3kg) with common bile duct re-entrant catheter and duodenal catheter were used to evaluate the effects of duodenal leucine infusion on pancreatic exocrine secretion and plasma parameters with two 4×4 Latin square design experiments. In the long-term infusion experiment, goats were fed twice daily [700g/day, dry matter (DM) basis] at 8:00 and 18:00hours and were duodenally infused with 0, 3, 6, 9g/day leucine for 14days. Pancreatic juice and jugular blood samples were collected over 1-h intervals for 6h daily from d 11 to 14days to encompass a 24-h day. In the short-term experiment, goats were infused leucine for 10h continuously at the same infusion rate with Experiment 1 after feed deprivation for 24h repeated every 10days. Pancreatic juice and blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10h of infusion. The results showed that the long-term leucine infusion did not affect pancreatic juice secretion, protein output, trypsin and lipase secretion and plasma insulin concentration, but linearly increased α-amylase secretion. No changes in pancreatic protein and lipase secretion were observed in the short-term infusion. Pancreatic juice and α-amylase secretion responded quadratically, with the greatest values observed in the 3 and 6g/day leucine respectively. Trypsin secretion linearly decreased, while plasma insulin concentration increased linearly with increased leucine infusion. The results demonstrated that duodenal leucine infusion dose and time dependently regulated pancreatic enzyme secretion not associated with the change in plasma insulin concentration.

The Effect of Different Forms of Sunflower Oil and Protein Sources in the Diet on Pancreatic Juice Secretion and Pancreatic Enzymes Activity in Sheep / Wpływ formy oleju słonecznikowego oraz źródła białka w dawce na sekrecję soku trzustkowego oraz aktywność enzymów trzustkowych u owiec

Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the effect of various forms of sunflower oil in the diet with protein degraded at different rates in the rumen on pancreatic juice secretion and activity. The experiment was conducted on 24 adult Corriedale rams weighing about 40 ± 1.5 kg, catheterized in the pancreatic and bile ducts and fistulated in the duodenum. The animals were fed diets consisting of meadow hay, potato starch, different degradable protein (casein or maize gluten, a source of zein) and different forms of sunflower oil (calcium salts, seeds and oil). It was stated that addition of various forms of fat to the diet did not significantly influence the secretion of pancreatic juice, regardless of the source of protein. However, sunflower seeds and oil used in the diet had a significant effect on bile secretion, protein content, proteolytic activity of trypsin and plasma lipid indices. No significant differences were observed in the lipolytic activity of the pancreatic juice, although lipase activity was higher when zein was used as the main protein source. It was concluded that dietary addition of certain combinations of protected or unprotected sunflower oil and different degradable protein may improve pancreatic activity and probably affect plasma lipid indices in sheep.

Pancreatitis Can Be Caused Even By This!

Purpose: Learning objectives: To recognize that PEG tube balloon may migrate and get impacted in the second portion of duodenum leading to disturbance of pancreatic and biliary juice secretion at the papilla. PEG tube balloon impaction in the duodenum should be in the differential diagnoses list in patients who have PEG tube and pancreatitis with/without elevated LFTs. Case: A 62-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with complaints of fever, chills, difficulty breathing, and tachycardia. Her past medical history was significant for diabetes mellitus, seizure disorder, and Pick's disease with severe dementia. She also had PEG tube in place due to dysphagia. Her medications included insulin and valproic acid. On admission day, her physical examination was significant for tachycardia, tachypnea, and temperature of 102 F. Cardiopulmonary exam revealed bibasilar crackles. Her abdomen was benign with PEG in place. Her chest X-ray showed bibasilar consolidation. The diagnosis of pneumonia was made and broad spectrum antibiotics were commenced. On day 5 of hospitalization her condition began deteriorating. Work-up showed elevated WBC along with ESR, CRP, amylase, lipase, and LFTs which were suggestive for a pancreaticobiliary inflammatory process. CT abdomen showed diffuse pancreatitis without any evidence of phlegmon or abscess. The balloon of the G-tube appeared to be impacted in the duodenum near the ampulla of Vater. The PEG tube balloon was deflated and the tube was pulled up and guarded at 4 cm. After that her WBC, amylase, lipase, and LFTs started trending down significantly and returned to normal levels within a week. Discussion: Obstructive pancreatitis and cholangitis induced by migrated PEG-tube are the very rare complications of PEG tube. Although PEG-tube feeding is generally considered safe with a low rate of serious complications, dislocation of the PEG-tube into the duodenum can lead to symptoms of obstructive pancreatitis and cholangitis. Because a balloon with PEG-tube is hard to pass through the pyloric ring, a migrated balloon may obstruct the pyloric ring and cause vomiting.Figure: [784]