Secret Garden Research Articles

«I know I'm fatter»: hunger and bodily awareness in Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden

«I know I'm fatter»: hunger and bodily awareness in Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden

Du jardin au cimetière : nature, sacrifice et gestion du deuil dans le roman d'éducation pour filles (1860-1910).

À partir des années 1850, la vogue du roman pour enfants destiné à un lectorat féminin de dix à quatorze ans se développe autant en France qu'aux États-Unis et en Angleterre. Ces romans enseignent autant l'acquisition de normes sociales que la gestion de l'émotivité. Dans le cycle de Sophie (Les Malheurs de Sophie, Les Petites filles modèles, Les Vacances, 1857-1859) de la comtesse de Ségur et The Secret Garden (1911) de Frances Hodgson Burnett, les fillettes entretiennent un jardin qui enseigne l'effort, mais dévoile le caractère indomptable de la nature. S'il apprend à arracher les passions mauvaises et à attendre que les bonnes portent du fruit, le jardin enseigne à la petite fille que le corps est destiné à aimer et à mourir. La nature se révèle comme « physis », mouvement de croissance inévitable dont le terme est la mort. Derrière l'image joyeuse du jardin intérieur conquis par l'effort et la patience, le roman préparerait la sensibilité féminine à appréhender la passion et la mort. Mots-clefs : roman initiatique, deuil, séparation, colère, orphelinat, veuvage, solitude, féminité.

Wildlife Treatment as Environmental Education Representative in Burnett‟s Work “The Secret Garden (1911)”

Wildlife Treatment as Environmental Education Representative in Burnett‟s Work “The Secret Garden (1911)”

“IT SOUNDED SO UNLIKE INDIA”: СЛУХОВАЯ РЕЦЕПЦИЯ В РОМАНЕ Ф. Х. БЕРНЕТТ «ТАИНСТВЕННЫЙ САД»

Children’s literature has traditionally employed images of different sensory modalities to make the experience of the main characters more accessible to young readers. We believe that auditory imagery is an integral part of the sensory imagery repertoire of any text written for children, and auditory perception in a literary text reflects the way of interaction between the characters and the world around them at various stages of their spiritual journey. Being a traditional coming-of-age novel, The Secret Garden by F. H. Burnett shows a specific connection between auditory imagery and the plot of the novel since it reveals the changes in the main heroine’s character and highlights her growing need to accept another point of view. Eventually, Mary Lennox, the main character of the novel, becomes ready to hear other people: her initial indifference towards the surrounding is gradually being replaced by her sincere wish to listen to the Yorkshire dialect, speak her native tongue, and believe in the curing effect of the word. With the change of the spatial imagery of the text (from British India in the first chapters to the restricted space of the garden in the Yorkshire estate Misselthwaite Manor in the second part of the book), the heroine’s inner growth becomes more obvious, and the foregrounding of the sensory imagery (including auditory) grows more vivid. The spiritual transformation experienced by Mary Lennox affects other characters of the story and even leads to overshadowing of her role at the end of the novel. From the perspective of auditory imagery, Burnett creates a circular structure, making her heroine go from a lack of audio perception – through unhackneyed auditory sketches and quotations from classic novels – to a total silencing of the main heroine at the end of the novel.

Children’s Literature and the Rise of ‘Mind Cure’: Positive Thinking and Pseudo-Science at the Fin de Siècle by Anne Stiles

Reviewed by: Children’s Literature and the Rise of ‘Mind Cure’: Positive Thinking and Pseudo-Science at the Fin de Siècle by Anne Stiles Jessica Straley STILES, ANNE. Children’s Literature and the Rise of ‘Mind Cure’: Positive Thinking and Pseudo-Science at the Fin de Siècle. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 249 pp. $99.99 hardcover. The title of Anne Stiles’s new book—Children’s Literature and the Rise of ‘Mind Cure’—proposes a straightforward connection between two phenomena: a literary genre that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century and a spiritual movement that gained popularity in the United States at the same time. Her introduction establishes the best-known link: Frances Hodgson Burnett’s documented interest in ‘mind cure’ and the ethos of positive thinking while she was writing The Secret Garden (1911), in which her character Colin Craven alleviates his debilitating disability merely by thinking himself well. Within only a few pages of Stiles’s thoughtful and engaging book, however, ‘children’s literature’ and ‘mind cure’ start to lose their rigid categorical edges and take on a wonderfully wide-ranging and integrative scope. ‘Mind cure’ is another term for New Thought, far less a logically coherent doctrine than a conveniently capacious coalescence of positive thinking, self-help, alternative medicine, faith healing, spiritualism, Romanticism, Transcendentalism, feminism, and utopianism. Stiles traces the intricate webs of these belief systems in familiar turn-of-the-century children’s literature and follows these threads into fictions by Henry James and Charlotte Perkins Gilman. The resulting argument goes beyond simple connection. Rather, Stiles pulls both children’s literature and ‘mind cure’ from the fringes of literary culture and religious history and deftly demonstrates their centrality to tenacious (if under-studied) theories of self-actualization. Stiles explains the rise of New Thought in the United States as a rejection of Calvinist predestination, on the one hand, and medical orthodoxy, on the other. Its proponents, including Phineas Parkhurst Quimby and Mary Baker Eddy, believed that thoughts and wishes have tangible power in the physical world and are, in some cases, more real than material bodies. Three of the authors whom Stiles discusses—Burnett, Gilman, and L. M. Montgomery—suffered from depression, insomnia, and bipolar disorder and experienced [End Page 440] the damage done by the medically-sanctioned “remedies” offered to women: combinations of indiscriminately prescribed drugs and the “rest cure” (while others endured the traumas of institutionalization and invasive gynecological procedures). Though none became exacting devotees of New Thought, positive thinking provided an alluring curative alternative and, as Stiles convincingly shows, motivated the characterizations of their child protagonists, who like Cedric Errol of Burnett’s Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886) and Anne Shirley of Montgomery’s Anne of Green Gables (1908) benefit from their insistent optimism regardless of material realities. Stiles argues that it is a mistake to assimilate these happy youngsters into the more familiar paradigm of the Romantic child, a predominantly male figure proposed by male poets and pedagogues. The child of New Thought, at least in its earliest formulations, expressed distinctly female concerns about embodiment, family bonds, and political power. New Thought’s focus on spirituality and healing, rather than institutional hierarchy, allowed women to assume leadership positions largely unattainable elsewhere. But moving into professional spheres while still bearing the burdens of Victorian motherhood was not without personal cost. Burnett, Gilman, and Eddy shared an ambivalence about motherhood that influenced both their religious outlook and literary production. Stiles reads Cedric Errol as an externalized manifestation of “the inner child” who—in the guise of androgynous youthful exuberance—can carry out his mother’s “socially unacceptable desires” for influence outside the home (35). Gilman’s Herland trilogy (1911–16) adopts New Thought’s laissez-faire parenting as a necessary arrangement for her feminist utopia “devoid of sin, sickness, and sex” (159). This critical reorientation—from the autonomous child to the relationship between child and mother—is Stiles’s most significant disruption of the scholarly adherence to the Romantic child. The child inspired by New Thought is not the product of nostalgia for lost perfection, but a beacon of hope for a communal future achieved through creative visualization...

Rethinking Nathaniel Hawthorne and Nature: Pastoral Experiments and Environmentality

Rethinking Nathaniel Hawthorne and Nature: Pastoral Experiments and Environmentality

On the Cusp of the Canon

This period, the first half of the 19th century, stands on the cusp of the first Golden Age of English children’s literature. While publications from the mid-1800s onwards, such as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, The Secret Garden and The Wind in the Willows, have become part of the cultural landscape, those from the first half of the 19th century are largely unfamiliar and forgotten. If read at all, they are studied by academics rather than read by children. Publications at that time reveal the tensions between the perceived need for improving, moralising books and those that might give pleasure to the reader. It will be argued in this article that amongst the more didactic works, there are indicators of what was to follow. Attention is drawn to chapbooks for children and to a number of titles which have enjoyed a degree of longevity.

COVID Feel Good-An Easy Self-Help Virtual Reality Protocol to Overcome the Psychological Burden of Coronavirus.

BackgroundLiving in the time of the COVID-19 means experiencing not only a global health emergency but also extreme psychological stress with potential emotional side effects such as sadness, grief, irritability, and mood swings. Crucially, lockdown and confinement measures isolate people who become the first and the only ones in charge of their own mental health: people are left alone facing a novel and potentially lethal situation, and, at the same time, they need to develop adaptive strategies to face it, at home. In this view, easy-to-use, inexpensive, and scientifically validated self-help solutions aiming to reduce the psychological burden of coronavirus are extremely necessary.AimsThis pragmatic trial aims to provide the evidence that a weekly self-help virtual reality (VR) protocol can help overcome the psychological burden of the Coronavirus by relieving anxiety, improving well-being, and reinforcing social connectedness. The protocol will be based on the “Secret Garden” 360 VR video online (www.covidfeelgood.com) which simulates a natural environment aiming to promote relaxation and self-reflection. Three hundred sixty–degree or spherical videos allow the user to control the viewing direction. In this way, the user can explore the content from any angle like a panorama and experience presence and immersion. The “Secret Garden” video is combined with daily exercises that are designed to be experienced with another person (not necessarily physically together), to facilitate a process of critical examination and eventual revision of core assumptions and beliefs related to personal identity, relationships, and goals.MethodsThis is a multicentric, pragmatic pilot randomized controlled trial involving individuals who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic and underwent a lockdown and quarantine procedures. The trial is approved by the Ethics Committee of the Istituto Auxologico Italiano. Each research group in all the countries joining the pragmatic trial, aims at enrolling at least 30 individuals in the experimental group experiencing the self-help protocol, and 30 in the control group, over a period of 3 months to verify the feasibility of the intervention.ConclusionThe goal of this protocol is for VR to become the “surgical mask” of mental health treatment. Although surgical masks do not provide the wearer with a reliable level of protection against the coronavirus compared with FFP2 or FFP3 masks, surgical masks are very effective in protecting others from the wearer’s respiratory emissions. The goal of the VR protocol is the same: not necessarily to solve complex mental health problems but rather to improve well-being and preserve social connectedness through the beneficial social effects generated by positive emotions.

Tudo acontece no jardim secreto

Resumo: Neste texto discutimos, a partir da Sociologia da Infância, como a infância e a inclusão dialogam no contexto do filme “O jardim secreto”, produzido em 1993, a partir de uma adaptação do clássico conto de fadas “The Secret Garden” do Frances Hodgson Burnett (1911). A discussão teórica ancora-se nos estudos de Plaisance (2004; 2005; 2006; 2010; 2015), Corsaro (2011), Sarmento (2004; 2005), Ferreira (2004) e Fernandes (2004). Ao olharmos para as infâncias e a inclusão na perspectiva da Sociologia da Infância visualizamos diálogos interdisciplinares no que diz respeito às tendências teóricas e conceituais que se complementam e causam possibilidades de mestiçagem na construção de novos conhecimentos, principalmente quando a inclusão, a infância e a imaginação, numa relação de interdependência, provocam a quimera e a superação do modelo tradicional dos processos de socialização a partir da cultura de pares.
 Palavras-chave: Inclusão. Infância. Processos de socialização. Cultura de pares.

Peter and Wendy: Cultural References from British Literature and Beyond

Peter and Wendy, written by J. M. Barrie and published as a novel in 1911, is one of the most iconic works of English literature. This article aims to elucidate references that appear in Barrie’s Peter and Wendy which make it so fantastic and unpaired: the literary and the sociocultural references, which contribute to tag this book as an English “modern classic”. The references that are well-known by the British reader provoke an immediate sense of belonging and recognition. For instance, sociocultural mentions can easily be noticed throughout the narrative, especially the ones that bring to the reader aspects from Edwardian and Victorian everyday life of British families. Regarding the literary references, the reader might find aspects from Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, Stevenson’s The Peter and Wendy, written by J. M. Barrie and published as a novel in 1911, is one of the most iconic works of English literature. This article aims to elucidate references that appear in Barrie’s Peter and Wendy which make it so fantastic and unpaired: the literary and the sociocultural references, which contribute to tag this book as an English “modern classic”. The references that are well-known by the British reader provoke an immediate sense of belonging and recognition. For instance, sociocultural mentions can easily be noticed throughout the narrative, especially the ones that bring to the reader aspects from Edwardian and Victorian everyday life of British families. Regarding the literary references, the reader might find aspects from Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, Stevenson’s The Treasure Island, Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream and Alice in Wonderland (Lewis Carroll). Or even from The Secret Garden (Frances Hodgson Burnett) and The Wind in the Willows (Kenneth Grahame), both works that arecontemporary with Peter and Wendy, and are also conversing with it, particularly in terms of the notion of escapism and social criticism. Above all, Barrie’s novel opens a new field for the modern literature of the twentieth century. A literature that is more concerned with the psychological features of the characters, contributing to the emerging of a new narrative aimed at children, young readers and – why not – adults. This article uses the concept of “family romance” proposed by critic Marthe Robert in order to establish the connection between Barrie’s texts and those of other writers.

Onsite medical and support services and the introduction of the UK's first drug checking service at Secret Garden Party festival in 2016

Internal Medicine JournalVolume 50, Issue 8 p. 1024-1025 Letters to the Editor Onsite medical and support services and the introduction of the UK's first drug checking service at Secret Garden Party festival in 2016 Fiona Measham, Corresponding Author Fiona Measham f.measham@liverpool.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-1931 Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Correspondence Fiona Measham, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Email: f.measham@liverpool.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorFreddie Fellowes, Freddie Fellowes Founder and sole owner of Secret Garden Party festival, UKSearch for more papers by this authorShelley Ward, Shelley Ward PC 3050, Cambridgeshire Constabulary, UKSearch for more papers by this authorGuy Jones, Guy Jones The Loop & Kosmicare, UKSearch for more papers by this authorBen Holden, Ben Holden The Loop & Kosmicare, UKSearch for more papers by this authorNicola Baird, Nicola Baird Director of Chiron Welfare Service, UKSearch for more papers by this author Fiona Measham, Corresponding Author Fiona Measham f.measham@liverpool.ac.uk orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-1931 Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Correspondence Fiona Measham, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Email: f.measham@liverpool.ac.ukSearch for more papers by this authorFreddie Fellowes, Freddie Fellowes Founder and sole owner of Secret Garden Party festival, UKSearch for more papers by this authorShelley Ward, Shelley Ward PC 3050, Cambridgeshire Constabulary, UKSearch for more papers by this authorGuy Jones, Guy Jones The Loop & Kosmicare, UKSearch for more papers by this authorBen Holden, Ben Holden The Loop & Kosmicare, UKSearch for more papers by this authorNicola Baird, Nicola Baird Director of Chiron Welfare Service, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 06 August 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.14952Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume50, Issue8August 2020Pages 1024-1025 RelatedInformation

The Secret Garden of Neuronal circRNAs.

High-throughput transcriptomic profiling approaches have revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are important transcriptional gene products, identified across a broad range of organisms throughout the eukaryotic tree of life. In the nervous system, they are particularly abundant, developmentally regulated, region-specific, and enriched in genes for neuronal proteins and synaptic factors. These features suggested that circRNAs are key components of an important layer of neuronal gene expression regulation, with known and anticipated functions. Here, we review major recognized aspects of circRNA biogenesis, metabolism and biological activities, examining potential new functions in the context of the nervous system.

Women and the Italian general election of 2018: selection, constraints and resources in the definition of candidate profiles

ABSTRACT Based on public databases hosted by the Ministry of the Interior and drawing on data collected by the OpenPolis Foundation on parliamentarians, the study analyses the socio-demographic and political profiles of female candidates for the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies in the single- and multi-member constituencies after adoption of the ‘Rosato Law’ and the introduction of ‘gender quotas’. The new rules enhance the presence of women in politics, but candidate selection and candidates’ positions in constituencies also depend on the regulatory frameworks of individual political parties and on informal rules and practices in the secret garden of politics. For this reason, the research takes into account the parties’ internal rules (as revealed by statutes, regulations and other documents) but also the concrete processes to which the selected women were subject. These refer to their social and political profiles, including their political allegiances and previous political careers in local government and Parliament; their statuses as newcomers or incumbents; the types of constituency for which they are chosen. For outgoing MPs only, the study also takes into account other indicators such as level of productivity, ‘changing political colours’ and rebel votes. The study throws light, on the one hand, on the way in which electoral mechanisms explain the under representation of women in Parliament, on the other hand, on the determinants of women’s political careers in individual parties.

Rekrutmen Politik Calon Kepala Daerah (Studi Tentang Seleksi Kandidat di Partai Keadilan Sejahtera Dalam Pemilukada Kota Tasikmalaya Tahun 2017)

Recruitment of regional head candidates is part of the political process in the internal party in dealing with the General Election. Candidate selection is a "secret garden" for each party, besides the selection process is sometimes easily influenced by other forces outside political parties. Likewise, what happened in the selection process of candidates for regional head candidates in the DPD PKS at the Regional Election in Tasikmalaya City in 2017. This study was to answer the research question "What is the selection method in political recruitment of regional head candidates by the Prosperous Justice Party at the Regional Election in Tasikmalaya City 2017, What factors influence changes in the decision making of prospective regional heads by PKS ". This study aims to describe, analyze the selection of candidates, and explain the factors that influence the decision making of prospective regional head candidates from PKS. The results of this study explain the selection of PKS determined by party elites. At the local level the selection looks democratic while at the level of the DPW and DPP is strongly influenced by the party elite with a closed selection model. in general the candidate selection process at PKS shows non-democratic degrees.

The Secret Garden and Anne of Green Gables: Nature versus Nurture and Childhood Escapism

The Secret Garden and Anne of Green Gables: Nature versus Nurture and Childhood Escapism

The Social Lives of Books: Reading Victorian Literature on Goodreads

This paper compares social media traces from Goodreads to data from the MLA International Bibliography and the Open Syllabus Project, in order to better understand the preferences of readers of Victorian literature from different but overlapping communities. We find that the majority of works of Victorian literature that are indicated as being read on Goodreads occur about as often as they are taught or written about in the academy, although books aimed at an adult audience are written about more frequently in peer-reviewed venues. Interestingly, those works that are statistical outliers in terms of their greater popularity with a general audience than an academic audience tend to feature women authors, children’s literature, and works with a strong female protagonist. Turning to an analysis of the written reviews on Goodreads of three outliers that were more popular with a general audience–A Tale of Two Cities, Jane Eyre, and The Secret Garden–we find that readers tend to comment on plot (especially in Dickens), feminist themes (in Jane Eyre), and the importance of characters (in all three works). In conclusion, we suggest ways in which postsecondary teachers might draw on these results to inform their syllabi and formulate strategies for teaching Victorian literature. We argue that in terms of outliers, popular taste in Victorian literature among Goodreads users reflects more general reading preferences among this user group, as readers turn to the Victorian era to read children’s literature and books featuring strong female characters.

Acceptance of the 2019 Henry Baldwin Ward Medal: Parasites in the Secret Garden, The Ultimate Teachers of Natural History

Acceptance of the 2019 Henry Baldwin Ward Medal: Parasites in the Secret Garden, The Ultimate Teachers of Natural History

Children's Literature and Imaginative Geography ed. by Aïda Hudson

Reviewed by: Children's Literature and Imaginative Geography ed. by Aïda Hudson Heather Cyr (bio) Aïda Hudson, ed. Children's Literature and Imaginative Geography. Wilfred Laurier UP, 2018. Edited by Aida Hudson, Children's Literature and Imaginative Geography is a beautifully designed book that collects together a wide range of essays on geographies in literature for young people, adding to the larger conversations, perspectives, and challenges within this fertile area of criticism. The four main sections of the text—"Geographical Imaginaries," "Gardens and Green Spaces," "Fantasy Worlds and Re-Enchantment," and "Space and Gender"—give [End Page 345] an idea of how varied readings that proceed from the interrelated foci of space/place and landscape can be and what rich ground children's literature is for the spatial turn. Many edited collections that examine place and space within children's literature focus on a specific location, geographical topos, or specific theoretical framework as a guiding point: for example, Padraic Whyte and Keith O'Sullivan's Children's Literature and New York City (2014), Mary Shine Thompson and Celia Keenan's Treasure Islands: Studies in Children's Literature (2006), and Sidney I. Dobrin and Kenneth B. Kidd's Wild Things: Children's Literature and Ecocriticism (2004). Indeed, there have been several entries in the last few years digging quite deeply into the function of mapping in children's literature, such as the special issue of Children's Literature in Education edited by Anthony Pavlik and Hazel Sheeky Bird (2017) not to mention Stefan Ekman's important work on maps and settings in fantasy literature (2013). However, this collection, perhaps to its detriment, takes a different tack, focusing instead on a broadly imagined conception. Hudson's introduction starts with a breakdown of the word "geography" as "imaged earth writing" (1) and then draws upon Edward Said's definition in Orientalism (1978) of "imaginative geographies" as a dualistic concept of familiar-unfamiliar or "our land-barbarian land" (54). Starting with the "universal practice" that "Every individual whether young or old has been exposed to familiar and unfamiliar places . . . whether in life or literature" (4), Hudson shows how widely Said's conception of "imaginative geography" applies. She demonstrates a short "worlding" of Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden, folds in concepts from environmentalism (specifically environmentalist Gerald Buell's "place attachment," in which she sees Said's influence), turns backward to Tolkien's definitions of myth and the grounding of fantastic Middle Earth in Tolkien's very real experiences of war, and moves toward contemporary Indigenous Literature, giving examples of novels that "may reflect the anger of peoples who have been dispossessed and displaced, but they also often evoke rootedness in the land and an affirmation of Indigenous culture" (12). The introduction casts a deliberately wide net that goes on to define the collection's many varied imagined geographies; however, the collection may have benefitted from both a tighter focus and more interaction with recent children's literature scholarship about place and space. As Hudson's introduction acknowledges, the collection is mostly focused on the Northern Hemisphere: it includes essays on Philip Pullman and J. K. Rowling's Britain, Irish writers both at home and within the Irish diaspora, Kenneth Grahame's Edenic England, and Ursula K. Le Guin's fantastic Earthsea. As Hudson is co-editor of Windows and Words: A Look at Canadian Children's Literature in English (2003), it is no surprise that much of [End Page 346] the collection focuses on Canadian children's literature and other works that examine the North. In the first section, an intriguing entry is Cory Sampson's essay "Pullman and Imperialism: Navigating the Geographic Imagination in The Golden Compass," which interrogates the imperial foundations of Lyra's steampunk world, arguing that the genre relies on imperialist tropes to generate wonder. This is placed side-by-side with Colleen M. Franklin's "Nineteenth-Century British Children's Literature and the North," which examines the "sublime quest" of British explorers in the Canadian north that "became a trope for self-conquest" (Hudson 15) that continues through to Pullman's work. An enriching aspect of the collection is the move from these British-centered conceptions...

Turismo accesible para todos. Evaluación del grado de accesibilidad universal de los parques y jardines de Marrakech.

Parks and gardens are considered special places within the urban environment. They are used by citizens for recreational and socio-cultural activities,. These areas of expansion must offer comfort and safety for all of the citizens, including ones with special needs. TInclusive tourism strives to do just that, with clearly defined principles on how to establish equally accessible facilities for all, including the functionally diverse, seen as an opportunity area given the progressive ageing of the population and the large percentage of people with varying needs.. The general objective of the present study was to understand universal accessibility and how people with disabilities adapt to parks and gardens in Marrakech. In this specific case, we studied public parks (the Cybernetic Park Arsat Moulay Abdeslam and the El Harti Park), and private gardens (The Secret Garden and Majorelle Garden). With a set of custom-made indicators to gauge Universal Accessibility working from the specifications of Design for everyone and the requirements of the international rule ISO 21542:2011 Building construction. Accessibility and usability of the bult environement, which was adopted under the Moroccan ruling NMISO 21542:2018 Construction inmobiliere. Accessibilite et facilite d´utilisation de l´environement bâti, we came to the conclusion that none of the parks or gardens could be considered Universally Accessible although there have been significant modifications made to them in line with the regulations.. There is still a long road to be travelled, therefore to facilitate accessibility in the parks and gardens of Marrakech.

Why was Billy Bunter Never Really Expelled? And Another Twenty-Five Mysteries of Children's Literature by Dennis Butts and Peter Hunt

Reviewed by: Why was Billy Bunter Never Really Expelled? And Another Twenty-Five Mysteries of Children's Literature by Dennis Butts and Peter Hunt Jutta Reusch WHY WAS BILLY BUNTER NEVER REALLY EXPELLED? And Another Twenty-Five Mysteries of Children's Literature. By Dennis Butts and Peter Hunt. The Lutterworth Press, 2019, 165 pages. ISBN: 0-7188-9544-4 Why Was Billy Bunter Never Really Expelled?, a volume of essays by Dennis Butts and Peter Hunt, formerly teacher and professor of children's literature at the Universities of Reading and Cardiff, respectively, is a sequel to their book How Did Long John Silver Lose His Leg? (2013). What Butts observes in his chapter "What Happened Next? The Problem of Sequels" for the sequels of Mark Twain's Tom Sawyer or Louisa May Alcott's Little Women—namely, that they disappointed their readers—certainly does not apply to the present volume. Like the previous one, it addresses a wide variety of questions on international (though mostly English) children's and youth literature with intimate knowledge of the text, analytical acuity and linguistic wit, and an impressive command of literary history. While some of the chapters provide a clear answer to the question posed in their title, others explore several possible avenues before returning to the initial question as a way of a conclusion and open ending, inviting further reflection or surprising readers with a completely unexpected conclusion. In the chapter "Why Are There So Many Dead Parents in Children's Books?," for example, Hunt quotes and paraphrases with great virtuosity passages from numerous works in which parents die or have died, as in The Story of Babar, The Tale of Peter Rabbit ("Father had an accident; he was put in a pie by Mrs Mc Gregor"), The Secret Garden, Heidi, Pippi Longstocking, Harry Potter, The Graveyard Book, and Bunker Diary. He hints at possible reasons for the literary necessity of the absent parents and suggests a psychologically plausible thesis, only to close with a tongue-in-cheek warning: "But if the mystery remains, the moral is clear. If you are a parent, steer clear of a part in a children's book." The questions addressed by Butts and Hunt raise more general issues, such as "What Makes a Children's Classic?," "What (and Where) Are the Secret, Lost Books of Childhood—and Why Do They Matter?," "Why on Earth Are There Children's Books about War?," "A Mystery Solved: How Adults Read Children's Books," and "Which Are the Best 100 Children's Books?" However, the authors also pursue very [End Page 96] specific, seemingly absurd questions of content that relate to the plots of individual works, such as "Was Lorna Doone Really Married?" (on the invalidity of mixed marriages) and the chapters "Why Was Billy Bunter Never Really Expelled from Greyfriars School?," whose title heads the entire volume; "Why Is There Nobody Nice at St Clare's?" (about bullying in a girl's school); and "Were There Two Flutes? Time Present and Time Past at Green Knowe" (about narrative inconsistencies in the story). Other thematic forays into the field include questions about authors and authorship such as "Charles Kingsley: Christian Socialist, Evangelical Storyteller, or Sexual Sadist?" and "Who Wrote 'Little Goody Two-Shoes'?" as well as explorations of the history of literature and publications, such as "Why Were There No Nursery Rhymes before 1744?" A few glances into the chapters suffice to show the diversity of approaches and the wide spectrum covered. In "Why Is There No Such Thing as Children's Poetry?," Hunt uses numerous examples to illustrate how children's poems, in contrast to the "sophisticated, skilled, philosophical" poetry for adults, are often simplistic, patronizing, or condescending, merely considered a transitional genre preparing for the reception of "proper" poetry. Inspired by a very poetic poem by a child from the series Cadbury's Books of Children's Poetry, Hunt comes to the pleasantly provocative conclusion that only poems written by children can truly be called children's poetry. Butts takes the trick question "Why Were There No Nursery Rhymes before 1744?" as an excuse for an entertaining journey through time, beginning with the oral history of nursery rhymes...